Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.
Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi
Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramco’s employees.
Any material contained in this document which is not already in the public
domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given, or disclosed to third
parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part, without the written permission
of the Vice President, Engineering Services, Saudi Aramco.
Chapter : Civil and Structural For additional information on this subject, contact
File Reference: CSE-110.02 PEDD Coordinator on 874-6556
Engineering Encyclopedia Analysis and Design of Tanks, Vessels and Piping
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 7
Wind ................................................................................................................... 49
Background.............................................................................................. 49
Saudi Aramco Standards ......................................................................... 51
Formulas.................................................................................................. 51
Transverse Wind Loading ........................................................................ 52
Earthquake ......................................................................................................... 56
Earthquake Loads.................................................................................... 56
Background.............................................................................................. 56
Saudi Aramco Standards ......................................................................... 56
Formulas.................................................................................................. 57
Appurtenances ................................................................................................... 59
IDENTIFYING MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL
SUPPORT AND/OR ATTACHMENTS TO PRESSURE VESSELS .............................. 60
Background ........................................................................................................ 60
Temperature ....................................................................................................... 60
Skirt Support....................................................................................................... 61
Support Legs ...................................................................................................... 62
Support Lugs ...................................................................................................... 65
Saddle Supports ................................................................................................. 66
Support Structures.............................................................................................. 67
Structural Attachments ....................................................................................... 68
Considerations Regarding Repairs and Alterations to Pressure
Vessels .................................................................................................... 69
IDENTIFYING VARIOUS TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS THAT ARE USED
FOR PRESSURE VESSELS......................................................................................... 70
General............................................................................................................... 70
Spread Footings ................................................................................................. 71
Mat Foundations................................................................................................. 73
Concrete Ring Foundations ................................................................................ 74
Pile Foundations With a Concrete Cap............................................................... 75
CALCULATING ANCHOR BOLT STRESSES AND BASEPLATE WIDTH
AND THICKNESS FOR PRESSURE VESSELS, GIVEN A SPECIFIC
LOADING ...................................................................................................................... 77
Background ........................................................................................................ 77
General Rules..................................................................................................... 77
Anchor Bolts ....................................................................................................... 77
Baseplates.......................................................................................................... 79
Summary ............................................................................................................ 81
WORK AID 1: PROCEDURES AND REFERENCE MATERIAL FOR
CALCULATING LOADS ON PRESSURE VESSELS............................ 82
Work Aid 1A: Procedure for Calculating the Dead Weight ................................. 82
Work Aid 1B: Procedure for Calculating Hydrostatic Weight.............................. 84
Work Aid 1C: Procedure for Calculating Design Pressure Based on
Operating Pressure...................................................................... 87
Work Aid 1D: Procedure for Calculating Design Temperature Based
on Operating Temperature........................................................... 88
Work Aid 1E: Procedure and Reference Material for Calculating Wind
Loading ........................................................................................ 89
Work Aid 1F: Procedure and Reference Material for Calculating
Earthquake Loading..................................................................... 92
Work Aid 1G: Procedure for Calculating Loads from Insulation and
Appurtenances............................................................................. 97
Insulation ................................................................................................. 97
Appurtenances......................................................................................... 99
WORK AID 2: PROCEDURES AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR
CALCULATING ANCHOR BOLT STRESSES AND
BASEPLATE WIDTH AND THICKNESS FOR PRESSURE
VESSELS, GIVEN A SPECIFIC LOADING......................................... 100
Work Aid 2A: Procedure and Additional Information for Calculating
Anchor Bolt Requirements ......................................................... 100
Work Aid 2B: Procedure and Additional Information for Calculating
Baseplate Requirements for Support Skirts ............................... 104
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 108
LIST OF FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
Background
• Vertical
• Horizontal
• Spherical
This section concludes with a description of the uses of specific
types of pressure vessels.
• Towers/columns
• Drums
• Reactors
Components
• Top head
• Shell
• Bottom head
• Support skirt
Towers/Columns
Nozzle
Head
Tray
Shell
Tray
Nozzle
Cone
Shell
Nozzle
Head
Nozzle
Skirt
support
Figure 1. Tower
Vertical Drums
Head
Nozzle
Shell
Head
Support
leg
Vertical Reactors
Inlet
nozzle
Head
Upper
catalyst
Shell bed
Catalyst bed
support grid
Lower
catalyst
bed
Outlet
collector Inert fill
Head
Outlet
Support nozzle
skirt
• Horizontal Drums
• Shell-and-tube heat exchangers
Horizontal Drums
• A shell
• Two heads
• Saddle supports
Figure 4 illustrates a horizontal drum and its primary
components.
Nozzle
A
Shell
Head Head
Saddle support
Section A-A
• A shell
• Heads
• A tube bundle
• Saddle supports
Figure 5 illustrates a shell-and-tube heat exchanger and its
primary components.
Stationary
head nozzle
Shell
Channel cover
Transverse baffles
Shell or support plates
Shell nozzle
Tie-rods Vent
Lifting lug Tubes
and spacers connection
Channel
cover Drain
Tubesheet
connection
Pass Support Support
saddle saddle Floating
partition
head
Spherical Reactors
Inlet nozzle
Thermowell
nozzle
Manway
Shell
Catalyst
Support
skirt Outlet
collector
Catalyst sampler
Catalyst
pump
nozzle
Outlet nozzle
Shell
Support
leg
Cross
bracing
Uses
Towers
Drums
Reactors
API Standard 660, Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Services
This section describes the types of steels that are used for
pressure vessels. It also provides information on their
mechanical properties and allowable stresses of these steels.
Types of Steels
• Allowable stress
• Corrosion resistance
• Toughness
• Fabricability
Allowable Stress
Figures 9a and 9b are from the ASME Code Section II-D and
give the maximum allowable tensile stress at specific
temperatures of some carbon and low-alloy steel plate
specifications. Older editions of the ASME Code Section VIII,
Division 1 or 2, contain similar tables for allowable stress, but for
new construction the latest code values should be used. The
maximum allowable longitudinal compression stress cannot be
greater than the maximum allowable tensile stress, but it can be
less than the maximum allowable tensile stress, depending
upon the situation. The material allowable stress is based on
various measures of the material's strength properties. These
properties include its yield strength, tensile strength, creep and
rupture resistance. To ensure that the material does not fail,
appropriate safety factors are applied to these strength
properties to give the allowable stresses. As the temperature
increases, both the allowable stress and the related material
strength decrease.
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II-D, 1993 Addendum, with permission
from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. pp. 18.
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II-D, 1993 Addendum, with permission
from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. pp. 19.
Figure 9a. Maximum Allowable Stress Values S For Ferrous Materials, Cont'd
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II-D, 1993 Addendum, with permission
from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. pp. 20.
Figure 9a. Maximum Allowable Stress Values S For Ferrous Materials, Cont'd
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II-D, 1993 Addendum, with permission
from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. pp. 21.
Figure 9a. Maximum Allowable Stress Values S For Ferrous Materials, Cont'd
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II-D, 1993 Addendum, with permission
from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. pp. 38.
Figure 9b. Maximum Allowable Stress Values S For Ferrous Materials, Cont'd
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II-D, 1993 Addendum, with permission
from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. pp. 39.
Figure 9b. Maximum Allowable Stress Values S For Ferrous Materials, Cont'd
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II-D, 1993 Addendum, with permission
from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. pp. 40.
Figure 9b. Maximum Allowable Stress Values S For Ferrous Materials, Cont'd
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II-D, 1993 Addendum, with permission
from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. pp. 41.
Figure 9b. Maximum Allowable Stress Values S For Ferrous Materials, Cont'd
Corrosion Resistance
Toughness
The brittle fracture occurs without warning the first time the
component is exposed to the above combination of low
temperature, high stress, and critical size defect. Materials for
Fabricability
• Stress relief
• Hardness reduction
• Process considerations
The last reason for PWHT is related to the previous one, but
goes further. Some process environments, such as high caustic
concentrations, may cause cracking at highly stressed welds in
carbon steel. The residual stresses remaining after welding are
sufficient to cause cracking in these environments. PWHT
relieves the weld stresses to prevent cracking. Again, the
ASME Code does not require PWHT for this purpose, and it
must be specified by the user.
• Dead weight
• Hydrostatic test weight
• Pressure: Design versus operating
• Temperature: Design versus operating
• Wind
• Earthquake
• Appurtenances (live load and dead load)
PDK
t= + CA
2SE
Given :
• A diameter of 8 ft.
• A design pressure of 200 psig
• A design temperature of 650°F
• Material is A516, Gr 70
• Corrosion Allowance of .0625 in.
• Spot radiography
Solution:
t = PDK
2SE + CA
t=
(200 )(96 )(1.0 ) + 0.0625
(2)(17, 500)(.85 )
= .7079 in.
(200)(96 )(0. 5)
t= + 0.0625
(2)(17, 500)(.85 )
= .3852 in.
Dead Weight
Given:
Solution:
Vsc = πdht
Vsc = π × 10 × 70 × (2.5 12 )= 458.1 ft 3
V skirt = πdht
V skirt = π × 10 × 25 × (1.25 12) = 81.8 ft 3
05/01/95
In Step 3: Ws = Vs st
Answer:
5 ft
10 ft I.D.
70 ft
5 ft
25 ft
10 ft I.D.
Solution:
In Step 1: V hsphere = π / 12 d 3
In Step 3: Ww = Vv × γw
In Step 4: WH = Ws + Ww
Answer:
Background
Procedure
PDtop = Po + 15
γw
P sh = H × ×G
C.F.
P sh = 100 × 62.4 × 0.9 = 39 psi
144
P Dbot = P Dtop + P sh
P Dbottom = 90 + 39 = 129 psig
Answer:
Background
Procedure
Answer:
Wind
Background
De
F8
60 ft
F7
50 ft
F6
40 ft
F5
30 ft
F4
25 ft
F3
20 ft
F2
15 ft
F1
Vwind
Mwind
Le
FL
De
B
FT
Formulas
qr = C.F. x Vr2
where:
qh = KhG qr
where:
F = AKhGCsqr
where:
F = Transverse wind load, N (lbs.)
A = Effective area of the vessel section, m2 (ft.2)
Cs = Surface drag coefficient (dimensionless)
Kh = Height correction factor which varies with height
above the reference elevation, (dimensionless)
G = Gust response factor based on the maximum
height of the structure (dimensionless)
qr = Wind pressure at the reference elevation, Pa
(lb./ft.2)
Calculate the wind base shear force and overturning moment for
a tower.
Given:
• Hemispherical heads
15 ft
7-1/2 ft
35 ft
7-1/2 ft
30 ft
10 ft
25 ft
20 ft
Solution:
1. Vwind
Determine G based on maximum value of H from
Figure 29
For H = 105, G = 1.16
Determine Cs based on linear interpolation from
Figure 30
H/D = 105/15 = 7
Since D'/D = 0 < D'/D ≈ .01 < D'/D .02
C s = 0.6 + 0.8 = 0.7
2
Determine De based on D for tower with attached
piping and ladders from Figure 31.
For D > 10 with attached piping and platforms, De
= 1.4 x D
For 20 ft. diameter section, De = 1.4 x 20 = 28 ft.
For reducer section, De = 1.4 x (20+15)/2 = 24.5 ft.
For 15 ft. diameter section, De = 1.4 x 15 = 21 ft.
To calculate Vwind using Eqn. 2, assume the tower
is divided into 6 sections.
Vwind = (((0.8)(15-0)(28))+
((0.87)(25-15)(28))+
((1.06)(55-25)(28))+
((1.18)(62.5-55)(24.5))+
((1.29)(97.5-62.5)(21))+
((1.40)(105-97.5)(21))) x ((1.16)(0.7)(18.5))
The base shear force is 42,900 lb., and the overturning moment
at the base is 2,310,000 ft.-lb.
Earthquake
Earthquake Loads
Background
Formulas
x
Ft
Fe(x)
Vearthquake
Mearthquake
Given:
T = .681 seconds
Step 2: S = 1.0
(1.25)(1)
Step 3: C= 2
(.68) 3
C = 1.615
C = 1.615 =.404 ≥ .075∴ OK
Step 4:
Rw 4
Use C = 1.615
V = 24,982 lbs.
Ft = 0
M = 1,666,000 ft.-lbs.
Answer:
The base shear force is 24,982 lb., and the overturning moment
is 1,666,000 ft.-lbs.
Appurtenances
Background
Temperature
Skirt Support
The skirt support is the most common design of support used
for tall, vertical pressure vessels. Skirts are economical
because they generally transfer the loads from the vessel to the
foundation uniformly around the circumference. Skirts also
transfer the loads to the foundation through anchor bolts and
bearing plates. Figure 15 shows the two most common skirt
details and the attachment of skirts to the vessel.
Butted weld
blends smoothly
into head contour
15° MAX
Straight Flared
Figure 15. Support Skirts
The straight skirt in Figure 15 is most often used. The shell and
skirt centerlines are nearly coincident, and the skirt is butt
welded to the bottom head and blended smoothly into the head
contour. The flared skirt in Figure 15 is used when a high
bending moment at the base requires more and/or larger
diameter anchor bolts than can fit around the circumference of a
straight skirt at the base.
Differential thermal expansion is normally not a factor with skirt-
supported vessels. The skirt is typically long enough and
flexible enough to accommodate the differential radial thermal
expansion between a hot vessel shell and relatively cool skirt
without causing excessive thermal stresses. However, special
consideration is necessary in this area for heavy wall [over 50
mm (2 in.) thick] pressure vessels operating at high
temperatures [over 260°C (500°F)], because sharp thermal
gradients can exist at the skirt-to-shell junction area. In these
cases, special insulation details are often used to keep thermal
stresses within allowable limits.
The most often used structural shapes for support legs are
equal leg angles and I-shapes. The support legs usually have
diagonal bracing for lateral loads due to wind or earthquake.
Figure 16 shows the two different ways to weld the angle
supports to the vessel shell. Angles are used for short support
legs when the loads are low. As Figure 17 shows, I-shapes are
used for larger and heavier vessels. The I-shapes oriented as
shown in Detail B of Figure 17 are easier to weld to the shell,
but the orientation shown in Detail A can carry much heavier
eccentric external loads. Round steel pipes often support
pressurized storage spheres. Round pipe is especially suitable
for a column, since it has a large radius of gyration in all
directions and good buckling and torsional resistance. The
centroidal axis of pipe columns are set to coincide with the
centerline of the vessel shell, and eliminate any eccentricity in
the column and baseplate calculations.
A B
P = Pw or Pe Direction
of wind
or
W = W o or WT H earthquake P
P w = Wind load
P e = Earthquake load
W o = Operating weight
W T = Test weight
Support Lugs
Gusset Neutral
axis
Base plate
Front view Side view
Detail of support lug
Support lugs
The detailed design of the support lugs may include a top bar,
multiple vertical gusset plates, and/or a reinforcing plate welded
to the vessel shell. In extreme cases, complete circumferential
reinforcing rings are welded to the vessel shell to further
distribute the imposed loads around the circumference of the
vessel shell. The detailed approach depends on the magnitude
of the loads.
Saddle Supports
>120°
A-A
Support Structures
Structural Attachments
Support clip
General
• Spread footings
• Mat foundations
• Concrete ring foundations
• Pile foundations with a concrete cap
Spread Footings
Pedestal
;;;;
;;;; Elevation
Spread footing
Rectangular
Pan
;;;;
Pedestal
;; ;;
Pedestal
;;;; Elevation
Octagonal
Spread footing
Plan
Mat Foundations
Pedestal
Mat foundation
Mat foundation
Elevation Plan
Paving
Reinforced concrete
Top view
Support
pedestals Paving
Soil
Concrete cap
Piles
Paving
Concrete cap
Soil
Piles
Background
General Rules
Anchor Bolts
Given:
Solution:
Baseplates
Given:
Solution:
In Step 1: A S = π D 2sk
4
A S = π (10.5)2
4
A S = 86.6 ft.2
In Step 2: C S = πD sk
C S = π × 10.5
C S = 33.0 ft.
In Step 3: PC = M + W
AS CS
PC = (4,000,000)/86.5) + (500,000/33.0)
In Step 4: PC
L min = × C.F.
fb
f b = 1,400
61, 400
L min =
(1, 400)(12 )
L min = 3.65 in.
In Step 5: (d abc – D sk )
L1 =
2
Since the skirt outside diameter is 126 in. and the bolt circle
(132 − 126)
diameter was specified as 11 ft.= 132 in., L 1 = = 3 in .
2
In Step 6: From Figure 36, the minimum L2min must be 2.25 in. and
L3min = 1.75. in.
Answer:
The baseplate width must be at least 3.65 inches wide and will probably be over 6-1/4
inches wide to extend inside of the skirt to permit welding the skirt to the baseplate ring
with fillet welds both inside and outside the skirt.
Summary
1. Using the appropriate formula(s) from the following list, calculate the volume of
the shell of the pressure vessel:
where:
π 2
Vshs = d t (Eqn. 2)
2
where:
where:
(d 1 + d 2 ) (d 1 – d 2 )2
V scone = πt +h2 (Eqn. 4)
2 4
where:
The following equation approximates the volume of the shell of a 2:1 semi-
elliptical head:
where:
2. Using the following formula calculate the total volume of steel in the vessel shell:
where:
3. Using the following formula calculate the dead weight of the pressure vessel:
W s = V s × γ st (Eqn. 7)
where:
1. Using the appropriate formula(s) below, calculate the volume of the pressure
vessel :
V sphere = π d 3 (Eqn. 8)
6
where:
π 3
Vhsphere = d (Eqn. 9)
12
where:
where:
(
V conical reducer = πh d 21 + d 22 + d 1d 2
12 ) (Eqn. 11)
where:
where:
2. Using the following formula calculate the total internal volume of the pressure
vessel:
where:
3. Using the following formula calculate hydrostatic test water weight of the vessel
shell:
Ww = Vv × γw (Eqn. 14)
where:
4. Calculate the hydrostatic test weight by adding the hydrostatic test water weight
to the dead weight of the shell using the following formula:
WH = Ws + Ww (Eqn. 15)
where:
Work Aid 1C: Procedure for Calculating Design Pressure Based on Operating
Pressure
1. Using the appropriate formula below, calculate the top head design pressure
based on the operating pressure.
where:
2. The static pressure head of the vessel shell section which is below the top head
can be determined from the following formula:
γw
P sh = H × ×G (Eqn. 18)
C.F.
where:
3. The design pressure of a vessel section below the top head can be found from
the following formula:
where:
(a) If the vessel is in vacuum service, design for an external pressure equal to
the smaller of 103 kPa (15 psi) or 25% more than the maximum possible
external pressure.
(b) If the vessel can be steamed out and is not already designed for vacuum,
design for an external pressure of 52 kPa (7.5 psi) at 150°C (300°F).
1. Using the appropriate formulas below, calculate the design temperatures based
on the operating temperatures.
where:
where:
Work Aid 1E: Procedure and Reference Material for Calculating Wind Loading
where:
Round cross section very rough (D'/D 0.08) 0.8 1.0 1.2
where:
D = Diameter m (ft.)
h h + h l
M wind = ΣK h (h h − h l )D e × GC s q r (Eqn. 25)
2
where:
Work Aid 1F: Procedure and Reference Material for Calculating Earthquake
Loading
a) For a tall cylindrical pressure vessel with a uniform thickness and mass
distribution:
where:
S1 Rocklike material characterized by a shear-wave velocity greater than 2,500 ft. 1.0
per second or by other suitable means of classification
or
Stiff or dense soil where the soil depth is less than 200 ft.
S2 Dense or stiff soil where the soil depth exceeds 200 ft. 1.2
S3 Soil 40 ft. or more deep containing more than 20 ft. of soft to medium stiff clay, 1.5
but not more than 40 ft. of soft clay
Unknown soil conditions. When the soil profile is not known in sufficient detail
assume soil profile S3 unless S4 is specified by Consulting Services
Department.
Source: Based on Uniform Building Code 1991 Edition, Table 23J
C = 1.25S
2 but no more than 2.75 (Eqn. 27)
T 3
where:
S = Site soil coefficient defined above
T = The natural period of vibration of the tower, seconds
4. Determine the ratio of C/Rw. In further calculations, this ratio shall not be less
than 0.075:
where:
C = Seismic response coefficient defined above
Rw = Numerical coefficient which depends on the lateral load
resisting system used in the structure. Rw equals 4, for skirt
supported vessels. For other structures see UBC Table 23-Q.
5. Determine the total base shear force, V, from the following equation:
ZICW
V= (Eqn. 28)
Rw
where:
Z = Seismic zone factor per 1991 UBC for the location (note the
seismic zone factor per the 1991 UBC is equal to the seismic
probability coefficient Z per ANSI/ASCE 7-88 divided by 2.5).
Z = 0.0 for seismic Zone zero, Z = 0.075 for seismic Zone 1,
and Z = 0.15 for seismic Zone 2.
I = Importance factor based on occupancy category. I is equal to
1.0 for most pressure vessels, and equal to 1.25 for
Hazardous Facilities (pressure vessels storing toxic or
explosive substances), or Essential Facilities (pressure
vessels storing fire fighting liquids).
C = Seismic response coefficient defined above.
W = Total weight of the vessel, lb.(N)
Rw = Numerical coefficient as defined above
but not more than .25V and may be considered as equal to zero when T is
0.7 seconds or less.
where:
a) For a tall tower with a uniform mass distribution, the earthquake moment,
M, can be calculated from the following simple equation:
H (2V + F t )
M= (Eqn. 30)
3
(V − F t )w i h i
Fi = n
(Eqn. 31)
∑ (w i h i )
i =1
where:
hi = The height of the given section above the base, ft. (m)
hi = The height of the "i"th section above the base, ft. (m)
The moment of the earthquake forces about the base can be calculated
from the following formula:
n
M = Ft H + ∑Fih i (Eqn. 32)
i= 1
where:
hi = The height of the "i"th section above the base, ft. (m)
Work Aid 1G: Procedure for Calculating Loads from Insulation and
Appurtenances
In the absence of more detailed information, the weight of vessel insulation and
attachments may be estimated from the following guidelines:
Insulation
where:
π
Wi =
(D o − d o )2
+ L (D o + d o )t i γ i
2 (Eqn. 34)
2 4
where:
where:
πD 20
Wi = t γ (Eqn. 36)
2 i i
where:
Appurtenances
Work Aid 2A: Procedure and Additional Information for Calculating Anchor Bolt
Requirements
1. If not known, use the following steps to determine which is greater: the
overturning moment due to design wind pressure or the overturning moment due
to earthquake.
2. Using the following formula, calculate the area within the anchor bolt circle:
π 2
AB = d (Eqn. 37)
4 abc
where:
3. Using the following formula, calculate the circumference of the anchor bolt circle:
where:
4. Using the following formula, calculate the maximum tension in the base of the
pressure vessel support:
T= M − W (Eqn. 39)
AB CB
where:
5. If not given, estimate the number of anchor bolts to be used. (Refer to Figure
34.) Remember that:
dabc min
N, Number of Bolts
m (ft.)
4 .583 (1.91)
8 1.17 (3.82)
12 1.75 (5.73)
16 2.33 (7.64)
20 2.92 (9.56)
24 3.50 (11.5)
28 4.08 (13.4)
32 4.66 (15.5)
6. Using the following formula, calculate the required area of each anchor bolt:
TC B
BA =
S BN (Eqn. 40)
where:
7. Using Figure 36, determine the size of the anchor bolts. Select the nearest size
that has at least the calculated required area for each bolt.
1 0.551
1-1/8 0.693
1-1/4 0.890
1-3/8 1.054
1-1/2 1.294
1-5/8 1.515
1-3/4 1.744
1-7/8 2.049
2 2.300
2-1/4 3.020
2-1/2 3.715
2-3/4 4.618
3 5.621
(SI Note: To convert inches to mm multiply by 25.4 mm/in.)
Work Aid 2B: Procedure and Additional Information for Calculating Baseplate
Requirements for Support Skirts
1. Using the following formula, calculate the area within the skirt, AS:
π 2
AS = D (Eqn. 41)
4 sk
where:
where:
Pc = M + W (Eqn. 43)
As Cs
where:
4. Using the following formula, calculate the approximate width of the base ring.
Pc
L min = C.F. (Eqn. 44)
fb
where:
3,000 1050
4,000 1400
5,000 1750
Source: AISC Manual of Steel Construction fb = .35 fc)
(SI Note: To convert psi to kPa multiply by 6.895 kPa/psi)
5. Using the following formula, calculate the distance between the skirt outside
diameter and the bolt circle diameter and determine if it is large enough. (Refer
to Figure 38.)
L1 =
(d abc − D sk )
(Eqn. 45)
2
where:
1 1-3/8 1-1/16
1-1/2 2 1-1/2
2 2-1/2 2
3 3-5/8 2-7/8
L1
Vessel
L3 L2 centerline
tw Skirt
thickness
ts
Base Fillet welds inside
plate and outside. If size
L4 is unknown, assume
L tw = 0.7 ts
• Figure 38 provides the minimum required values for the minimum wrench
clearance L2 for a given bolt size.
• If the skirt outside fillet weld size is known, use the minimum required
values of L2 and the fillet weld size, Lw, to determine L1min.
where:
L3 = Distance between the center of the bolt hole circle and the
outside diameter of the baseplate, mm (in.)
8. Check that:
GLOSSARY
elliptical head A dished head of semi-ellipsoidal form, in which half the minor
axis (inside depth of the head minus the skirt) equals one-
fourth of the inside diameter of the head skirt.