READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

SECOND SHIFTING

The Battle of Mactan and other events during April 26-27, 1521 as told by Antonio Pigafetta, the Italian scholar
who traveled with Ferdinand Magellan and witnessed and documented what actually transpired.
Source: First Voyage around the World

April 26, 1521 (Friday)- Pre-Battle

Datu Zula
• A local chieftain who pledged allegiance to Magellan and swore loyalty to the king of Spain. (Unlike
lapu lapu, also a chieftain, who resisted)
• His son was sent over to Captain-General for him to deliver two goats as presents and to relay the
message that his failure to give all his promised good was due to the resistance of the other chief,
Chilapulapu.
• Sent a message to the Captain-General saying that he could overthrow Chilapulapu if Magellan would
send him one boatload of men.

Captain-General, Magellan
• Sent three boatloads of men, instead of one, as per Datu Zula’s request.
• Joined the combat despite how his flock had begged him not to, to personally lead the attack.

April 26, 1521 (Friday - Midnight)- Pre-Battle

• Sixty (60) men armed with corselets and helmets were set out into a boat to fight against the other chief,
Chilapulapu.
• Together with the Christian king, prince, and some chief men, they sailed over midnight with 20-30
balanguias to Matan.

April 27, 1521 (3 hours before dawn) 2:17AM- Pre-Battle Spaniards arrived at sea Mactan.
• Captain Magellan did not want to resort to any violence. Magellan forced Lapu-lapu to follow
Humabon's order
• He sent a message to the Moros that in return of peace, they should:
• Obey the king of Spain
• Treat their Christian King as their superior
• Pay tribute to their arrival
• The natives replied that if the Spaniards had their lances, they have their lances of bamboo and stakes
hardened with fire.
• Not only lances, the Spaniards, particularly Magellan, had guns, swords, body armor, 12 cannons, and 50
cross-bows, to which Rajah Humabon and Datu Zala are impressed.
• Before the battle, the natives asked the Spaniards not to attack them all at once and wait until morning, to
gather more men to fight with.
• The natives said that they dug pitholes to persuade them not to look for them.
• Magellan waited until daybreak before sending another message to Lapu-Lapu to surrender to Spanish
sovereignty.

April 27, 1521 (Morning)-The Battle Proper

• The crew of Magellan anchored their ship far from the shore due to rocky outcroppings and corals in the
beach.
• Forty-nine [49] armored men leaped into the waters while the remaining eleven [11] remained to guard
the ships.
• The indians (natives) formed three [3] divisions, and each divisions, there were roughly more than one
thousand five hundred [1500] men.
• When the indians (natives) saw the crew, two [2] of their divisions attacked from the flank while the
other from the front.
• When the captain saw that, he quickly divided his crew into two [2] divisions and they began the fight.

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 • The musketeers and crossbowmen shot from a distance for about a half-hour but uselessly passed through
the shields of the bearers which were made of thin wood and their arms.
• The Captain cried “Cease firing, Cease firing” but nobody paid attention

• They continued to load and fired their muskets but the Indians were able to defend or guard themselves
through the use of shields and right positioning.
o They shot arrows and hurled bamboo spears tipped with iron aiming at the Captain-general.
• When the captain-general saw that they were having a hard time to defend themselves, some men burned
their houses to terrify them.
o As soon as the natives saw their houses burning, they were roused to greater fury.
o As the burning takes place, with twenty to thirty houses down, two of the men were killed near
the place.
o Given that a lot of natives have charged down upon the men, the captain was then shot through
the right leg with a poisoned arrow.
o The Captain ordered his men to withdraw from the fight however the men took to flight and only
six or eight were left with the captain.
o The natives kept on aiming at their legs where spears and stones continue to be hurdled at them
that they could not resist.
o The boat’s mortars could not fire due to the distance of the shore that is beyond its range.
o They continued to retreat while avoiding continuous crossbow arrows aimed at their legs.
o The natives kept on surging by picking up the same bamboo spears and being hurled at the
Captain’s troop again and again for four to six times.
o In the midst of continuous pursuance of natives and as they recognize the captain, many have
turned upon him and even knocked his helmet off his head twice.
o The captain remained firm like a good knight together with other comrades.
o From the order of cease fire, they fought for another hour in the middle of retiring farther and
towards the boats.
o A native tried to cast the captain's face with a bamboo spear.
o However, the native was immediately knock off by the captain using his lance, which was left
intact within the native’s body.
o Owing to a wound in the arm caused by a bamboo spear, the captain tried to draw out his sword,
but only managed to draw it out halfway.
o The natives attacked the captain when he went for his sword to defend himself
o One native managed to cut him on the leg with a large curved sword
• This caused the captain to fall face first on the ground
• The natives then rushed towards him with iron and bamboo spears and cutlasses in hand
• Their wounded captain while being attacked by natives checked his comrades countless times to make
sure that they are all back in the boat.
• The captain was killed due to numerous hit by the natives.
• The survivors retreated and went into their boat immediately when their captain died

The Battle of Mactan by Pigafetta

from the point of view of the Natives
April 26, 1521 (Friday)
• Zula, the chief of the island of Matan, sent one of his sons to give two goats to the captain-general
• Cilapulapu or Lapu-lapu, also a chief, refused to follow the king of Spagnia. He didn’t allow Zula to send
all that he promised to the captain-general
• Zula asked the captain-general to send him one boatload of men to help fight Cilapulapu
• Rajah Humabon issued an order to other chiefs in Cebu to provide food and other supplies to Magellan’s
ships and they must embrace Christianity
• Every chieftain followed the order of Rajah Humabon, except Lapu-Lapu.

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April 27, 1521 (3 hours before dawn)
• The natives in Mactan received a proposal from the Spaniards: Obey the king of Spagnia, recognize the
Christian
King as their sovereign, and pay them tribute. All of these for exchange of a friendship. Otherwise, it
would lead to a war.
• The natives refused the proposal and replied from the threat by saying that they have lances of bamboo
and stakes hardened with fire.
• The natives asked the Spaniards to wait until the morning to attack in order to prepare more men and
provoked them by saying that they had dug pit holes between their houses in order for the Spaniards to
fall into them.
April 27, 1521 (Morning)
• The strong men of Lapu-Lapu waited for the Spaniards to come closer, ready for battle.
• The natives saw the forty-nine Spaniards approaching the shore and they charged towards the Spaniards
with their loud cries.
• The Spaniards boats tried to reach the shore but couldn’t due to some certain rocks in the water.
• The natives divided into three groups and surprised the Spaniards by firing a barrage of arrows , but due
to the Spaniards’ shields and helmets, the attacks left no permanent damage.
• The Spaniards continued firing their muskets at the natives but they stand firm and covered themselves
with shields.
• The natives continued to pursue the Spaniards, hurling their spears at the captain-general.
• The captain-general of the Spaniards sent his men to burn the houses of the natives in order to terrify
them and ease the pressure on his small force. However, this did not distract or demoralize the natives.
• The natives were roused to greater fury and killed two Spaniards while they burned twenty to thirty
houses.
• The natives continued on firing arrows at the Spaniards’ legs. Spears and stones were also thrown at the
Spaniards.
• The natives pursued the Spaniards and picked up their spears and hurled it at them again and again.
• The natives recognized the captain, Magellan, and turned up to him, knocking off his helmet
• One of the indian natives hurled a bamboo into Magellan’s face and was also killed by his lance. As the
natives saw what happened to one of their own, they continued to hurl upon Magellan and wounded him
on his left leg with a large cutlass which forced their victim to fall face downward and wounded him until
his dying breath.
April 27, 1521 (Afternoon)
• Lapu-Lapu received a letter from the Christian King to negotiate the return of the bodies of Magellan and
his men in exchange for all merchandise
• The grieving rajah-king, hoping to recover his remains, offered Mactan's victorious chief a handsome
ransom of copper and iron for them but Datu Lapu-Lapu refused. He refused to give up such a man, even
for all the riches in the world.
• Lapu-Lapu planned to keep Magellan’s body as a memorial that represents the symbol of triumph over
the foreign invaders.

HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Antonio De Morga
• About the relation of the Filipinas Islands and of their natives, antiquity, customs, and
government
• Period: Period of paganism and after the conquest by Spaniards
CHAPTER EIGHTH

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Native/Pre-colonial Filipinos described
• black in color; men and women have woolly hair, and are strong and robust yet do not have a
great statue.
• Referred to as “barbarians,” and were identified to have little capacity; cannot be placed a
confidence on
• Possess no fixed house or settlements yet wander in bands and hordes; changing from one site to
another (Nomads)
• Support themselves through planting rice and through hunting (which uses bows)
• Lives on honey from mountains and roots produced by the ground
• Given to killing and attacking the settlements of other natives
• Attempt fair or foul means for opportunity and necessity demand
Clothing
• For men:
➢ Chinanas - short collarless garments of cangan, sewed together in the front, and with short
sleeves, and reaching slightly below the waist, some were blue and others black, while the
chiefs had some red ones
➢ Bahaque - strip of colored cloth wrapped around the waist, and passed between the legs to
cover private parts, reaching the half-way down the thigh
➢ Legs bare, feet unshod, and the head uncovered
➢ Potong – narrow cloth bound on their forehead and temples
➢ Gold necklaces wrought like a spun wax, and some are larger
➢ Calombigas - armlets of wrought gold which are large and made in different patterns
➢ Cornelians and Agates – strings of precious stones; others have blue and white (esteem
highly)
➢ Some strings of the stones are worn around the legs with certain cords and covered with
black pitch in many foldings as garters
Principalities and Lordships
• Inherited in the male line and by succession of father and son and their descendatns
• Brothers and collateral relatives succeeded if son is lacking
• Rule and govern their subjects and followers, and to assist them in their interests and necessities
• What they receive from their followers was held by them in great veneration and respect, and
served during wars and voyages, and in their tilling, sowing, fishing, and the building of their
houses
• Natives attended promptly when summoned by the chief
• Tributes (Buiz) were paid to the chiefs in varying quantities in the crops that they gathered
• Descendants of the chiefs were held in the same respect and consideration
• They were all regarded as nobles and exempted from services or timaguas (plebeians)
• Same right and nobility of chieftainship for men and women
• When one chief is more courageous than the other during the war; he or she will gain more
followers, and others will be under his leadership even the chief
➢ The latter retained lordship and own government called barangay
➢ They had datos and other special leaders who attended to the interests of the barangay
• Barangays were treated as subjects; they treated these well or ill, and disposed of their persons,
children, possessions, at will, without any resistance, or rendering account to anyone
➢ They were wont to kill and wound them, and to enslave them (punishment for being
disrespectful)
Dispute or Suits

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 • Over matters of property and interest, or over personal injuries and wrongs received, they
appointed old men of the same district to try them with the parties being present
• There should be proofs and witnesses
• Case was judged according to what was found, according to the usages of their ancestors on like
occasions
• Observed and executed without any further objection or delay
• Laws throughout the islands were made in the same manner
• They followed the traditions and customs of their ancestors without anything being written
• There were variations in some provinces; however, most islands generally used the same
Three conditions of people
1. Chiefs
➢ The leader of the barangays who possessed most gold and power
2. Timaguas/Timawa
➢ Are equivalent to plebeians
3. Slaves/Alipin
➢ For both chiefs and timaguars
➢ Saguiguilires – all kinds of work and slavery; they served inside the house, as did the
children born of them
➢ Namamahays - there are others who live in their own houses with their families, outside the
house of their lord; they come to aid during the sowings and harvests, house construction,
and service when there are guests of distinction; bound to come to their lords house
whenever he summons them, and serves without any pay or stipend
➢ If the father or mother is a slave, their child is half-free and half-slave
➢ More than one child, first – follows the condition of the father; second – follows the
condition of the mother
➢ Odd number – last child was half free and half slave
➢ Half fourth slaves – served their masters during every other moon
➢ Slaves can be inherited; division for many heirs – serve each one for a due time
➢ Slave is not a full slave – has the right to compel his master to emancipate him for a just price
o Usual price of a sanguiguilir slave is ten taes of good gold or eighty pesos
o For a namamahay, half of that sum
o Others are in the same proportion, taking into consideration the person and age
➢ No fixed origin of these kinds of slavery, but were thought to be made from wars and
quarrels
o The most powerful made the others slaves, and seized them for slight cause or
occasion, and many times for loans and usurious contracts made
o The interest, capital, and debt increased so much with delay that the borrowers
became slaves
o Thought to have violent and unjust beginnings
o Occupy the judges in the exterior court with them, and their confessors in that of
conscience
➢ Slaves comprise the greatest wealth and capital of the natives of these islands
o They were useful to them and necessary for cultivation of their property
o They are sold, traded, and exchanged among them, just as any other mercantile article
o One village to another, province to another, and island to another
➢ Slaveries were examined, and their origin and source ascertained
➢ Slaves were preserved and held as they were formerly
Marriages
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 • Chiefs with women chiefs
• Timaguas with those of that rank, and slaves with their own class
• Different classes can intermarry
• One woman who was married – legitimate wife and mistress of the house; styled ynasaba
o Had legitimate and whole heirs children
• Friends – were kept besides the woman married
o Were not so regarded, were left something by assignment but they did not inherit
• Dowry or Vigadicaya – furnished by the man and given by his parents
• Wife furnished nothing for the marriage until she inherited it from her parents
• Solemnity of marriage
o Agreement between the parents and relatives of the contracting parties
o Payment of dowry agreed upon to the father of the bride
o Assembling at the wife’s parents’ house of all the relatives to eat and drink until they
would fall down
• At night the man took the woman to his house and power, she remains
• Marriages were annulled and dissolved for slight cause, with the examination and judgement of
the relatives of both parties, and of the old men (mediators)
o Man took the dowry unless the separation happened through husband’s fault
o Property they had acquired together was divided into halves; each one disposed of his
own
o If one made any profits in which the other had no participation on, he acquires it to
himself alone
Indians
• Were adopted one by another in presence of relatives
• Give and deliver all his actual possessions to the one who adopted him
• Will remain in the foster parents’ house and care, and had the right for inheritance
Adulteries
• Not punishable corporally
• If the adulterer paid the aggrieved party the amount adjudged and agreed upon the old men, then
the injury was pardoned
o Husband was appeased and retained his honor
o He would still live with his wife and had no further talk
Inheritances
• All the legitimate children inherited equally from their parents
• If there were any movable or landed property, such went to the nearest relatives and the
collateral side of the stock when there are no heirs
• Same cases with or without will
• Act of drawing a will, there was no further ceremony than to have written it or to have stated it
orally before acquaintances
• The eldest son of an ynasaba succeeded the chief
o The second son succeeds if the eldest dies
o No sons, daughters succeeded in the same order
o No legitimate successors, the succession went to the nearest relative belonging to the
lineage
• Slave women as concubines and had children – children and slave were free
o Children of these were regarded as illegitimate, and did not succeed to the inheritance
with the other children, neither were the parents obliged to leave them anything

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 o No privilege to nobility or chiefmanship
o Were reckoned as plebeians and in the number and rank of the other timaguas
o No children - continues being a slave
Contracts and Negotiations
• Generellay illegal; each one paying attention to how he might better his own business and
interest
• Loans with interest were very commin and much practiced
o Interest incurred was excessive
o Debt doubled and increased as the payment delays
o Until it stripped the debtor of all his possessions, and he and his children become slaves
Trading
• Bartering one thing for another such as food, cloth, cattle, fowls, lands, houses, fields, slaves,
fishing-grounds, and palm-trees (both nipa and wild)
• A price can intervene (gold, metal bells from China)
o These bells are regarded as precious jewels; they resemble large pans and are very
sonorous
o Played at feasts, and carried to the war in the boats instead of instruments
• Delays and terms for certain payments, and bondsmen who intervene and bind themselves
o But always with very usurious and excessive profits and interests
Crimes
• Were punished by request of the aggrieved parties
• Thefts punished with greater severity; robbers are enslaved or put to death somethines
• Insulting words spoken to the chiefs were also considered as crimes
• Insulting words were pardoned less willingly and with greater difficulty than a personal violence
like wounding and assaulting
• Concubinage, rape, and incest were not regarded as crimes
o Unless it was committed by a timagua on the person of a woman chief
o Concubinage of a man with the sister of his wife was an ordinary practice
Other relationships
• Bagontaos – single men
• Dalagas – girls of marriageable age
• Both classes are people of little restraint, and from early childhood they have communication
with one another, and mingle with facility and little secrecy, and without this being regarded
among the natives as a cause for anger
• Neither do parents, brothers or relatives show any anger
• Pintados natives, especially the women, are vicious and sensual
o Perverseness has discovered lascivious methods of communication between men and
women
o Sagras – inserting a serpent’s head/metal/ivory in their vitrile member near its head, and
fasten it with a peg of the same material passed through the hole
o Unable to withdraw until a long time after copulation
o They receive pleasure from this although they shed a quantity of blood, and receive other
harm
Others
• Natives lived in paganism – not known that they had fallen into the abominable sin against
nature
• Given to that vice after Spanish came

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 • Herbalist and witches are common but not punished or prohibited as long as no harm is
committed
• Some men has a business to ravish and take away virginity from young girls
• The men was paid to take away virginity because they believed it is a hindrance and impediment
if the girls were virgins when they get married
Religion
• Natives lived in paganism – not known that they had fallen into the abominable sin against
nature
• Given to that vice after Spanish came
• Natives proceeded more barbarously and with greater blindness than in all rest
• Without any knowledge of the true God, they neither strove to discover Him by way of reason,
nor had any fixed belief
o Devil usually deceived them with a thousand errors and blindnesses
o Appeared to be in a various horrible and frightful forms, and as fierce animals
o Worshiped and made imahes
o Kept in caves and private houses where they offer them perfumes and odors, food and
fruits, calling them anitos
• Often worshipped the sun and the moon, and made feasts and drunken revels at the conjunction
of those bodies
• Batala - a yellow-colored bird that dwells in their woods
o Gets worshipped along with the crocodiles because of the harm that they receive from
those reptiles
o Kneel down and clasp their hands
• No temples throughout those islands nor houses generally used for the worship of the idols but
each person possessed an anito without any fixed rite or ceremony
• No priests or religious to attend to religious affairs except certail old men and women (catalonas)
o Told innumerable extravagancies and lies to the people who communicate their desires
and needs
o Catalonas would utter prayer and perform other ceremonies to the idols for the sick
o Omens and superstitions will declare whether the patient would recover or die
o Cures and methods, and various divinations
o All this was with little aid, apparatus or foundation

GROUP PRESENTATIONS
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
Sino nga ba ang Katipunan?
(KATAAS-TAASAN, KAGALANGGALANGANG, KATIPUNAN NG MGA
ANAK NG BAYAN)
- Lihim na samahan - pagisahin ang mga Pilipinona makamit ang Kalayaan ng Bansa:
himagsikan laban
sa kastila.
- Naitatag ang samahang ito sa pamumuno ni Andres Bonifacio noong Hulyo 7, 1892.
- Matapos mahuli si Rizal at itapon sa Dapitan, nakumbinsi si Bonifacio na ang tanging paraan
lang para
makamit ng Pilipinas ang kalayaan ay sa pamamagitan ng rebolusyon.

KONTEKSTO: Mga Layunin ng Katipunan

POLITIKAL

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Tuluyang mapawalay ang Pilipinas sa Espanya matapos ideklara ang kalayaan ng bansa.
MORAL
Turuan ang mga Pilipino ng tama at mabuting asal, kalinisan at pagaalaga sa katawan, at pati iwasan ang
relihiyosong panatisismo.
SIBIKO
Hikayatin ang mga Pilipino na tulungan ang kanilang mga sarili at ipagtanggol ang mga mahihirap at
inaapi.

KOLONYAL NG ESPANYA
Ang Pilipinas ay Kolonyal ng Espanya na kung saan tinatrato na mababa ang mga Pilipino

SANDUGUAN
Simbolo ng katapatan sa Katipunan. Sinusulat ang pangalan ng bawat miyembro at pumipirma gamit
ang sariling dugo

Ano ba ang Kartilya ng Katipunan?

Kartilya - nagmula sa salitang Espanyol na "cartilla" na sa panahong iyon ay nangangahulugang libro na
nagsisilbing introduksyon sa pag-aaral para sa mga bata.

Ano ba ang Kartilya ng Katipunan?

- Pinakakilalang teksto ng Katipunan.
- “Manga Aral Nang Katipunan Nang Manga Anak ng Bayan ”
- Mga layon at turo ng samahan ng Katipunan.
- Nakaimprinta sa maliit na polyeto o pamphlet na ibinibigay sa mga bagong miyembro
- Tungkulin ng isang katipunero sa kanyang bansa, pamilya, lipunan at kanyang kababayan

DEKALOGO NG KATIPUNAN (UNANG KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN)

Andres Bonifacio
- unang sumulat ng Kartilya ng Katipunan na tinawag na "Dekalogo ng Katipunan"
- hindi ito inilathala sapagkat naniniwala si Bonifacio na mas mainam ang pagkakagawa ni Jacinto

Emilio Jacinto
- Pinal na nagsulat ng kartilya ng katipunan
- Utak ng katipunan
- Nagtapos ng kolehiyo sa san juan de letran at
- Nagaral ng abogasya sa unibersidad ng santo tomas
- Dimas-ilaw
- Sumulat sa pahayagan ng Katipunan na tinatawag na Kalayaan.
- Kilala din sa alias na Pingkian.

MGA NILALAMAN NG KARTILYA

1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang
lilim kundi man damong makamandag
➢ ang isang katipunero na namumuhay na walang layunin ay isang walang kwentang buhay.
➢ ang pagkawala ng paglalaan ng sarili ng isang tao para sa isang bagay ay maaaring maging lason
sa lipunan
➢ tinuturo nito na ang bawat isa sa atin ay dapat magkaroon ng silbi o pakinabang sa pamilya,
kapwa at bansa.

2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa Sarili at hindi sa talagang nasang

gumawa ng kagalinganay di kabaitan
➢ tungkol ito sa tamang paggawa ng mabuting gawain sa kapwa.

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 ➢ mahalaga ang pagkakaroon ng malinis na layon dahil dito nakadepende ang tunay na kabutihan.
➢ hindi marangal ang mga mabuting gawa para sa kapwa kung ang intensyon nito ay para
magbigay puri para sa sarili.

3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawanggawa, ang pag-ibig sa kapwa, at ang isukat ang
bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang katuwiran
➢ ang tunay na pagiging mabuti ay nasusukat sa pagmamahal at paglilingkod sa kapwa.
➢ kailangan muna na unahin ang iba bago ang kapakanan ng sarili.
➢ sa pamamagitan ng pag-uuna ng bayan bago ang sarili mapapaglingkod tayong mga pilipino sa
tulong ng nasyonalismo.

4. Maitim man o maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang
isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda, ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.
➢ lahat ng tao ay nabuhay ng mayroong pantay pantay na dignidad.
➢ ang iba ay nabuhay ng mayaman, iba ay mahirap. Ang iba ay may pinagaralan at iba ay hindi
nabigyan ng oppurtinidad na magaral.
➢ sa kabila ng mga ito, lahat ay mayroong karapatan na marespeto and mabigyan halaga bilang tao
anuman ang kanyang estado sa buhay.

5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri kaysa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na
kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili kaysa puri.
➢ ito ay ang turo ng katipunan na kailangang bigyang diin lalo na sa para sa mga taong nasa
gobyerno.
➢ dapat ay mas bigyan nilang prayoridad ang bayan bago ang kanilang pansariling interest at hindi
ang kabaligtaran na tila nakikita natin sa halos lahat ng mga pulitiko

6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.

➢ ang ibig sabihin lang ng batas na ito ay sa bawat salitang namumutawi sa bibig ng tao ay dapat
pawang katotohanan lamang.
➢ lahat ng sinasabi mo bilang isang mamamayan ay dapat tinutupad mo.
➢ gusto nitong ipamulat sa bawat mamamayan ang kahalagahan ng pagkakaroon ng “palabra de
honor”

7. Huwag mong sasayangin ang panahon; ang yamang nawala’y magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t
panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang magdadaan.
➢ ang aral na ito ay naglalayon na ipahayag ang kahalagahan ng oras at panahon sa isang tao.
➢ maaring maibalik ang mga materyal na bagay ngunit ang nawalang oras ay di na makukuha ulit.
➢ ang oras ay hindi dapat sinasayang.
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.
➢ layon ng aral na ito na ipaglaban ang nararapat at tama.
➢ sumasalamin ito sa kalagayan ng mga pilipino sa kasagsagan ng pagsakop ng espanya
➢ ang isang katipunero ay dapat maging handa na ipaglaban ang mga inaapi sapagkat tayo ay iisa
para sa bayan.

9. Taong matalino’y may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong tumahimik ang dapat
ipaglihim
➢ binibigay nito ang kahalagahan ng pagtitiwala sa pagitan ng mga katipunero.
➢ dapat maging maingat sa bawat sasabihin.
➢ ang napagkasunduang lihim ay dapat manatili lamang sa kanila na importante sa mga katipunero
na isang lihim na organisasyon.

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10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang
umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng inaakay ay kasamaan din.
➢ sinasabi sa aral na ito ang kahalagahan ng mabuting pamumuno at pagtataguyod ng pamilya
➢ dapat maging maayos ang pamumuno ng bawat katipunero sa kanilang pamilya
➢ kapag ang pinuno ay may bakas ng kasamaan, kasamaan din ang patutunguhan ng mga
kasamahan nito

11. Ang babae ay huwag mong tingnang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuwang
at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buongpagpipitagan ang
kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasanggulan.
➢ ang prinsipyong ito ay tungkol sa pagpapahalaga sa mga kababaihan
➢ hindi dapat ituring na parang isang bagay ang mga babae, dapat silang ituring na kapantay at
kasama sa mga paghihirap sa buhay.
➢ dapat tandaan ng mga katipunero ang paghihirap ng kanilang mga ina tuwing sila ay nakikita ng
mga babae.

12. Ang di mo ibig gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huwag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak,
at kapatid ng iba.
➢ tungkol ito sa mga kilos na dapat gawin ng mga katipunero
➢ pinapakita dito ang pagpapahalaga sa pamilya
➢ huwag mong gawin ang mga bagay na ayaw mo din mangyari sa pamilya mo.

13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangos ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa
pagkaparing kahalili ng dios, wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na
mahal na tao, kahit laking-gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may
magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi;
yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.
➢ Sinasabi dito ang utos na ipalaganap ang mga aral na nakasaad sa kartilya upang mas maging
maganda ang lipunan. Pinapakita din dito ang pag-asa ni emilio jacinto para sa ating inang
bayan. Inaasahan niya na sa hinaharap ang lahat ng sakripisyo ng mga katipunero ay magiging
mahalaga para sa ikauunlad ng pilipinas.

KAHALAGAHAN SA KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS

➢ Nagsilbing isa sa mga pinagmulan ng mga impormasyon tungkol sa mga layunin at kilos ng
Katipunan
➢ Naipalaganap ang turo ng Katipunan ukol sa mensahe ng Kartilya
➢ Nabigyan ng mas malinaw na pagkakakilanlan ang Katipunan

JONES LAW
WHO MADE THE LAW
The People Behind Jones Bill
Congressman William Atkinson Jones
- Introduced the Jones Bill providing for a “qualified” Philippine Independence in 1913 and for
complete independence in 1921
Senator James P. Clarke
- Introduced an amendment to the bill which would grant independence in not less than two but
more than two years
- The bill was approved by a close vote of 42 to 41

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The Passage of Law
Former President Woodrow Wilson
- Committed to make a policy regarding philippine autonomy
- Signed the Jones Bill to Jones Law on August 29, 1916

Gov. Gen. Francis Burton Harrison

- Was appointed as President of the Philippine Commision and Governor General of the
Philippines in the second Jones Bill
- Backed up the senate to sign the bill

Lindley Miller Garrison

- Signed the Jones bill together with Harrison and Wilson in October 1913

The Filipinos Democracy

Former President Manuel Quezon
- Was one of the philippine’s resident commissioners to the US House of Representatives
- Served as majority floor leader and chairman of the committee on rules and the
chairman on appropriation
House Speaker Manuel A. Roxas
- Carried out the Os-Rox mission with former Senate President Sergio Osmeña

Former Senate President Sergio Osmeña

- Carried out the Os-Rox mission with House Speaker Manuel Roxas.

Maximo M. Kalaw
- Law critic that interpreted the possible effect of Jones Law to our country

PURPOSE OF JONES LAW

• The main goal of the Philippines back then was independence.
• Jones Law was a framework for a "more autonomous government", with certain privileges
reserved to the United States to protect its sovereign rights and interests, in preparation for the
grant of independence by the United States.
• The law provides that the grant of independence would come only "as soon as a stable
government can be established", which was to be determined by the United States
Government itself
• Providing the Filipino people wider domestic self-sufficiency, though it reserved certain
privileges to the United States to protect its independent rights and interests
• Giving power or authority to the government of the Philippines to make a tariff law between
US and Philippines; Tariff cannot be law if the president of US did not approve

WHAT HAPPENED AFTER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAW

● The Jones Act remained the basic legislation for the administration of the Philippines until the
United States Congress passed new legislation in 1934 which became effective in 1935,
establishing the Commonwealth of the Philippines
● World War II and the Japanese invasion on December 8, 1941 interrupted the plans of the
americans for the country
● A Japanese “republic” was established in 1942, starting a period of military rule by the Japanese
Imperial Army.
● on July 4, 1946, Philippine independence was achieved. The 1935 Constitution, a political system
virtually identical to the American one, became operative. The system called for a President to be

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 elected at large for a 4-year term (subject to one re-election), a bicameral Congress, and an
independent Judiciary.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
● Self reliance
● Self- governing
● Transparency
● Job opportunities at the local and national level

Disadvantages
● Conflicting regulations/rules
● Excessive taxation
● Decentralization
● Devolution

IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO PHILIPPINE HISTORY

● The Jones Law provided for both upper and lower houses to be elected and changed the name
of the Assembly to the House of Representatives.
● It created the the first fully elected Philippine legislature.
● The Philippines started to be in charge of the laws
● Philippine islands were divided into 12 senate districts
● It was a chance for filipinos have an authority in the legislative

LAPU LAPU AND MAGELLAN MARKERS

• The battle of Mactan happened on the Colonial Period of the Philippines and it was the first ever
recorded battle between the Europeans and pre-Spanish Filipinos
• Ferdinand Magellan after landing in Cebu spread religion of Christianity and was able to convert
800 Filipinos except their leader Lapu-Lapu
• Magellan was fatally wounded in the battle. He was hit on the lef by a poisoned arrow and also
attacked with spears and other weapons. A spear had stuck his head.
• The statue of Lapu-Lapu is said to be the exact location of the Battle of Mactan, where Magellan
was killed by the warrior of the Mactan chieftain on April 15, 1521

BATTLE OF MACTAN
• 1521: Magellan reached a part of the Philippine islands claimed it for Spain and named it Islas de
San Lazaro
• Magellan quixkly fot the allegiance of chieftains, such as Rajah Humabon of Cebu
• Lapu Lapu of Mactan did not submit
• 27 April 1521: Magellan arrived hours before dawn in Mactan and gave another chance to Lapu-
Lapu. Lapu-Lapu was still defiant, and Magellan waited until morning to attack.
BATTLE PROPER
• Magellan attacked with 49 men (divided in 2 groups) while Lapu-Lapu had around 1500 men
(divided in 3 groups)
• Magellan's missiles had little effect and his ships could not reach shore, thus artillery from these
ships could not support them
• Lapu-Lapu threw a barrage of arrows, iron-tipped bamboo lances, fire-hardened sticks, and
stones
• Magellan was hit with a poisoned arrow on the right leg- and Magellan called for a withdrawal
• The injured Magellan was pursued further by the natives until he was dead

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 • Magellan's body was demanded by the Spaniards but Lapu-Lapu refused them this favour
LAPU-LAPU SHRINE
- 20-meter bronze statue in honor of Lapu-Lapu, chieftain of Mactan Island, located inside Mactan
Shrine Park at Punta Engano, Mactan Island, Cebu, Philippines
- Depicts Lapu-Lapu holding a curved kampilan with his right hand while his left hand is holding a
shield. These were the weapons used by the native chieftain in the battle.
- The Lapu-Lapu statue is said to be on the exact spot where the battle was fought and where Magellan
was killed

SIGNIFICANCE:
- In honor of his triumph, Lapu-Lapu's monument stands tall in the islands of Mactan today, symbolising
the country's first successful resistance to imperial Spanish colonization. It was built to honor the native
leader Datu Lapu-Lapu, who defeated Ferdinand Magellan during the historic Battle of Mactan in 1521.
Lapu-Lapu's act depicted nationalism, bravery, and strong military tactics. His bravery symbolizes the
strong fighting spirit and courage of the Filipino people.

MAGELLAN SHRINE
- Buit in 1866 to honor Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer who was killed by Datu Lapu-Lapu
in the Battle of Mactan.
- The obelisk monument made of coral stone is approximately 30 meters high and is located at Mactan
Shrine Park in Punta Engano, Mactan Island, Cebu
MAGELLAN MARKER
- In the Mactan shrine lies the Magellan Marker, a parnoramic painting in honor of the Battle of Mactan
that happened on April 27, 1521 which depicts the repulsion of the Spanish invaders by Lapu-Lapu and
his men
- It was erected on 1941 by the National Historical Institute
- It was constructed in marble and have two plaques at the front and the back
- Every year in April, during the anniversary of the Battle of Mactan, the park hosts the "Kadaugan sa
Mactan," a reenactment of the epic battle

SIGNIFICANCE
- Near the Lapu-Lapu shrine is the Magellan Shrine and Marker. It is a historical symbol that would
remind on the struggle during the time the Filipinos was headed by Lapu-Lapu who fought the Spanish
aggressors. Magellan was killed by Lapu-Lapu in what is dubbed as the Battle of Mactan, and his body
was never recovered. In the year 1866, they built a monument in the spot where they believed he was
slain, honoring Magellan as a great explorer and the first European to discover the Philippines.

DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN
Marcelo H. Del Pilar (August 30, 1850 - July 4, 1896)
• Better known by his pen name Plaridel del Pilar was called “filibuster”
• His mastery of Tagalog, his native language, enabled him to arouse the consciousness of the
masses to the need for unity and sustained resistance against the Spanish tyrants.
• One of the leaders of the reform movement in Spain along with Jose Rizal and Graciano Lopez
Jaena.
-The reform movement is the propaganda movement of the Filipinos during the time that that the
Filipinos did not have equal rights with the spanish and were sometimes mistreated by the spanish friars.

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MGA AKDA:
Sign of the Cross (Ang Tanda ng Cara y Cruz)
- Sa akdang ito, sumisimbolo ang tanda ng cara y cruz bilang kapalit ng mga bangkay para sa mga salapi na makukuha ng
mga prayle. Ang mga bangkay na tinukoy dito ay sumasalamin sa pagsisilbi ng mga kawawang Pilipino sa mga Prayle.

The Act of Contrition (Pagsisisi)

- Sa akda naman na ito, isinawalat ni Del Pilar ang mga Pilipinong alipin ng simbahan sa kanilang mga sakit ng loob sa
pag-asa sa mga prayle. Sa mga salitang “Panginoon ko at kaauay ko na iniibig kong lalo sa lahat, nagtitika akong matibay
na matibay na dina muli-muling mabubuyo sa iyo” inahayag din ang pagkagising mula sa masakit na katotohanan ng mga
Pilipino, na kung saan hindi na sila magbubulag-bulagan at magpapa’alinlangan pa sa mga prayle.

Lord’s prayer (Ang Amain Namin)

- Sa akdang ito, ipinahayag ang mga salitang “ Amain namin, sumasaconvento ca, sumpain ang ngalan mo, malayo sa
amain ang kasakiman mo, quitlin ang liig mo ditto sa lupa para nang sa langit.” Ang dasal na para sa Diyos Ama ay
ginawa niyang dasal para sa “Amaing Fraile.” Kitang kita ang masidhing muhi ni Del Pilar at ng mga Pilipino sa mga
paring kastila nuon.

Hail Mary (Ang Aba ng Ginoong Barya)

- Dito inilahad ni Marcelo H. Del Pilar ang kasakiman sa pera at pagwaldas sa yaman ng lipunan ng mga prayle. Sa mga
salitang ” Aba guinoong Baria nakapupuno ka ng alcancia ang Fraile’l sumasainyo bukod ka niyang pinagpala’t
pinahiguit sa lahat, pinagpala naman ang kaban mong mapasok.” Ipinababatid niya sa mga Pilipino nuon, kung saan
napupunta ang pera na inaabuloy ng simbahan na inaakala nilang bilang tulong sa Diyos.

Hail Holy Queen (Ang Aba po Santa Barya)

- Sa akdang ito, inilahad ang pagagaw ng mga praley kay Santa Maria mula sa taong bayan.

The Ten Commandments (Ang Mga Sampung Utos ng Prayle)

- Kumpara sa Sampung utos ng Diyos, sa akdang ito ni Marcelo H. Del Pilar, ipinakita ang sampung utos ng mga pari na
kung saan ipinarating sa mga utos ang mga paraan kung papaano natin dapat sambahin at tratuhin na parang Diyos ang
mga prayle.

The Propaganda Movement (1880-1895)

1888
• year when Dasalan and Tocsohan was originally published
• year when Propaganda period was prominent in the Philippines

Propaganda period
• period of enlightenment among the Filipinos. It was also the time when Dasalan and Tocsohan was made.
• It is also a period of Philippine history and literature when the “Ilustrados” (intellectual indios) started calling for
reforms, equality and improvement which lasted approximately from 1868 to 1898 although most of their
activities happened between 1880-1895.

Content of Dasalan and Tocsohan

• a satire on the friars’ hipocrisy, licentiousness, and greed.
• consists of parodies of the Sign of the Cross, the Act of Contrition, the Lord’s prayer, Hail Mary, The Ten
Commandments, and Hail Holy Queen and these texts made by Marcelo H. del Pilar mirrors the hypocrisy of the
friars during that time. The purpose of the texts are to combat the friars about their cruelty and selfishness and
also to serve as a wake-up call for the Filipinos.

IMPACTS TO THE FILIPINOS

• The present version of the parody
During early years, Del Pilar wrote this parody because of the bad experiences that the Filipinos
experienced under the friars, this kind of style in writing is also used in recent freedom of speech to express the
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 Filipinos sentiments regarding today’s government that created new versions that tackles about the absurdity of
the Philippine Presidents and the disappointment they brought to the Filipinos.
• Examples:
Aba Ginoong Gloria
Aba! Ginoong PNOY

CONTENT
• This written piece serves as a mockery of the Friar's way of spreading Christianity to the Indios in the
Colonial era. This is not an attack to the Catholic Church, but to those people who should have been the role
model of the religious faith.
• It was written in 1888. His own funny and sarcastic insights may be proof that one of the paths to
enlightenment is comedy.
• The Dasalan at Tocsohan is not published in The Sol nor The Diyaryong Tagalog, it is spread among the Indios
like how a booklet or a brochure is given to the people back then.
• Although practicing law in Manila, del Pilar spent more time in his native province. There he seized every
occasion - baptisms, funeral wakes, weddings, town fiestas, and cockfights at the cockpits - to educate the
common masses about the conditions of their native country. This is how he exposed the abuses of the Spanish
friars and colonial authorities.
• A way of defending José Rizal’s polemical writings - Noli Me Tangere by issuing a pamphlet against a priest’s
attack, exhibiting his deadly wit and savage foolishness
• A mock-prayer book and satire on the friars’ greediness, pretense, and extravagance, was praised by Rizal as a
model of classical prose and an outstanding example of Tagalog humor, wit, and sarcasm.

IMPACTS AND CONSEQUENCES

• Opening of a night school
20 young women asked the permission of Governor-General Weyler to allow them to open a night school where they could
learn to read and write Spanish. With Weyler's approval and over the objections of Friar Felipe García, the night school opened
in the early 1889. Del Pilar considered this incident as a victory to the anti-friar movement.

SIGNIFICANCE TO THE PHILIPPINES

Written in Tagalog
• The fact that it is written in tagalog it was helpful and understandable by the Filipinos. It is also a contribution to
Philippine literature because it became part of our history as our minds was opened thru Marcelo H. del Pilar. His
style and medium of delivery of message had influenced many people today.

Exposed crooked way of the Friars

• It was very significant for the Filipinos and the PH because all along they thought the money they are giving in
the church is used for God’s work. Unfortunately, their offerings were going straight to the friar’s pocket

Guide of our faith

• This work of Marcelo H. del Pilar has been deeply engraved in our hearts. The oppression and pain we have
received from the spanish friars was indeed unforgettable. His work now serves as a guide and remembrance for
us about the extreme use of power of friars before. Dasalan at tocsohan reminds us to open our eyes to see things
beyond and not just the facade. The Philippines is a Catholic country which still values Catholic practices mocked
by del Pilar.

PIGAFETTA’S VOYAGE
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
• He was called upon by King Charles I of Spain
• He served as an assistant to Ferdinand Magellan in 1519
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 • He took notes daily of their voyage (1519-1522)
• His famous journal “Primo Viaggio Intorno al Mondo” or First Voyage Around the World
• Born into a wealthy Vicenza family in Italy
• Studied navigation, astronomy, geography, and cartography
• An Italian scholar and explorer, seafarer and geographer
• Also known as by the name of Antonio Lombardo or Francisco Antonio Pigafetta

First Voyage around the World by Magellan

• Pigafetta wrote his observations of Magellan’s exhibition
• Discovery of the Strait of Magellan
• In search for the Spice Islands
• Events of the Journey
• Ships: Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Victoria, and Santiago

Route sailed:
• Seville to West Africa to Brazil to coast of Patagonia, port of St. Julian, strait of Magellan, Atlantic to the Pacific
Ocean, Island of Guam, Philippines, continued to Moluccas, to the Indian Ocean, Cape of Good Hope to the Spanish
port

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA’S OBSERVATIONS

• Stayed in Brazil for supplies and met cannibalistic natives
• Met the locals of Patagonia
• Mutiny of other captains
• Discovery of the Strait of All Saints
• (October 21, 1520)
• Hunger of the crew
• The Mariana Islands or Islas de los Ladrone
• Arrived in the Philippines
• Christianity (The First Mass: March 31, 1521)
• The Battle of Mactan
• Learned Cebuano
• Left the Philippines, with 18 men out of 237 returned to Spain
• Wondered the trees of Borneo and kept a leaf for

IMPLICATIONS
• Circumnavigation of the World
• Discovery
• Richness of the culture and spices
• Most important source and documentary evidence of the geographical discoveries of the 16th century

Historical background of the "First Voyage Around the World”

• The first account of the first circumnavigation happened in the 16th century (1519-1522)
• Era of the Western countries especially Europe
• Period of economic expansion
• Period of exploration
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
• Pigafetta wrote his journal for his readers to read and witness all of the things that he had experienced on their
journey to finding the Spice Island

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CONTRIBUTION/RELEVANCE OF ANTONIO PIGAFETTA’S “FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD”
TO PHILIPPINE HISTORY
• Antonio Pigafetta was a key player in the first circumnavigation. Without him, there won’t be any written records
of it.
• Pigafetta documented actual experiences of circumnavigation.
• His own narration about first world circumnavigation was one of the greatest achievements in the history the of
navy exploration and discovery.
• His journal became the basis of Philippine History
• Antonio Pigafetta's travelogue is one of the most important primary sources in the study of the pre-colonial
Philippines
• Because of Pigafetta's travelogue, it was found out that it was Ferdinand Magellan - a Portuguese explorer who
sailed for Spain - who discovered the Philippines in 1521. He also named it in honor of the King of Spain, King
Phillip II.
• Pigafetta's travelogue was a very valuable source on geography, descriptions of people, goods, and language that
were spoken by natives in the Philippines
• It shows the richness and beauty of pre-colonial Philippine society and culture
• His account is very significant in dating back how the Christianity started in the Philippines

MARTIAL LAW
• Known as the temporary rule by military authorities of a designated area in time of emergency when the civil
authorities are deemed unable to function. Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the
public. Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to military tribunal.

PROCLAMATION NO. 1081

• The document contained the formal proclamation of Martial law in the Philippines by the then President Ferdinand
Marcos. The declaration of Martial law last for 14 years from 1972 to 1986. The document cited "to save the
republic" (from various plots); and "to reform society" (after the failure of American-style democracy).
• The third rationalization portrayed Ferdinand Marcos as a figure able to compel the obedience of supposedly
"spoiled" Filipinos. Marcos explained that martial law was not a military takeover but was then the only option to
resolve the country’s dilemma on rebellion that stages national chaos threatening the peace and order of the country.

SEPT 21, 1972

• Marcos was infamous for his obsession with numerology, and believed his lucky number to be seven. Many
accounts conflict about the official date of the declaration of Martial Law. The official date is Sept. 21, 1972, as it
is a date divisible by seven.

EVENTS LEADING UP TO MARTIAL LAW

PROTEST MARCH IN PLAZA MIRANDA

• Sponsored by the Concerned Christians for Civil Rights
• Crowd of 30 000 from various student, civic, activist, etc groups
• Wide media coverage

STAGED ENRILE AMBUSH

• Then Minister of Defence Juan Ponce Enrile was attacked outside Wack Wack
• Used to justify Martial Law
• Later revealed in 1986 to be staged

From the Official Gazette:

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A contrasting account came from Oscar Lopez, who lived along Notre Dame Street, Wack Wack Village, stated that he
heard a lot of shooting and that when he went out to see what was happening, he saw an empty car riddled with bullets.
Lopez’s driver, who happened to see the incident, narrated that “there was a car that came and stopped beside a Meralco
post. Some people got out of the car, and then there was another car that came by beside it and started riddling it with bullets
to make it look like it was ambushed."
In the biography of Chino Roces, Vergel Santos questioned the elements of the Enrile ambush: “Why inside a village and
not on a public street, and why in that particular village? Possibly for easier stage-managing: the family of Enrile’s sister
Irma and her husband, Dr. Victor Potenciano, lived there, in Fordham, the next street in the Potenciano home and got the
story straight from him, as officially scripted.”

WHY WAS IT DECLARED?

• Last defense against the growing communist left (Communist Party of the Philippines)
• Muslim separatist movement of the Moro National Liberation Font (MNLF), eventually fractures into the Moro
Islamic Liberation Font (MILF) and Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization

GENERAL ORDER NO. 1, S. 1972

“NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me
by the Constitution as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, do hereby proclaim that I shall govern
the nation and direct the operation of the entire Government, including all its agencies and instrumentalities, in my capacity
and shall exercise all the powers and prerogatives appurtenant and incident to my position as such Commander-in-Chief of
all the Armed Forces of the Philippines.”

•It was announced that the reason behind this order is to control “wanton destruction of lives and property,
widespread lawlessness and anarchy, chaos and disorder now prevailing throughout the country”
• President Ferdinand Marcos claimed all powers to his Presidency
• All government agencies, especially the Armed Forces of the Philippines, would be under his control
MASS ARRESTS
• The attempt to arrest these following personalities started right at the first day of Martial Law
• Senators Benigno S. Aquino Jr., Jose Diokno, Francisco Rodrigo and Ramon Mitra Jr., and members of the media
such as Joaquin Roces, Teodoro Locsin Sr., Maximo Soliven and Amando Doronila
• Citizens who would challenge the imposed system of government would be detained
• Many people were tortured and brutally murdered

SILENCING THE MEDIA

• Media is one of the voices needed to be heard by people
• It is an essential feature of a democratic country
• Portrays transparency of activities and issues present within the government
• But Marcos, in his dictatorship, silenced the media
• Transparency turned into blur
• Marcos was able to control the “truth” broadcasted in the media
• Public criticism was a sin

NEW GENERATION OF NATIONALISTS

PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION

• Nationalists gathered to install Corazon Aquino as the new president, and remove Ferdinand Marcos and his
dictatorship from the government
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 • Marks the end of Marcos’s regime
• Ignited the start of Fifth Philippine Republic
• A movement to regain freedom and human rights

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

Preamble
“We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and
establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our
patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law
and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.”

WHAT WOULD THE PH LOOK LIKE TODAY IF MARTIAL LAW WAS NOT ABOLISHED?
• Continuous growth of militarization
• Enormous amount of EJK, arbitrary arrests, prolonged detentions
• Civil and political rights are declared illegal
• The actions of the church are under attacked
• Activists are deprived of their freedom
• Philippines would have reduced non political crimes
• Economic growth increase
• Fair distribution of lands to the people would be fulfilled
• There wouldn’t be bloody campaigns and harassments to the people
• Human rights will not be abused

LAGUNA COPPERPLATE INSCRIPTION

• chance to read the actual words and thoughts of an ancient Filipino without the obscuring effects of
foreign interpretations
• older and more complex writing system than the baybayin.

Period:

• 900 C.E.
Time and Space:

• According to Hector Santos, the inscription was made in Monday, April 21, 900 C.E., converted from Sanskrit
date over to our calendar.
Historical Background:

• The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is a sheet of Copper metal with ancient writing and was discovered in the
province of Laguna in 1989.
• It was found near the mouth of the Lumbang River emptying out into Laguna de Bay by some dredger while
working.
• When he uncovered that it was a sheet of copper with strange writings, he tried to sell it but found no buyers. He
then eventually sold it to the Philippine National Museum for only Php2,000.
• Antoon Postma, a Dutch anthropologist recognized the writings as being related to Kawi, a Javanese script,
which allowed him to translate the inscription and published it in 1992.
• The text were hammered out onto the copper sheet in Old Kawi script but the language appears to be in Old
Malay, with substantial elements of Sanskrit, Old Javanese and Old Tagalog mixed in, making the entirety
sound like an early case of code-switching.
• The inscription is about a royal debt pardon issued by the Chief of Tundun (Tondo), officially releasing the
heirs of the late Namwaran from a debt in gold amounting to a rough equivalent of 926.4 grams.

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 • Today, the Laguna Copperplate Inscription remains as a part of the permanent exhibit of the Museum of the
Filipino People, a subdivision of the National Museum Complex in Manila.

HOW IT WAS DISCOVERED:

1. a man in the concrete business was dredging sand at the mouth of the Lumbang River near
Laguna de Ba’y
2. he uncovered a blackened roll of metal.
3. unfurled the roll and saw that it was a sheet of copper with strange writing on it
4. he offered the copper sheet to one of the antiques dealers in the area who bought it for next to
nothing.
5. the dealer, in turn, tried to sell it for a profit but when he found no buyers, he eventually sold it
to the Philippine National Museum for just 2000 pesos.

Antoon Postma (1990)

• a Dutch expert in ancient Philippine scripts and Mangyan writing, and a long-time resident of the
Philippines
• translated the document that came to be known as the Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI).
• saw that the writing looked similar to the ancient Indonesian script called Kavi, and that the document
bore a date from the ancient Sanskrit calendar,
• enlisted the help of fellow Dutchman, Dr. Johann de Casparis, whose area of expertise was ancient
Indonesia.

Dr. Johann de Casparis

• confirmed that the script and the words used in the Laguna document were exactly the same as those
that were used on the island Java at the time stated in the document, which was the year 822, in the old
Hindu calendar or the year 900 C.E. (Common Era) on our calendar.

Hector Santos (1996)

• a Filipino history buff in California,
• precisely converted the Sanskrit date over to our calendar by using astronomical software and some
historical detective work.
• determined that the Sanskrit date written on the plate was exactly Monday, April 21, 900 C.E.

Peculiarities that led scholars to believe that it was not from the island of Java.
1.) the LCI did not mention the king of Java at that time, King Balitung.
2.) the language used in the document was not only Sanskrit but a mixture of Sanskrit, Old Javanese, Old
Malay and Old Tagalog.
3.) the method of writing was different

SUMMARY:
The inscription was a pardon from the Chief of Tondo that erased the debt of a man named Namwaran. His debt
was one kati and eight suwarna, or about 926.4 grams of gold. Today in 2006, this is equal to about $18,600
Canadian. (According to Postma’s examination)

THE DOCUMENT MENTIONED A FEW TOWNS THAT STILL EXIST TODAY:

• Tundun, which is now Tondo in Metro Manila
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 • Pailah or Paila,
• Puliran or Pulilan,
• Binwangan.
• Dewata or Diwata - near Butuan, which has been a rich source of ancient artefacts.
• Medang -possibly Medan in Sumatra, Indonesia.

Bukah,
• Namwaran’s son
• have some relation to the town of Gatbuka in Bulakan. Gat is a title similar to “Sir” for a knight.

Significance and Contributions to Philippine History

• The place where it was found had a vibrant culture and was a rich trading town
• It validates the influence of Hndu culture on the Philippines and Southeast Asia
• It proves that we already had a system of written language and literacy
• The early Filipinos in the region were already business-minded and quite adept at trading
• The natives already had a way of life before the arrival of the Spanish
• There were different degrees of social recognition in pre-Spanish Philippine society

MANUNGGUL JAR
• A secondary burial jar excavated from a Neolithic burial site in Manunggul cave of Tabon Caves at
Lipuun Point at Palawan dating from 890-710 B.C.
• It is widely acknowledged to be one of the finest Philipppine pre-colonial artworks ever produced and is
considered a masterpiece. It is now housed at the Museum of the Filipino People and is one of the most
popular exhibits there.
• It is made from clay with some sand soil
Design of the Jar
• The upper part of the Manunggul Jar is carved with curvilinear scroll designs which are painted with
hematite
• The two human figures in a boat represent a voyage to the afterlife
• Three faces – the soul, the boatman, and the boat itself have eyes and mouth
• The boatman is holding a steering paddle while the one in front of the boatman has his hands placed
across his chest with a band tied on their head
The Discovery of the Jar
Robert Fox
• He was an anthropologist and leading historian on the pre-Hispanic Philippines
• He led a six-year archaeological research project in Palawan, focusing mainly on the caves, and rock
shelters of Lipuun point in the southern part of the island
First excavation and response to discovery
• It was found by Dr. Robert B. Fox and Miguel Antonio in 1962 alongside the discovery of the remains
of Tabon Man
• Tabon caves is known to be a site of jar burials with artifacts dating from 4520-2000 BP
• Chamber A dates as a Late Neolithic burial site 890-710 BC
• There were Seventy-eight jars and earthenwares, including the Manunggul Jar, that was discovered on
the subsurface and surface of chamber A
Chamber A
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 • It has a measurement of 7 meters wide and 9 meters in length
• It has a large round mouth
• It is light and dry throughout
• It has numerous large jars and covers, smaller vessels, skulls, and portions of painted human bones
• It was used for jar burial or the second burial in which the remains or bones of the deceased are placed
inside the jar and reburied
Relevance and Contribution to the Philippine History
• The Manunggul jar was built as a burial jar showcasing the early belief of the Filipinos in the concept of
death and their belief in an afterlife and that there were means to communicate with dead relatives
• At present, this Filipino tradition is still practiced by many indigenous groups
o This belief is connected with the Austronesian belief of the anito
• The fine lines and intricate designs of the Manunggul jar reflect the artistry of early Filipinos
• The discovery of the burial jar was so important that it was even featured in the past design of the 1000
peso bill
• The jar is a symbol and archaeological of strong indigenous spirituality and beliefs in pre-colonial
Philippimes

POSTERS OF JAPANESE PROPAGANDA IN THE PHILIPPINES

CONTEXT:
BOMBING OF PEARL HARBOR
• December 8, 1941
• Near Honolulu, Hawaii
BATAAN PENINSULA AND THE ISLAND OF CORREGIDOR
• one of the first major sites for invasion and occupancy
AFTER BOMBING OF PEARL HARBOR
• December 8, 1941
• Near Honolulu, Hawaii
• World War II

START OF THE BATTLE OF BATAAN

• Marks the invasion and occupancy of Japanese to the Philippines by mind disorganization

CONTENT:
TWO-PRONG PROPAGANDA
1. Attempts to discourage American troops
o Franklin Roosevelt as an imperialist overlord
o surrender

2. Attempts to win the minds of Filipinos

o "paradise for Filipinos"
o ease in life with the Japanese

CONSEQUENCES:
• Ignites not only the physical set up war but also war of the mind

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 • Thus, the success in invasion and occupancy
• Also, big effect on the oral history being passed to
• Effect on reliability of history

POSTER CONTENT CONTEXT CONSEQUENCES

• leaflet to the Filipino
soldiers and civilians
• Japanese do not want to
hurt any of the locals
• when the Japanese
• how the three subjects
started to invade Luzon
were positioned
"Our Enemy is • December 22, 1941 • wanted the Filipinos out
• war with the Japanese for
only the • having the trust of the of picture or instead
Americans" the US President
Filipino people and joining their army
Roosevelt declared war
discouraging the
after Pearl Harbor was
Americans
bombed
• addressed to the Filipinos
to join with the Japanese
to be safe

• midst of the war; war • Greater East Asia Co-

• complete
"March on to has already started prosperity Sphere
independence
the • encouraging other • Asia for the Asians
• stop war
Independence" Filipinos to take sides • leading Asian nations in
• listen to Japan
with the Japanese looking out for Asia

• American ship sinking • Americans were

• Verge of winning severely injured
"To the • Japanese warship
against Americans • Japanese then
American • Filipino holding a
• Monroe Doctrine successfully invaded
Soldier" Philippine Flag
• December 2, 1823 the Philippines until
• Message reads
1945

• Features two Japanese

Naval Guns looming
• Won against American • gave a confusion about
over the Philippine
troops the role or aspiration of
Island
"Surrender" • End of 1942 America to the
• victory of the Japanese
• Leaflets were dropped Philippines that led to
army
by airplane success
• accept their new
responsibilities

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 • 1944-Term of Manuel
• made clear the minds of
Luiz Quezon
• President Franklin D. Filipinos what's really
"Tragedy of the • Filipinos are in doubt
Roosevelt and President happening
Brother and becoming
Manuel Quezon • Urges more effective
Filipino" mindful of the
gerilla tactics
propaganda

PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA

Andres Bonifacio
• Bonifacio was one of the founders of La Liga Filipina, an organization that seeks reform from the
Spanish government
• He was the Supremo of the Katipunan, a movement that seeks independence for the Philippines
• Published under the initials “A.I.B”

BACKGROUND OF THE POEM

Pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa
• written by Andres Bonifacio
• published on the Katipunan’s revolution paper Kalayaan on March 1986
• Bonifacio used the poem as a tool to encourage his fellow Filipinos to exhibit nationalism and love
towards their country

KALAYAAN NEWSPAPER
• 1st publication
• 2nd issue is burned
• Top ranking leaders: Bonifacio, Jacinto & Valenzuela

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE POEM

• The poem was all about encouraging Filipinos to fight for their independence
• Bonifacio felt that the pursuit towards Philippine independence was going nowhere at the time before
1986
• During his time in La Liga Filipina, there was little to no sign of progress in the Philippine’s state by
means of peaceful reform with the Spaniards

MESSAGE ABOUT THE POEM

• It was a poem expresses Bonifacio’s love for the Philippines
• It educates Filipinos to learn to sacrifice for their homeland
• It advocates that Filipinos should join and fight together
• Used by Bonifacio to inspire people to be patriotic and nationalist
• Showed why the Philippines is worth fighting for

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POEM ANALYSIS

STANZA MEANING

• Bonifacio feels that there is no

greater love that the love of
one’s country
• For Bonifacio, even the poor
and illiterate can become noble
and respected

• All of man’s endeavours

should be offered to the
country
• Use the arts, talents, and
capabilities to uphold the
country’s identity
• To dedicate one’s love,
sufferings and life for the sake
of the country

• Philippines as our origin

• The noblest thing to do is to

sacrifice one’s life for the
love of country
• Even when numerous lives
will be shed.

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 • Sacrifice

• Bonifacio questions why

Filipino that have been
exploited are being silent and is
not joining the revolution
• There is no other way to escape
on slavery but to fight against it

• It calls for the Filipinos to fight

for freedom because the country
had witness enough pain and
struggle. Given by the strength
of our love for country

IMPACT OF THE POEM

• Persuaded the Filipino people to join the battle of Philippine independence
• Inspired patriotism within the Filipino people
• Gained a lot of supporters and employed an uprising. After publishing the poem, there was a boost of
amount of Filipinos that joined the Katipunan
• Increase the members of the Katipunan
• Teodoro Agoncillo: “Power of the written word.”
• Pio Valenzuela: 300 to 30,000 members
• Word by mouth
• Geometric method of distribution
• Bonifacio and Jacinto were responsible for the recruitment of thousands of Filipino revolutionists to join
the secret Katipunan society through ideas on revolution
• "Power of the written word" -Teodoro Agoncillo
• Katipunan membership increased tremendously

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SPEECH OF PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUINO DURING THE JOINT SESSION OF THE U.S.
CONGRESS
CONTEXT:
WHO: MARIA CORAZON “CORY” COJUANGCO AQUINO
WHAT: Joint Session of the US Congress
WHEN: September 18, 1986
WHERE: United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.

CONTENT:
NINOY AQUINO'S DEATH (1983): MARTIAL LAW
• "Ninoy became the pleasing sacrifice that answered their prayers for freedom"
• "The government sought to break him by indignities and terror. They locked him up in a tiny, nearly
airless cell in a military camp in the north"
• "They put him on trial for subversion, murder, and a host of other crimes"
• "His death was my country's resurrection in the courage and faith by which alone they could be free
again."

PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION (February 22-25, 1986)

• "The dictatorship called for its doom in a snap election"
• "...before another wave of fraud could distort the results, I announced the people's victory."

PRES. CORY AQUINO’s PLANS FOR THE PHILIPPINES (1986)

• "... new democracy under a constitution that already gives full respect to the Bill of Rights."
• "... we must seek to bring the insurgents down from the hills, and, by economic progress and justice,
show them that for which the best intentioned among them fight"
• "defend the integrity and freedom of my country"

AMITY BETWEEN PHILIPPINES AND UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

• "...cooperation and strengthening of the friendship between our two countries"
• "Half our earnings, $2 billion out of $4 billion, which was all we could earn in the restrictive markers of
the world, went to pay just the interest on a debt whose benefit the Filipino people never received."

CONSEQUENCES
• The House’s approval on the provision of economic aid to the Philippine government
• Renegotiation of the status of American military bases in the PH
• Solidification of a 508 million agreement with the IMF
• Development and spread of communist insurgency
• Forced repayment of the Marcos regime’s foreign debts

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RAIDERS OF SULU NOTES
by Arnold Mappala

Dec 8, 1720 (Fort Pilar, Zamboanga)

• 300 battle hardened raiders
• Spain outnumbered (1:5)
• Zamboanga is strategically located in a sea route-geographic advantage colonized 16th century

Icelle Gloria B Estrada (Art Historian, Zambonga)

• 1720 King Dalasi, King Bulig of Maguindanao and joint forces of Sulu sultanate
• Sulu and Maguindano Sultanate: 2 main kingdoms controlling muslim colonies
o Rajah Dalasi fight with vengeance- suppress Spanish presence
o Slavery was practiced in the Phil even before the west came

Dr. Samuel Tan (Historian, Natl Historical Institute)

• 3 diff groups identified: Balangingi Samal (bet Basilan and Sulu isl), Illanuns, Taosug
• Piratical attacks or retaliatory attacks

Prof. Barbabra Watson Andaya (Historian, Nat Univ of Singapore)

• using the word pirate is misleading
• Doesn’t cover raiders, people who act in begalf of the state
• Raiders: acts of retaliation against foreign occupier, sanctioned by the sultanate in the name of Islam

Islam: 1380 reached the Phil

Dr. Julius Bautista (Historian, Asia Research Inst, National Univ of Singapore)
• presence of Spanish in southern Luzon and Visayas disrupted the spread of Islam
• Spain prevented spread of Islam from south to north
o christianity was viewed with scorn in Mindanao
o eradicating Spanish christian in Zamboanga as their objective
o 1977 archeological excavation in Butuan
o 18th: frequency of raids increased due to increase in slave demand

Seasonal arrival of raiders from the southern Phil

• Ilanun slave raiders were skilled warriors with nice ships, skilled mariners w ith equipment

Illanun ships
• large wide keel
• 3 large sails
• 24-27m long
• 6m wide haul
• With cannons at the bow
• 100-150men
• 34 ores on each side

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Garai ship
• 25m
• 6m across
• More than 100men
• 30-60 ores on each side
• More advanced
Salisipan
• small boats for coastal raids
Spanish galleon
• slow and ungamely
• Superior armor
Pathway
• great distances travelled with trading activities
• International trade was flourishing prior to entry of europeans
• Spanish wanted to be part of this trade
o Spain tried to dominate in Jolo, seat of power of the Sulu Sultanate
Halman Abubakar (Taosug descendant, Jolo, Sulu)
• force feeding them into believing something that they do not want to believe in is oppression-so they
went to war
• He believed that they are “freedom fighters” because they fight for what they believe in. Fighting from
not loosing their own identity
o Barong: cut of M-14 and carbine, single edged leaf shaped thick blade, approx 1m long weapon
o Kalis: weapon for war and ceremony, carried by noble and high ranking officials, double edged
with curvings (for easy slashing)
o Kampilan: longest, heavy single edged sowrd used mostly by the Illanun, with two horns at the
blunt side to pick up the head of a headless body
o Armor: made from carabao horn or steel plate, protect against sword but not on Spanish firearms
Spanish weapon:
• Musket: inaccurate, 90m, 3shots per minute (ample time for sword raiders to come close), not efficient
for close combat
Clashes of Ideology
• Islam v Christianity
• Indigenous way of life vs. Enforced values of occupiers
• Sword vs. gunpowder

Dec 8, 1720
• rajah dalasi lead a strong 3k coalition of warriors against 600 Spanish at Fort Pilar, Zamboanga
• Raiders attack at For Pilar was poorly conceived

Attack on the raiders

• 3 British made ships: Magallanes, Elcano, Reina Castilla
• artillery bombarded forts in Balangingi islands
• Raiders were shaken
• Spanish stormed the raiders after damage has been done
• Raiders were outnumbered
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 • Demarcation point, not dependent on wind
• Put Spaniards well ahead of the raiders
o killed themselves rather than being captured
o 450 died, 150 ships destroyed
1848 Balangingi islands,
• granted clemency to 350 Samala who were captured alive
• 1858: surrender of (insert native)
Gov Gen Claveria
• Arrival of steam ships marked the end of the once feared navies of the Sultanates
• sense of hopelessness began to enter into the Muslim consciousness
• 2 choices: (a) follow the rest of the country and become subjugated people, (b) continue to resist
• slave raiders continued to resist, in vain.
American occupation
• Zakiri
• Patian Island, 1909 southern Philippines
• Americans treated them harshly
• considered them mere pirates and bandits just like how the Spaniards treated them
• Sultanate lost their political and economic hold in Sulu and was gradually assimilated in the Phil.
Government but retained its autonomy
• Sultanates are now a distant memory
• It’s a question of perspective

GOODLUCK <3

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