IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution

Special Issue: Cyber-Physical Power Systems: Design, Modelling, Simulation and Control

ISSN 1751-8687
Robust frequency-locked loop algorithm for Received on 25th July 2015
Revised on 31st October 2015
grid synchronisation of single-phase Accepted on 25th November 2015
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0914
applications under distorted grid conditions www.ietdl.org

Tai-Zhou Bei ✉, Ping Wang

Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Ministry of Education, School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University,
No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
✉ E-mail: taizbei@tju.edu.cn

Abstract: The distributed power generation networks and smart grids are characterised by a high penetration of renewable
energies. For purposes of improving the power quality of the distributed generation and achieving a reliable, efficient and
safe operation of the grid, on the basis of the synchronisation techniques, this study proposes a robust frequency-locked
loop (FLL) algorithm for grid synchronisation of single-phase applications under distorted grid conditions. The algorithm
mainly includes a frequency-adjustable quadrature signal generator (QSG) and a cascaded adaptive complex filter (ACF),
as well as a robust frequency adaptive controller. The suggested QSG can generate two-phase orthogonal voltages with
the same attenuation ratio. In the proposed scheme, the normalised blocks and the cascaded ACF are introduced, for
purposes of eliminating the influence of voltage fluctuation and the harmonics on the frequency adaptive adjustment
effectively. Theoretical analysis indicates that the proposed FLL algorithm has good performance in aspects of rapidity
and robustness even in the hostile envelopments caused by frequency variation, voltage fluctuation and harmonic
distortion. Simulations and experimental results are provided at the end of this study to validate the good performance
of the proposed algorithm.

1 Introduction
The classical electricity networks and smart grids are being
permeated by distributed generation system (DGS), where
renewable energies, like wind or photovoltaic and biomass are
becoming important participants, mainly due to the necessity of
more clean, reliable and flexible ways to produce and deliver
energy [1–3]. In this distributed scenario, power electronic devices
and information and communication technology applications will
be widely adopted in the electricity networks of the future, as an
interface between the DGSs and the electricity networks. The
increasing penetration of power electronic devices is creating a
growing concern for the quality of the AC supply system [3].
Accordingly, the grid-connected converters such as the
photovoltaic inverters should be properly designed and controlled
for the purpose of achieving an optimal and efficient operation [4, 5].
To ensure the grid-tied converters transmit the high-quality
electric energy into the power grid, it’s necessary to provide
advanced technical supports for them. One of the most important
techniques is the ‘grid synchronisation’, namely the frequency and/
or phase estimation. Generally, power converters should properly
be synchronised with the grid to remain actively connected.
However, the grid frequency varies around its nominal value
because of sudden changes of major loads or the loss of a major
tie-line or a large generating station [6], and large variations of the
grid frequency degrade the quality of the grid voltage [7].
Therefore, to estimate the grid frequency accurately and quickly
under distorted grid conditions, a robust and computationally
efficient algorithm is required, which will contribute to the
grid-tied power converters [8], as well as the economical
realisation of the smart grid vision for P class phasor measurement
units [9–11].
Several synchronisation schemes have been presented in recent
years [12–16], the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) method [14,
17, 18] as well as the phase-locked loop (PLL) method [19–21] is
a commonly used technique for grid synchronisation [12, 22]. The
recursive DFT can be used to reduce the computational burden of
the DFT [7]. However, the DFT requires stationary voltage and
hence causes spectral leakage during the time-varying cases [23].
The recursive DFT also suffers from accumulation errors [7].
Thus, the PLL is an efficient technique for grid voltage
fundamental parameters estimation under the distorted grid
conditions [8]. Compared with the conventional PLL methods,
another more advanced and convenient synchronisation scheme by
using a frequency-locked loop (FLL) has been proposed. The main
advantage of the FLL is that it estimates the frequency of the
signal which is not affected by sudden changes [1, 2]. Regardless
of the type, each FLL structure should have possibility to reject
harmonics disturbances.
In the aspect of harmonics rejection, the selective harmonics
compensation (SHC) technique [24] combining a second-order
generalised integrator (SOGI) [1], an adaptive vectorial filter [3], a
frequency adaptive moving average filter [25] and a delayed signal
cancellation [26] is more concerned. Since each compensation unit
usually compensates a certain harmonic only, the SHC technique
does not fit for the distorted conditions. Although the harmonics
could be effectively rejected by increasing the parallel
compensation units, it will add the complexity and the
computation for FLL. Therefore, the ideal filters in FLL schemes
should have simple structure and good harmonic rejection within a
fairly wide-frequency range.
The objective of this paper is to propose a new robust FLL scheme
in the αβ axes for detecting the grid frequency accurately in
single-phase applications under distorted grid conditions. In this
scheme, a new type of quadrature signal generator (QSG) is
proposed to generate the orthogonal voltages with the same total
harmonic distortion (THD) and a cascaded adaptive complex filter
(ACF) structure is also built to achieve a better harmonics
rejection. Besides, a robust frequency adaptive controller (FAC) is
designed to realise the goal of this paper.
This paper is organised as follows. Section 2 describes the
implementation of the proposed QSG and the rules for parameter
adjustment. Section 3 mainly provides a cascaded ACF structure
for grid harmonics and also offers the regulations of parameter

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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2016 2593
selection. More importantly, this section gives a necessary In Fig. 1a and in (1), k and ωo are the gain of the QSG and the
discussion on harmonics rejection of the proposed FLL scheme estimated grid frequency, respectively. From (1), the magnitude–
from a perspective of the quantitative analysis. Section 4 builds a frequency characteristics of Gα(s) and Gβ(s) can be depicted by
robust FAC for the whole FLL scheme in the αβ axes. Section 5
⎧

delivers the simulation results and experimental results to verify ⎪
⎪ 
 k vo v2o + v2
⎪  
Ga jv =
the availability of the suggested FLL scheme. Section 6 ⎪
⎪
⎪  2
2
summarises this work. ⎨ (1 + k )v2o − v2 + k vvo


(2)
⎪
⎪   k vo v2o + v2
⎪
⎪ Gb jv  =
⎪
⎪
⎩  2
2
2 Proposed QSG (1 + k )v2 − v2 + k vv
o o

The robust FLL scheme consisting of a new type of QSG, an ACF

structure and a FAC is a closed-loop architecture. Specifically, the where ω is the real grid frequency.
output of the FLL scheme, i.e. the estimated grid frequency, will As described by (2), Gα( jω) and Gβ( jω) possess the same
participate in the grid-tied control strategy for the power converters magnitude–frequency characteristics, which means that the
in DGSs, in addition, it will be used to tune both QSG and ACF proposed QSG provides the same attenuation ratio for each
in real time. Therefore, the proposed FLL scheme is very suited harmonic in its output voltages, i.e. vα and vβ. It is precisely
for the frequency-varying conditions. The structure diagram of the because of this, the proposed QSG can generate a couple of output
robust FLL scheme is shown in Fig. 1. voltages with the same THD.
Unlike the three-phase FLL schemes, the single-phase ones are Without considering the harmonics, the ideal grid voltage is
more complicated in their implementations, mainly due to the defined as
nature of single-phase systems [7, 27]. In the single-phase FLL,
the QSG is usually introduced to generate the orthogonal voltages, vg = Vm cos vt (3)
i.e. vα and vβ. Generally, an ideal QSG should have good
properties, such as fast response, good filtering capability and it where Vm and ω are the amplitude and the frequency of the grid
will be better if the QSG could generate the output voltages with voltage, respectively.
the same THD even in imaginable grid conditions. Although many When the estimated grid frequency equals to the real one, i.e. ωo =
QSG schemes have been presented, such as SOGI-based QSG ω, at any time, the output voltages of the proposed QSG shown in
[12, 13], no one scheme possesses all properties mentioned above. Fig. 1a can be described as
In this scenario, a new type of QSG is proposed.
⎧  
⎪
⎪ −kwt/2 ksinhzd vt
⎪
⎨ va (t ) = Vm cos vt − Vm e cosh zd vt − √
2.1 Implementation of the proposed QSG 2zd
(4)
⎪
⎪ 1 + k
The structure diagram of the proposed QSG is shown in Fig. 1a ⎪ v (t ) = V sin vt −
⎩ V e −kwt/2
sinhzd vt
b m
and the transfer functions of the proposed QSG of Fig. 1a are zd m
expressed as

where zd = 1 + k − k 2 /4.
⎧
 Under the steady-state conditions, the output voltages can be
⎪
⎪ Va (s) k vo vo + s
⎪ a
⎨ G ( s) = = simplified as
Vg (s) s2 + k vo s + (1 + k )v2o

 (1) 
⎪
⎪ Vb (s) k vo vo − s va = Vm cos vt
⎪
⎩ Gb (s) = = 2 (5)
Vg (s) s + k vo s + (1 + k )v2o vb = Vm sin vt

Fig. 1 Structure diagram of the proposed FLL

a For the structure of the proposed QSG
b For the structure of the adaptive filtering scheme
c For the implementation of the frequency adaptive controller

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It should be noticed from (5) that when the proposed QSG reaches 3 Adaptive complex filter for grid harmonics and
the steady state, vα and vβ are rigorous orthogonal. anomalies

2.2 Adjustment of QSG parameter Grid harmonics and anomalies (mainly voltage fluctuation) in the
power grid often discount the performance of FLL schemes. To
The suggested QSG should have a fast response. Actually, the fast avoid this case, some effective measures should be provided.
performance can be determined by the gain of the QSG, i.e. k. As The real grid voltage vg that contains grid harmonics can be
proposed in [1, 2, 28], the setting time for any second-order system redefined as
can be roughly estimated by ts = 4.6σ. Therefore, since σ = 2/kω in
(4), the gain k can be calculated for a given setting time as 
1
vg = Vm cos vt + Vmn cos nvt (7)
9.2 n=2
k= (6)
ts v
where n and Vmn are the harmonic order and the amplitudes of the nth
In many cases, one usually prioritises an optimal value for k first and harmonics, respectively.
then considers the setting time, mainly because k determines the The output voltages of the suggested QSG can be derived from the
dynamic performance and the filtering capability. Figs. 2a and b real grid voltage of (7). In the steady state, the output voltages can be
give the unit-step response of Gα(s) and Gβ(s), respectively, under expressed as
different values of k. Seeing Figs. 2a and b, one can observe that
the high value of k makes the dynamic response fast and ⎧ 
1

⎪
⎪
non-oscillatory, while a low value makes it slow and oscillatory. ⎨ va = Vm cos vt + An Vmn cos nvt + w1n
Fig. 2c provides the magnitude–frequency characteristics of Gα(s) n=2
(8)
and/or Gβ(s) under different values of k. From Fig. 2c, one can see ⎪
⎪ 
1

⎩ vb = Vm sin vt + Bn Vmn cos nvt + w2n
that the low value of k makes the suggested QSG have a better n=2
filtering capability, but a high one of k does not. √
On the basis of these plots, an optimal value of k can be 2, as this
value makes the dynamic response fast and well-damped, where An, Bn and j1n, j2n are the voltage gains and the initial phases
meanwhile, it makes the suggested QSG have good filtering of the harmonics, respectively. All of them are determined by both k
capability. Furthermore, it should be worth noting that a gain and n.
√
k = 2 implies a damping
√ factor j for the second-order system of
(1) equals to 1/ 2, which roughly results in an optimal
relationship between the setting time and overshooting in the 3.1 Adaptive complex filter
dynamic response [28]. √
Under the situation of k = 2, the value of the setting time ts can To attenuate the grid harmonics, this part offers an adaptive filtering
be calculated by using (6), it yields 20 ms. Thus, for a 220 V/50 Hz structure, as shown in Fig. 1b. vα and vβ of Fig. 1b are encouraged to
AC signal, the proposed QSG can steadily output the orthogonal be normalised at first for purpose of eliminating the influence of
voltages within 20 ms. The simulation results are shown in Fig. 3. voltage fluctuation. The normalised output voltages, i.e. vα0 and

Fig. 2 Unit-step response of Gα(s) and Gβ(s) and magnitude-frequency characteristics of Gα(s) and/or Gβ(s)
a For unit-step response of Gα(s)
b For unit-step response of Gβ(s)
c For magnitude–frequency characteristics of Gα(s) and/or Gβ(s)

IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2016, Vol. 10, Iss. 11, pp. 2593–2600
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2016 2595
Fig. 3 Response of the QSG

vβ0, are described as Here two different kinds of ACFs depicted by (12) and (13),
respectively, are employed, as shown in Fig. 1b
⎧
⎪
⎪ va 1

⎪
⎪ v = ≃ cos vt + an cos nvt + w1n mv o
⎪
⎪ a0 ACF− (s) = (12)
⎨ v2a + v2b n=2 s + j v o + mv o
(9)
⎪
⎪ vb 1
 mv o
⎪
⎪ vb0 = ≃ sin vt + bn cos nvt + w2n ACF+ (s) =
⎪
⎪ (13)
⎩ v2 + v2
a n=2 s − j v o + mv o
b

In (12) and (13), m is the gain of the filters.

where an and bn can be calculated by In the implementation of the ACFs (see Fig. 5), the complex
⎧ operator j of the ACFs is realised by using the cross-coupling
⎪ An Vmn between the αβ axes [29]. The amplitude-phase characteristics of
⎪
⎨ an = V
m ACF−(s) and ACF+(s) are depicted by the following equations
(10)
⎪
⎪ Bn Vmn
⎩ bn = ⎧ 
 mv o
Vm ⎪
⎪
⎪ H1 = ACF− jv  =

2
2
⎪
⎨ v + v o + mv o
From (9), one can observe that if the grid voltage contains the
 (14)
⎪ v + vo
harmonics, the normalised voltages will similarly contain a certain ⎪
⎪
⎪ P = /ACF− jv = −arcsin

2
2
⎩ 1
amount of harmonics. v + v o + mv o
For convenience, the frequency of a harmonic component (of
order n) is expressed as ωn = nω, n = 2,3,… . According to (2), one ⎧ 
 mv o
can know that when ωo = ω, the attenuation of the suggested QSG
⎪
⎪
⎪ H2 = ACF+ jv  =

2
2
⎪
⎨
in the nth harmonic can be expressed as v − v o + mv o
⎪
 v − vo (15)
√ ⎪
⎪ P = /ACF+ jv = −arcsin

2
2
k n2 + 1 ⎪ 2
⎩
AttenQSG =
(11) v − v o + mv o
n

n4 + k 2 − 2k − 2 n2 + (k + 1)2

Fig. 4 presents
√ the attenuation curve of the QSG on each harmonic
when k = 2. An accepted fact will be found that the QSG can
provide the orthogonal voltages and also the different attenuation
ratios for the harmonics. Concretely, the QSG has good rejection
to the high-frequency harmonics, but has poor one to the
low-frequency harmonics. Thus, the capacity of harmonics
rejection should be further improved.
3.2 Adjustment of ACF parameter
The gain of ACF, i.e. m, directly affects its dynamic performance,
and also its capacity of harmonic rejection. To seek an optimal
value for m, an adaptive filter (AF) is built here based on a
cascaded structure consisting of ACF−(s) and ACF+(s). Transfer

Fig. 4 Attenuation of the QSG in the harmonics

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2596 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2016
Fig. 5 Implementation of ACFs
a for ACF−(s) of (12)
b for ACF+(s) of (13)

function of the AF is 3.3 Analysis of harmonics rejection

Here only considers the nth harmonic of the grid voltage. When ωo =
mv o mv o ω, with the help of (11), (14) and (15), together with the
AF(s) = · pre-designated values of k and m, the attenuation ratio for the nth
s − jvo + mvo s + jvo + mvo
harmonic in the voltages vα1(vβ1) and vα2(vβ2) of Fig. 5 can be
m2 v2o expressed as the following equations
=
 (16)
s2 + 2mvo s + m2 + 1 v2o
√
2n2 + 2 1
Attenab
n
1
=
√
√ 2 ·
(17)
Fig. 6a reveals the unit-step responses of the AF when ωo = 2π50 rad/s n4 − 2 2n2 + 2 + 1 2(n + 1)2 + 1
and different values of m. One can find such a fact that a high value of
m makes the dynamic response fast and non-oscillatory, while a low
value√makes
it slow and oscillatory. It is reasonable to set m equal
to 1/ 2, as this value makes the dynamic response fast and √
2n2 + 2 1
well-damped. Attenab
n
2
= √
√ 2 ·


Based on the H1 of (14) and H2 of (15), amplitude attenuation n4 − 2 2n2 + 2 + 1 2(n + 1)2 + 1
curves of both ACF−(s) and ACF+(s) are offered by Figs. 6b and
1
c, when ωo = 2π50 rad/s. ×
(18)
As shown in Figs. 6b and c, the attenuation ratios of ACF−(s) 2(n − 1)2 + 1
and ACF+(s) will constantly increase along with the reduced
values of m, which means a lower value of m make the ACF
have better filtering capacity. Considering the dynamic For visualisation, Fig. 7 describes the attenuation ratios of the AF to
performance of the ACF, when assigning an optimal value for the harmonics in vα1(vβ1) and vα2(vβ2). Compared the curve of Fig. 7
m, a√compromise
is suggested. In this paper, the gain m is set with the one of Fig. 4, one can find an obvious fact that the original
to 1/ 2. grid harmonics have been attenuated greatly.

Fig. 6 Influence of m on the unit-step responses and amplitude attenuation curves of the ACFs
a For the unit-step responses of the second-order transfer function of (16)
b Amplitude attenuation curve for ACF−(s) of (12)
c Amplitude attenuation curve for ACF+(s) of (13)

IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2016, Vol. 10, Iss. 11, pp. 2593–2600
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2016 2597

Fig. 7 Attenuation ratios of the AF to the harmonics
Equation (24) indicates that the time constant t is only directly
proportional to the grid frequency ω and is not relevant to other
physical quantities, when δ is a constant value. This means the
dynamic performance of the frequency adaptive adjustment of (21)
will not be affected by voltage fluctuation.
In addition, since the grid frequency is typically allowed to
fluctuate in a narrow band (e.g. 2π47 rad/s < ω < 2π52 rad/s, as
defined in [12]), this small variation in grid frequency will have a
relatively minimal impact on the time constant t. When assigning
a proper value for δ based on (24), one can choose the average
value of ω in the area of (2π47, 2π52) rad/s, yielding 2π50 rad/s.

4 Frequency adaptive controller 5 Simulations and experiments

EN 50160 [30] standard has made regulations for the voltage quality 5.1 Simulations
in the public distribution system. According to this standard, each
harmonic should not exceed the maximum permissible limit. Simulation results about the output voltages of the proposed QSG
Considering the harmonics have been reduced to a lower extent, it have already been given in Fig. 3. It can be observed from Fig. 3
is reasonable to believe that the influence of the harmonics can be that after a very short period of time (i.e. 20 ms), the proposed
neglected. Here only discusses the first harmonic. QSG can generate a pair of orthogonal voltages in the steady state.
As shown in Fig. 1b, the normalised voltages, i.e. vα0 and vβ0, are The simulation results of Fig. 3 reveal the proposed QSG has
filtered by the ACF−(s) of (12) and the ACF+(s) of (13) successively. good performance in the aspects of both the rapidity and the stability.
The corresponding output voltages, i.e. vα1, vβ1 and vα2, vβ2, can be For the purpose of verifying the dynamic performance of the
expressed as proposed algorithm, the fundamental voltage amplitude is 1.0 p.u.,

 fundamental frequency is varied from 50 to 40 Hz, and 14.58%
va1 = H1 cos
vt + P1 THD, as given in Table 1, are used based on the definition for the
(19)
vb1 = H1 sin vt + P1 second-level test class in IEC Standard 61000-4-13 [7, 31]. The
time constant t is set to 20 ms. According to (24), the adjusting

 factor δ is calculated, yielding 9.99142 × 104.
va2 = H1 H2 cos
vt + P1 + P2
(20) To better reflect the performance of the proposed algorithm, a
vb2 = H1 H2 sin vt + P1 + P2
comparison of the time response and accuracy with the SOGI-FLL
in [32] is also made here. The estimated frequencies of the input
To ensure the whole FLL system have good performance in signals with harmonics by using the proposed algorithm and the
frequency-varying conditions, define the mathematical description SOGI-FLL technique are shown in Fig. 8b.
of the FAC as As it can be seen from Fig. 8b, the performance of the proposed
  scheme for the estimation of fundamental frequency is less
v̇o = d va2 vb1 − va1 vb2 (21) affected by harmonics as compared with the SOGI-FLL technique.
Unlike the performance of the SOGI-FLL technique, the one of
the proposed scheme will be much better, mainly due to the rapid
where δ is the adjusting factor. time response and well-damped transient response.
The implementation of the FAC described by (21) is shown in With the help of the estimated fundamental frequency, a unitised
Fig. 1c. current reference for grid-tied inverters of DGS can be computed by
Substituting (19) and (20) into (21) and combining the P2 of (15), using simple arithmetical operation, as shown in Fig. 8c. Comparing
then (21) can be transformed into the waveform of Fig. 8c with the one of Fig. 8a, one can see that the
current reference will synchronise the input signals, i.e. the real grid
v − vo voltage in grid-tied applications, even though the input signals are
v̇o = dH12 H2

2
√ 2 (22)
suffered from harmonic distortion and frequency variation.
v − vo + vo / 2

Especially, when ωo approximately equals to ω, based on H1 of (14) 5.2 Experiments

and H2 of (15), as well as the pre-designated value of m, (22) can be
simplified as
√ The experimental setup consists of a programmable AC power
2d v − vo
v̇o = · (23)
9 v
Equation (23) is very interesting because it reveals the process of the
dynamic adjustment: if ω > ωo, then ωo itself can increase linearly
complying with (23), in turn, if ω < ωo, then ωo itself can decrease
linearly also complying with (23), when ωo equals to ω, it will not
change anymore. So the very essence of the frequency adaptive
adjustment of (23) can be summarised as: when ω changes, ωo
will adjust itself towards an effective elimination of the difference
between ωo and ω, until it converges to ω.
To assess the dynamic response speed of the frequency adjustment
of (23), a time constant t using to detect the frequency response is
defined as
In this section, performances of the proposed frequency adaptive
FLL scheme were verified through real-time experimental results.
supply, a voltage sensor, a general-purpose board designed for the
DSP of Texas Instruments TMS320F28335 and a personal
computer (PC). The programmable AC power supply is applied to
generate the real-time single-phase grid voltage under different
conditions such as harmonics, frequency variations and amplitude
fluctuations. The voltage sensor measures the generated grid
voltage and sends it to the 12 bit analogue-to-digital converter of
the TMS320F28335 control board. On the other hand, the codes
of the proposed FLL scheme are uploaded to the control board
Table 1 Harmonics as a percentage of fundamental component in
accordance with the second-level test class in IEC Standard 61000-4-13
Harmonics THD

9v 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 7th 14.58%

t = √ (24) 3.0% 8.0% 1.5% 9.0% 7.5%
2d

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Fig. 8 Simulated performances of the proposed scheme and the SOGI-FLL technique during −10 Hz (50–40 Hz) frequency step
a For the original input signal with harmonics
b For the fundamental frequency
c For the unitised current reference
Fig. 9 Experimental results of the orthogonal-voltage generation
Fig. 10 Experimental results of FLL when frequency changes
a For the situation of frequency sagging and constant amplitude of the AC input signal
b For the situation of frequency sagging and variable amplitude of the AC input signal
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2016, Vol. 10, Iss. 11, pp. 2593–2600
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2016
and relevant parameters of the FLL scheme are set in real time by
using the PC.
To test the performance of the proposed QSG, an AC signal with
the amplitude Vpeak of 1.0 p.u. and the frequency f of 50 Hz is
considered here, which is programmed by the AC power √ supply.
The gain of the suggested QSG, i.e. k is set to 2 and the
sampling frequency is 10 kHz. Fig. 9 depicts experimental waves
of the orthogonal-voltage generation.
As shown in Fig. 9, the proposed QSG can steadily output the
orthogonal voltages, i.e. vα and vβ, within the setting time of
20 ms. Moreover, vα and vβ in the steady-state have the following
features: in the aspect of phase, there is a phase difference of 90°
between them; in the aspect of amplitude, vα and vβ have the same
amplitude.
For verifying the dynamic response of the FAC, here, the
frequency behaviour of the AC input signal – provided by the AC
power supply – undergoes a change from 50 to 40 Hz. Moreover,
the influence of the amplitude fluctuation of the AC input signal
on the frequency adjustment is also considered. Before the
frequency changes, the amplitude-behaviours are set as: Case 1,
the amplitude of the AC input signal keeps constant; and Case 2,
2599
the amplitude undergoes a change from 1.0 to 0.8 p.u. Given the
assigned time constant, i.e. t = 20 ms, the adjusting factor δ in
(21)–(23) is calculated by using (24), yielding 9.99142 × 104.
Experiment waveforms are shown in Fig. 10.
As shown in Figs. 10a and b, when the frequency sags, no matter
how the amplitude of the AC signal changes, the frequency of the
AC signal will be always estimated within 10 ms, mainly because
the time constant t depicted by (24) has been out of the influence
of the amplitude of the AC signal, i.e. t is a constant which is
independent of the amplitude of the AC signal.
The above experimental results convey such vital information that:
(i) the suggested FLL scheme can also reveal rapidity even in the
distorted grid conditions; and (ii) it will not be affected by the
variable amplitude of the AC input signal, i.e. it shows a strong
robustness to the voltage fluctuation.
6 Conclusion
A robust FLL algorithm for grid synchronisation of single-phase
applications under distorted grid conditions has been proposed in
this paper. The algorithm relies on a frequency-adjustable QSG
and a cascaded adaptive complex filter, as well as a robust FAC.
Unlike the traditional QSG, the proposed one can provide the
same attenuation ratio for the orthogonal voltages. By introducing
the normalised blocks and the cascaded adaptive complex filter,
the influence of voltage fluctuation and the harmonics on the
frequency adaptive adjustment can be effectively eliminated, thus,
the suggested FLL scheme has good performance in aspects of
rapidity and robustness even in the hostile envelopments caused
by frequency variation, amplitude fluctuation and harmonic
distortion, which has been proved by the experimental results at
the end of this paper.
7 References
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IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2016, Vol. 10, Iss. 11, pp. 2593–2600
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2016