3(b).

Factors affecting Duty and

Improvement Measures

Dr. Shahzad Khattak & Dr. Muhammad Ajmal

Associate Professors
Agri. Engg. Deptt., UET Peshawar
 Factors affecting Duty

Type
of soil

Coarse grained Percolation

soil losses are high Low duty

Fine grained Percolation

soil losses are less High duty

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 Factors affecting Duty (cont..)

Type
of crop

Large quantity
Crop A of water Low duty

Less quantity of
Crop B water High duty

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 Factors affecting Duty (cont..)

Good structure is called Good Tilth of Soil

Structure
of Soil

Evaporation
Good structure losses are less High duty

Properly
aerated Yield of
Good structure because of crop
large voids increases

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 Factors affecting Duty (cont..)

Slope of d/s portion

u/s portion Low
Ground Steep slope get more
remain drier duty
water

Equal
Properly distribution of
prepared field High duty
water

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 Factors affecting Duty (cont..)

Climatic
Conditions

Temperature and more evaporation

wind velocity are losses Low duty
high

Rainfall during Less irrigation

base period requirement High duty

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 Factors affecting Duty (cont..)

Method of
Cultivation Not properly ploughed
& method of cultivation Low duty
is faulty & less efficient

Properly ploughed & water retention number of watering

made quite loose capacity increase reduced High duty

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 Factors affecting Duty (cont..)

System
of
Irrigation Only during wasteful use
Non-perennial flood season of water Low duty

Water
application soil remains
less quantity High
Perennial throughout continuously
of water duty
the growth wet
period

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 Factors affecting Duty (cont..)

System
of Transmission
Command area
Irrigation Canal Irrigation far from source
losses are Low duty
more

Command area Transmission

Tank Irrigation closed to tank losses are less High duty

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 Factors affecting Duty (cont..)

System
of Command area
Less expensive
Flow Irrigation Low duty
Irrigation far from source

Command area
Lift Irrigation More expensive High duty
close to well

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 Factors affecting Duty (cont..)

Application Drip Irrigation Most efficient Very high

of Water duty

Sprinkler Seepage losses

Irrigation are reduced High duty

Surface More waste of

irrigation water Low duty

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Duty of subsurface methods > Duty of surface methods
 Factors affecting Duty (cont..)

land not
Initial stages of properly
Age and cultivation Low duty
levelled
frequency
of
cultivation
Slope and
Age of condition of
cultivation land improve High duty
increases with age

Frequent Reduces loss of

cultivation moisture High duty

Cultivation after More loss of

long interval moisture Low duty

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 Factors affecting Duty (cont..)

In good
condition &
Canal A properly High duty
Condition,
type and maintained
location of
Canal
In unconcerned
Canal B condition & not Low duty
maintained
Located in
middle of Losses are High
Canal A command small duty
area

Located
away from Losses are Low
Canal B command more duty
area

Duty of Lined canal > duty of unlined canal

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Duty of canal in alluvial soil > duty of canal in non-alluvial soil
 Factors affecting Duty (cont..)

Method of Flat rate based Wastage is more

assessment Low duty
assessment
of Water

Volumetric Cultivators use

Less wastage High duty
assessment water carefully

Skill of
Cultivators
Skilled & properly Make judicious
Cultivators trained use of water High duty

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 Factors affecting Duty (cont..)

More water
Long base period required Low duty
Base period

However it is not always proportional

Soil Content
More water
Contains harmful
Soil required for Low duty
salts and alkalis
leaching of salts

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 Measures for Improvement of Duty

Land should be properly ploughed

Land should be regularly cultivated

Canal alignment in sandy soils or in fissured rocks should be avoided

Canal should be located in the middle of command area

Canal should be lined

Canal should be properly maintained

Efficient methods of irrigation should be adopted

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 Measures for Improvement of Duty (cont..)

Volumetric assessment of water should be adopted

Cultivators should be trained

System of rotation of crops should be adopted

Canal alignment through soil containing harmful salts should be

avoided

Instead of a single big canal, two or more parallel canals of small size
should be preferred

Adopt modern methods of irrigation instead of conventional methods

Cultivators at all levels of canal should get the sufficient quantity of

Page ▪ 17 water when needed
 References

▪ Arora K.R. (Reprint 2013) Irrigation, Water Power and Water Resource Engineering,

Standard Publishers Distributers, Delhi

▪ Internet content

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