Direct Method

 Irrigation water is led directly from the field channel into the
PNS/BAFS/PAES 222:2017 Design of Basin, Border and crop
basin through siphons, spiles, or bund breaks.
Irrigation Systems
Cascade Method
SELECTION CRITERIA  Irrigation water is supplied to the highest terrace, and then
allowed to flow to a lower terrace and so on
BORDER IRRIGATION
TYPES OF BORDER IRRIGATION
Open-end Border System
 usually applied to large borders where end borders are
provided w/ openings to accommodate free flow of water for
drainage
Blocked-end Border System
 usually applied to small borders where the end borders
restrict the further downward flow of water
DESIGN CRITERIA
Topography
 Areas slopes - less than 0.5%.
 For non-sod crops, slopes - 2%
 for sod crops - 4% and steeper
Soil Type
 intake rate -7.6 to 50 mm/hr
 On clay soils
o inflow stopped when irrigation water covers
 On loamy soils
o inflow stopped when irrigation water covers 70 to 80%
FURROW IRRIGATION
BASIN IRRIGATION TYPES OF FURROW IRRIGATION
Types of Basin Irrigation Corrugation Irrigation
 Closed Single Basin  water flow down the slope in small furrows called
 Multiple/ Sequential Basin corrugations or rills
 used for germinating drill-seeded or broadcasted crops.
Design Criteria  No raised beds are used for crops.
Topography Zigzag Furrow
 nearly if not completely level to prevent tailwater.  type of furrow irrigation shall increase the length that the
 difference of 6 cm to 9 cm between the highest and lowest water must travel to reach the end of irrigation run thus,
elevations reducing the average slope and velocity of the water
Soil type  can be formed down and across the slope by machines.
 Sandy soils or fine Design Criteria
Application rate Slope
 applied at a rate that will advance over the basin  minimum grade - 0.05%
Irrigation volume Soil Type
 volume of water equal to average gross irrigation application.  furrows can be longer in clayey soils.
Intake opportunity time Stream Size
 greater than or equal to the time required for the net  If the furrows are not too long - 0.5 L/s
irrigation
Design application efficiency
 minimum design application efficiency :70%
 minimum time required to cover the basin : 60%
Basin dikes
 Top width of the basin dike shall be greater than or equal to
OPERATION
the height of the dike
Direct Application
 settled height shall be at least equal to either the gross
 Water is supplied to each furrow from the field canal, using
application depth or the design maximum depth of flow plus
siphons or spiles
a freeboard of 25%, whichever is greater.
 If available, a gated pipe is used.
Supply ditches.
Alternate Furrow Irrigation
 water surface in ditch shall be 15 cm to 30 cm above ground
 It involves irrigating alternate furrows rather than every
surface level in basin depending on the outlet characteristics
furrow.
 constructed with a 0.1% grade or less to minimize the
PNS/BAFS/PAES 223:2017 - Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System –
number of check structures and labor requirements.
Part A: Sprinkler Irrigation
Outlet location
 install for basin width of up to 60 m & flow rate up to 0.4 COMPONENTS OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM
m3/s. Pump Unit
Erosion  delivers water from the source to the pipe system at an
 maximum water flow velocity into the basin shall be less than adequate capacity
or equal to 1 m/s to avoid scouring and erosion Filtration System
 consists of screen openings considerably lower than the
METHODS OF OPERATION
nozzle diameter to prevent nozzles from clogging
Sprinklers  self-propelled lateral is fixed at one end and
 device of various nozzle size, sprays water over ground or rotates to irrigate a large cicular area.
crop  fixed end of the lateral, called the pivot point is
Mainline and Submain lines connected to the water supply.
 pipes which convey water from the pump to the laterals
Laterals o Linear-Move
 deliver water from mainlines or submain lines to the  combine the structure and guidance system of a
sprinklers center pivot lateral with a traveling water-feed
system similar to a travelling sprinkler
GENERAL DESIGN CRETERIA o Travelling
A) Type of Crop  high-capacity sprinkler fed with water through a
B) Slope flexible hose mounted on a self-powered chassis
 Lateral pipes shall always be laid out along the land contour and travels along a straight line while watering
C) Soil type
 Application rate less than infiltration rate FINAL DESIGN PROCEDURE
D) Layout a) Sprinkler Spacing and Move of Laterals
 Mainline shall be laid up and down hill
 For multiple lateral operation, lateral pipe size shall be limited
to not more than two meters
 Minimum number of sprinklers operating for various setups

LIMITATION
 salinity and high concentration of bicarbonate is the
disadvantage using using a sprinkler irrigation
 not suitable fofr intake rate of less that 3mm/hr
TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
SET SYSTEM
 operate with sprinklers set in a fixed position
Periodic-Move System
b) Determination of Pipe Sizes
 sprinklers that must be moved manually through a series of
 total pressure variation in the laterals shall not be more than
positions during the course of irrigation
±10% of the design pressure
 Hand-Move System
o compose of portable/buried pipe with valve outlets at
SPRINKLER SELECTION
intervals for attaching the portable laterals.
 type of be based on jet trajectory and operating pressure.
 Portable 1) Jet Trajectory
 Semi-portable  Most travelers use gun sprinklers with trajectory angles
 Drag-hose type ranging between 18 and 32 degrees
 Mechanical-Move System for winds exceeding 16 km/hour
o side-roll lateral system  gun sprinklers trajectory angles - 20 and 21 degrees
 lateral pipes rigidly coupled & each joint of pipe is winds below 16 km/hr.
supported by large wheel  sprinklers trajectory angles - 26 to 28 degrees
 mechanically moved by an engine
 mounted at the center of the line. TYPES OF SPRINKLERS
o End-tow lateral system A) IMPACT SPRINKLER
 consists of rigidly coupled lateral pipe connected  made of brass, stainless steel, aluminum & heavy duty plastic
to a buried mainline positioned in the center of  Operation: water coming out of the nozzle is directed by the
field. spoon at a 90- degree angle
 Laterals are towed lengthwise over the mainline
from one side to the other in an “s” form b) ROTOR AND GEAR ROTATING SPRINKLER
o Gun and boom sprinkler system GEAR-DRIVEN SPRINKLERS
 nozzles are attached to long discharge tubes and  mostly used for landscape irrigation
rotated by means of a rocker arm drive ROTOR-TYPES OF SPRINKLERS
Fixed System  used for solid set, portable and semi-portable systems in
 not requiring to be moved during the course of irrigation agriculture as well as for landscape irrigation
o Solid-set c) Stationary sprinkler
 installing above ground sprinklers on posts in grid  stable engineering plastic & silicon tubing, has built-in flow
pattern controller,
 installed in hard to irrigate areas like pivot corners,  Operation: water both from the sprinkler inlet and through
irregular shaped blocks the flow controller reaches the silicon tube, setting the tube in
o Permanent Buried motion and water is spread on the field.
o Sequencing-Valve Laterals  nominal discharge: 280- 1400 l/hr
CONTINUOUS MOVE SYSTEM
 sprinklers operate while moving either circular or straight RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR MAINLINE, SUBMAINLINES &
path. LATERALS
o Center-Pivot A) STEEL THREADED PIPES
 sprinkles water from a continuously moving lateral  Have the ability to withstand stress, to resist high pressures
pipeline. and to maintain their strength.
B) QUICK COUPLING LIGHT STEEL PIPES
  Made of light rolled strip steel which has been hot-galvanized
inside and outside
 Standard pipe length - 6m
 working pressure - 12.0 to 20.0 bars
c) QUICK COUPLING ALUMINUM PIPES
 Minimum working pressure - 7.0 bars
 Made of aluminum alloy by extrusion or by fusion welding
 Maximum flow velocity - not exceed 1.5 m/s
 Working pressures
o 4.0, 6.0, 10.0 and 16.0 bars at 24°C.
D) RIGID PVC PIPES
 for irrigation, (cold) water conveyance & distribution lines as
mains and submains and in many cases can also serve as
manifolds and laterals
E) POLYETHYLENE (PE) PIPES
 Maximum flow velocity - not exceed 1.5 m/s
F) LAYFLAT HOSE
 alternative to rigid PVC pipes for surface use as water
conveyance lines, mains and manifolds, in drip and other low
pressure micro-irrigation installations
 Made of soft PVC reinforced with interwoven polyester yarn
Flexible, lightweight, and available in various sizes