(Behavior and design of transfer girder and deep beam)

..  






   

 

 

      



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T-beam
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2
 Transfer girder

Transfer girder

4
 Tie across top

Load from Load from

web web

6
 (1) 


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d slender beam

Deep beam
l

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ln
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A 0
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1/h = 4
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C 0.67h
0. 5h T h=l/4 %  0<0 
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C
0.67h h=l/2
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11

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 strut and tie (Arch Action)
a P P 

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d % 2 (G0>)

P ln P
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P P G$ K
  :
diagonal
compression
chord d

P P

: Tension chord 13

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14
 STABLE NOT STABLE
DEEP BEAM SLENDER BEAM
15

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a/d > 2.5 - 3 % /%+  $% 
3 2
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1

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(3) % *+ /
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A 
(4) % ,+/K  G$ K

17

  
 G%I CEB
ACI
 *+ /0 
$ ln/d $ % 2.5
#%%/0 
$% ln/d $ % 1.25
!,0M 80>82 %//>0 8deep beam
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ACI
  
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18
*+ //%$9A0 $$8/,;
!$  G'

8*+ ,,=F

   a = As fy / 0.85 fc b
C
C
   
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19

#K$
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,+ $ ;

;
G' K M n A s f y ( jd )
*,+$ 
 
Mu
As
If y jd
%% G' & CEB
jd 0.2(l  2h ) ;8 1d l/h  2

jd 0.6l ;8 l / h  1
l * $ %/Y'Y' & 
* 1.15 , #%%% &  20
0 >
 ;+
0.8 f cc 14bd
A s min % bd

fy fy


 ! y /<%  G y
, y 0.25h  0.05l  0.20h


 $  ,+
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 Z+%,,+
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21

%   
  !
#%%
/  
#%% %%#% ln = 3.0 m ;
,K/125 /. % , 1.80 m
%
 , 50 Z. /Y'Y' & , 3.45
.
f cc 276 /Z.2 f y 4500 /Z.2
%;   ,82400 /


-./ 1: ln/h = 3.45/1.8 = 1.92 < 2 +0 


-./ 2: ;,K
G',+,; 
;8= 0.5*1.80*2400 = 2160 ./.
22
;,K+(wu) = 1.4*2160+1.7*12500 = 215.52 /.
G' 0
(Mu) = 215520 (3)2/8 = 242460 .-.
-./ 3: ;%>%% G'
*+ / l/h = 1.92 ---> jd = 0.2*(3.45+2*1.8) = 1.41 .
-./ 4: ;%>0 >
 
/

As = Mu/ Ify(jd) = 242460/(0.9)/4500/1.41 = 42.5 Z.2
As,min = 0.8 276 50 *162 = 26.90 Z.2
4000
As,min = 14 * 50 *162 = 28.35 Z.2
4000
!#$ 8DB 28 (As = 49.3 Z.2) % 4 # #
 2 $ %
# = 7 Z. %
 !  0.25h-0.05l = 0.25*180-0.05*345
= 27 Z. /<%
 
!$
#
K  , + 6
Z. /<%
  23

DB10 @
h = 180 cm

12.5 cm c-c

Main flexural
steel 8 DB 28
at 7 cm c-c
6 cm ldh = 42.5 cm
ln = 300 cm
345 cm

24
    9*  
G%I ACI

ACI Vc+Vs approach 

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234+53%-
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8
7

97

ACI ;!$/>   9*  


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25

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26
 
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Viy (a)
Vix
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Vs (b)
Vd
27


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support
Vu d IVn I 0.85
Vn Vc  Vs
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 9* K Vn $ A
*+ ln/d < 2 Vn 2.1 f cc b w d
*+ 2 < ln/d < 5 Vn 0.18(10  l n ) f cc b w d
d

28
$%; %/  9* 

> ;,K

/;+
0.15ln (<d) / & 
a
> ;,K
/K
0.5a (<d) / & 
29

Vc  
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  strut and tie $%
Mu V d
Vc (3.5  2.5 )(0.5 f cc  176U w u )b w d
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 ;
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 9* 
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Mu, Vu 0 G'
 9* 0
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Vc  K A$A 1.6 f cc b w d
30
 4

3.5-2.5Mu/Vud
3
2

0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Mu/Vud
%> K A$A82.5

31

*+ Vu > I Vc $ ! 

0
,! %+
 % 8
* + !$ 9*  %
ª A v § 1  l n / d · A vh § 11  l n / d ·º
Vs « ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸» f y d
¬ s © 12 ¹ s 2 © 12 ¹¼
Av Avh
Av *,+$  s

0
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d
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   s2
As 32
 $ ;+;0 >
 
 9* 
% (Av)
 %  (Avh)
(1) Av $ A $ % 0.0015bws G,+ s /$ A d/5 * 45 Z.
(2) Avh $ A $ % 0.0025bws G,+ s /$ A d/3 * 45 Z.
0 >
  9* ;%>A$/

ª Av § 1  l n / d · A vh § 11  l n / d ·º Vu  IVc
« ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸»
¬ s © 12 ¹ s 2 © 12 ¹¼ If y d

33

1.00
0.92 11  l n / d
12

  
Coefficient

0.50

1  ln / d

 
0.08
12
ln
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
d

/%8,+
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  /0 ,IH!$
9* %
 +8 $%/#%845
34
 $ +%;%> Vs   ACI
A v f wy d
;0 Vs Truss model
s
;

ª A v § 1  l n / d · A vh § 11  l n / d ·º
Vs « ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸» f y d
¬ s © 12 ¹ s 2 © 12 ¹¼

Shear-friction concept
!
,;!$ clamping force *<% $%
,;!$  ,$, 9* 

35

!
,;!$ clamping force *<% $%0 
+ 0 ,IH  $%!$ 9* 
Vn
9* 
*+ / dowel
action <% $%

!


Clamping force
*<% $%
9* *+ / friction
36
 %   
  9* 
*+ /;,K0 ; <;+ %/ 
9* ,+ 0.15ln = 0.15*3.0 = 0.45 . 215.52 /.
Mu
Vu = 215.52*3/2-215.52*0.45 = 226.3 
-./ 5;%/ % 9* 0
/$ 
A IVn I§¨ 2.1 f c' b w d ·¸ 0.45 .Vu
© ¹
IVn I§¨ 2.1 f c' b w d ·¸
© ¹

0.85 2.1 276 u 50.0 u 162.0 
= 240.2  > 226.3  OK
215.52 u 3.00 215.52 u (0.45) 2 =123.7 -.
Mu u 0.45 
2 2
Mu 123.7
0.337
Vu d 226.3 u 1.62 37

Mu
3.5  2.5 3.5  2.5 u 0.337 2.66 ! 2.5 !#$82.5
Vu d
49.3 Mu Vu d
Uw 0.0061
 0.4
Mu
2.50
50.0 u 162.0 Vu d
§ V d·
Vc 2.5¨¨ 0.5 f c'  176U w u ¸¸b w d
© Mu ¹
 
2.5 0.5 276  176 u 0.0061u 2.5 u 50.0 u 162.0 222.56 
Vc max 1.6 f c' b w d 1.6 276 u 50 u 162  215.3

 Vc = 215.3  < Vu = 226.3  $   


  9* 

38
 -./ 6;  
  9* 
K!#$
 DB10 ($<Y'
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% 
 % ,+ $ 
Av = 2*0.785 = 1.57 Z.2 = Avh
Vu 226.3
IVs Vu  IVc * 8 Vs  Vc  215.3 50.93 
I 0.85
§ A v 1  l n / d A vh 11  l n / d ·
Vs ¨  ¸f y d
¨s 12 sh 12 ¸
© v ¹
K!$ sv = sh = s (,, % 
 %+) 
§ 1.57 1  3.00 / 1.620 1.57 11  3.00 / 1.620 ·
50930 ¨  ¸3000 u 162.0
© s 12 s 12 ¹
/A$ s = 14.95 Z. 39

 K  

  %* $ % sv = d/5
* 45 Z. s v 162.0 32.4 Z. sv = 14.95 Z. 0 %%K
5
 K  
  % * $ % sv = d/3
* 45 Z. s h 162.0 54.0 Z. sh = 14.95 Z. 0 %%K
3
!#$,,  % sv = sh = 12.5 Z.
%/ 
 $ K 
Av $ K  = 0.0015bsv = 0.0015*50.0*12.5 = 0.94 Z.2 < 1.57 Z.2 OK
Avh $ K  = 0.0025bsvh = 0.0025*50.0*12.5 = 1.56 Z.2 < 1.57 Z.2 OK
!#$
  DB 10 %,+ 12.5 Z. /Y'Y'
/, % 
 %
40
 /%
 

DB10 @

h = 180 cm
12.5 cm c-c

Main flexural
steel 8 DB 28
at 7 cm c-c
6 cm ldh = 42.5 cm
ln = 300 cm
345 cm



!$,;   890 ,+0

!${ $ ,
Ldh = 0.7*0.08*4500*2.8/ 276 = 42.5 Z.
41

$ %+%  

G%I ACI
$!#$ $ ; ACI  9*  

(1)  *+ ,K0H,*
(2) #%%,+ ln/d % 5.0 *
(3) ,+ ; ,K,;,+<%%& 
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0

42
  
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43

-.7
7+
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*+ / ACI ;!$ I Vn A I(2.1  2.6) f cc b w d
0> 
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I Vn = I(1.6  2.1) f cc b w d

44
 ,+82 $G
G$ K!$;/ 
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f ce
compression strut Z+;!$
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45

- <0 9+=/ >


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w w l/2 w l/2

h
T

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15

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G$ K,+Z Z$  47


671
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7-
,


Compression

Tension
, H!
 /;
G$ K 
48
 /;
G$ K,+Z Z$  49

P P

P1 = P1

P2 + P2

P = P1 + P2
50
 P P

P1 = P1

P2 + P2

P = P1 + P2
51

Statically indeterminate truss

52
 ,+ 5 %/  compression strut ,+ $ %
/K
A0!H!  
A$* 0
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53

%   
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/  
#%%;,K/ /K8200

;,K%8260 8,+
#%8Z+ 
;
%/860*60 Z.
DL = 260 T
LL = 200 T

5.0 m

f cc 400 ./Z.2 f yc 4000 ./Z.2 f ce 0.6f cc

54
 
5 
 704 8= 1.4*260+1.7* 200

352  352 

-.7
7+
,+ 1: ;G0> 
G!#$
Vu = I Vn = I(1.6  2.1) f cc b w d G!#$ I = 0.85 /A$
bwd = 352(1000)/0.85/1.6/ 400 = 12950 Z.2
bwd = 352(1000)/0.85/2.1/ 400 = 9860 Z.2
!#$ bwd = 12950 Z.2
 bw = 60 Z. /A$ d = 215 Z.


* $ bw*h = 60*250 Z.

55

,+82: $ /;

G$ K8Z+0 G$ K,+
,+K ! 08 704 T
60 cm
B

37.2 cm
235
220 250

T
A C
250 Unit : cm
352 T
T= 41.3 56
/>K
,+/K A
C
Joint equilibrium
41.3
T Csin41.3 = 352 C = 535 T
T = Ccos41.3 = 403 T

V=352 T
 ! compression strut = 535 
! tension tie = 403 

57

,+ 3: %/   compression strut %/K

A0!
A$* A
f ce 0.6f cc = 0.6*400 = 240 ./Z.
2

Ac = C/fce = 535*1000/240 = 2230 Z.2

%%$  compression strut ,
w = A/bw = 2230/60 = 37.2 Z. Z+%/K
A0
H!  
A$ /* %  
compression strut <

58
 ,+84: ;%>0 >
 
/
As = T/fy = 403*1000/4000 = 100.75 Z.2 !#$ 21 DB25 (As = 103 Z.2)
%
 3 # #
 7 , G%!$/KZ, ',+ 15
cm /<%
 
,;  & 90 ,+0
 ( 
 = 12db)

{$A0!,+  $ , ldh =
0.8*0.08*4000*2.5/ 400 = 32 Z.

32 Z.
59

Note
  
G%I strut and tie * /;

G$ K *   ,+/ > 
9* A0
!%
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60
 /;
G$ K82 ,; %
,+ 1: compression strut G V CL Symmetrical
aboutCL
,+ 2: !#$
0
 % <   Vc Vs

Vs Vc
V !#$8

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61

/;
G$ K  *+ 
62
 Tie force T 2

G$ KG'

63

G$ KG'%
64
Y=
G!#$%I A|A'
'
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!#$ 2D plane stress element
%K (Constitutive Models)

*K #$ (linearly elastic) A#$ (non-linear)

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65

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G%IA|A'
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0  *K #$
w

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66
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0  A#$

Half mesh 260

300
3D19

275 200 275

200
Yielding of main reinf. at 2 mm
1000
850
U =1.65
800

Load(KN)
600 Analysis
f cc %31.4 MPa 400 Experiment
f y 387.5 MPa 200
a/d = 0.77 0
0 2 4 6 8
Center span deflection(mm)
67

7@257
7 


?,   + ,  / ? 7 

-
-6.
Notice
crack 1 is very stable
FEM can simulate crack 2
and crack 3 as well
7@25
, 7 


 
7
 ,
+
3 3

1
1
2 2


 /
 
+-
7 
-

68