10-NMR Porosity - PRESENTATION PDF

10 - NMR Porosity
Integrated Reservoir Analysis

NMR Log Measurements
E. Standen
NExT Subsurface Integration Program
With thanks to:
Raghu Ramamoorthy
Principal Petrophysicist - Schlumberger East Asia
Outline
• NMR Concepts
– Tools in use
– Physics of Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance
– 90 Degree Pulse and Echo Formation
by CPMG
• Applications to rock petrophysics
– T2 Decay and relation to pore size
– Calculation of permeability
• NMR Relaxation Mechanisms
– Surface, Bulk & Diffusion Relaxation
08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 2
1
10 - NMR Porosity
The CMR Tool

Applications
• Continuous permeability
• Determine Swirr
• Measure free fluid volume
• Identify thin pay zones (6 in.) B o w s pr i n g
e c c e n t r a l iz e r
• Lithology-independent porosity
• Hydrocarbon identification 1 4 ft
• Low-resistivity pay E l e c t r on i c
c a rt r i d g e
Tool specifications
Length 14 ft
C M R s k id 6 i n.
Weight 300 lbm
Minimum hole 6.0 in.
5 .3
Measurement aperture 6.0 in. i n.
3 ¹
5 8 in .
Combinable Yes
Mud resistivity No limits
Max. temperature 350°F [175°C]
CMR Sonde Cross Section

Permanent magnets
Borehole wall
Antenna
S N
5.3 in. Sensed

[13.5 cm] region
Blind zone
S N
Wear plate
Permanent magnets Effective area after

acceleration effects
4.625 in. [12 cm]
is 5.4 cubic inches
2
10 - NMR Porosity
MRIL Tool 10 – 12 inches
4 ft.
1 mm
Effective area after acceleration

effects is 9.4 cubic inches.
Synonymous Words in NMR

• nucleus
– spin; magnetic moment; dipole; hydrogen; proton
• T1
– longitudinal relaxation time; spin-lattice relaxation
time; thermal relaxation time
• T2
– transverse relaxation time; spin-spin relaxation
time; Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) decay
time
• T2*
– free induction decay (FID) time; dephasing time
3
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Measurement Cycle

Zero Magnetization
?
Alignment of Spins by Strong Static Field (B o)
Alignment Occurs with Time Constant T1
During Wait Time WT
?
RF Pulse Tips Spins by 90° Into Transverse Plane
?
Spins Randomize in Transverse Plane (T2)
?
CPMG Measurement
?
During CPMG, Realignment of Spins with Bo is Suppressed
?
Conclusion of CPMG
Zero Magnetization
Polarization of Hydrogen Nuclei

Nuclei Polarize Slowly
in a Magnetic Field
1
0.8
Nuclear Polarization
0.6
0.4 T1 = 0.2 sec
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Bo exposure time (sec) 941110-03
4
10 - NMR Porosity
Polarization Effect
T1 Effect
S = ?[1-exp(-WT/T
1)]
1.2
Uncorrected Signal/Porosity
1
T1 = 0.2 sec
0.8
0.6
0.4
T1 = 2 sec
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
951024-01
Wait Time (sec)
NMR Tool Timing Chart

Spin Echo Pulse Sequence
90° Pulse 180° Pulse

• CMR
– 90° Pulse 0.016 msec
Transmitter – 180° Pulse 0.026
msec
TE – TE 0.2 msec
Receiver • MRIL
– TE 1.2 msec
Free Induction Decay
Spin Echo
(Lost in Deadtime)
951211-01
An animation of the acquisition cycle of

the CMR-200
5
10 - NMR Porosity
Decay of Echo Amplitudes
Signal originates from

CM R porosity = 100%
Water in test tub e the hydrogen nuclei in
T 2 = 3700 msec pore fluids
Signal
amplitude C MR porosity • Initial signal amplitude
provides CMR
Water in pore space of rock porosity
T2 = 10 to 500 msec
• Signal decay rate (T2 )
T ime (T 2 ) provides indication of
pore size
Review of Relaxation Mechanisms
• 1. Bulk Relaxation: (T1B and T2B )

– A property of the fluid only: independent of pore
microgeometry or grain properties
– Important for chromium, iron and manganese (not
magnesium) in mud filtrates, water in vugs, and oil in water-
wet rock
• 2. Surface Relaxation (T1S and T2S )
– Fluid nuclear spins relaxed at pore-grain interface.
– Generally dominant for water in rocks (except vugs)
• 3. Diffusion in Field Gradients (T2D only)
– Spins dephased by diffusion in magnetic field gradients
– Bo gradients generated by the tool
– Generally important for gas. Enhanced by large TE.
6
10 - NMR Porosity
Example: A Triple Porosity System

Multiexponential Decay
1.0
0.8 Echo amplitudes are sums

of exponential decays
Echo Amplitude
0.6
0.4
3 sizes of pores
80
0.2 20
0.0
T = 20 ms T = 5 ms
2 2
-0.2
30% pore volume
0 20 40 60 80 100
t (ms) 950505-0 1 c
T 2 = 5 ms
T Distribution
2
30% pore volume 0.5
0.4
T2 = 80 ms 960909-01
0.3
40% pore volume
0.2
0.1
0.0
1 10 100 1000
T (ms)
2 950505-0 2 a
T2 Relation to Pore Size

(V/S) pore (? m)
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1 Pore Shape V/S
Sphere diameter = d
Berea 100 Sandstone d/6
? = 5 ?m/s
Population
2
Tube diameter = d d/4
Sheet width = d d/2
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100

950517-01
101 Typical sandstone: ? 2 ~ 5
T (s)
2 ? m/s
(V/S) pore =? 2 T2 Typical carbonate: ? 2 ~ 1.7
? m/s
7
10 - NMR Porosity
Clay Bound Water from NMR

Clay Bound Water is Part of the Foot
Frequently Seen in T2 Distributions
NMR Estimate of Clay Bound Water
of Sandstones
12
10
Berea 100 Sandstone
8
? (T < 3 ms)
Population
6
4
2
2
Clay-Bound
Water
0 Straleyet al (1994)
-2
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 ? (clay bound) 941005-01
950517-01b
T2 (s)
Free Fluid versus Bound Fluid

P ore d iameter (microns)
0 .0 1 0.1 1 10
T2 o rig in al
T2 spun sa mp le
S igna l Free fluid cutoff

distrib ution
• Empirical cutoff of 33
msec has been determined
1 10 10 0 100 0 for sandstones (?ff )
Time (T2 msec)
• Sandstone permeability
k = C(?CMR)4 (T2,log )2
Clay- Capillary-
Producible
bo und bo un d fluids
water wa ter
Total CMR porosity

Fr ee flui d porosity
CMR 3ms porosity
8
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Free Fluid vs Centrifuge Porosity
20
Well A
Well B
15
?ff ( 3 3) 10
0
0 5 10 15 20
? ?c e ntrifu g e
Petrophysics Products
• Porosity
• Bound Fluid and Movable Fluid
• Permeability
• Capillary Pressure
9
10 - NMR Porosity
Integrating NMR with Core Data
B o re h o le
CMR
C or e C o re
NMR m e a s u re m e n t s
T2 d is t r ib u tio n M e r c u r y in je c tio n
N M R p o ro s it y B u o y a n c y p o ro s ity
F r e e flu id p o r o sity C e n tr if u g e d w a ter
N M R p e rm e a b ility B r in e p e rm e a b ility
Linking NMR to Permeability
• Method 1: Kozeny-Kenyon Formula (SDR

Perm.) a = prefactor, ~ 4 for sands
b = porosity exponent, ~ 4
K SDR ? a ?? ??T2 LM ? b c c = T2 exponent, ~ 2
T2LM = logarithmic mean T2
• Method 2: Timur-Coates Formula (Timur

Perm.) c? a' = prefactor, ~1 for sands
? FFV ? b' = porosity exponent, ~ 4
K Timur ? a??104 ?? b? ?? ? c' = ratio exponent, ~ 2
? BFV ? FFV = free fluid volume
BFV = bound fluid volume
? ? FFV ? BFV
10
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR vs Core Brine Permeability

10 0
W e ll A, C = 2 .8
W e ll B, C = 3 .4
k b r in e
k N M R = C (? N MR ) 4 (T2 ,lo g ) 2
0 .01
0 .01 10 0
kN MR
10 3
+
++
10 2 ++
+
++
+++++++ ++
+ + + ++
k (m d ) 10 1 +++++++
+ ++
++
+ + + ++ +++ +
+ NMR
+++++ ++ +
+
+ +++ +
+ + ++
+
+ +
Permeability
0
+ + ++
10
+
+
10– 1 +
–1 0
10 10 1 01 102 103
k e s t im a t e (m d )
3
10
+
+ +++
10 2 ++ +
+ ++ +
+ + +
+ ++
+ ++++++++ +
++ +
+++
+ +
+ ++ +++ + +++ +
1 ++ + +
k (m d ) 10 + + + +++ +
+ ++ +
+ + + + + ++++ +
+
+ ++ +
0
+
10
+
+
10– 1
+
5 10 15 20 25
? ( p .u . )
11
10 - NMR Porosity
Porosity and Permeability at the Wellsite
Vuggy Porosity in Carbonates
750 ms
cutoff In carbonates the cutoff between
micro-porosity and free fluid
porosity is variable and depends
on the depositional facies.
Population
Vugs This relationship can be

Intergranular determined with detailed core
Porosity analysis along with input from
other logging measurements that
can define rock type and the
nature of the pore distribution as
seen electrically and from a
lithological standpoint (FMI,
LDT, Neutron, ECS).
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101
T 2 (s) 940524-02b
12
10 - NMR Porosity
Capillary Pressure Curves from NMR - 1

T2 (s)
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
10 10 10 10 10 10
Cumulative
T 2 Distribution
951211 -02
T2 distributions are normally displayed as incremental porosity

distributions. Integrating from left to right gives us cumulative porosity
distributions
Capillary Pressure Curves from NMR - 2
BG05
BG05 500
5 -4
10 10
4 -3 400
10 10
2
P (psi) or (10psi.s)/T
3 -2 300
T
10 10
Hg pressure (psi)
2
(sec)
2 -1 200
10 10
NMR
1 Hg 0
10 10 100 NMR
Hg
0 1
10 10
0 20 40 60 80 100 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
950516 -03
Saturation 950516-03b
Saturation
Logarithmic T 2 and cap pressure ? Linear pressure or normalized T 2
13
10 - NMR Porosity
Amplitude
0.3 3000
T2
Saturation of gas
(Sgas)
0.3
Capillary Pressure
T2
3000
Cumulative Amplitude
14
10 - NMR Porosity
CMR vs Conventional Core

B M N O -D
L D T C a li p e r B M IN
C o re P e rm e a bi l it y C o re P or o s it y
125 ( mm ) 375 0 50
(o hm -m ) 0 .0 1 ( ) 100 0. 2 (m 3 / m 3 ) 0
B i t S i ze B MN O C M R P e rm e a b i li t y C M R P or o s it y
125 ( mm ) 375 0 50 0 .0 1 (m d) 100 0. 2 (m 3 / m 3 ) 0
(o h m -m )
G am m a R a y 1 :1 2 0 L o g a ri t h m i c M e a n T 2 C M R F re e F lui d P o ro s i ty
0 (G A P I ) 150 (m ) 1 (m s ) 1 00 0 0 0. 2 (m 3 / m 3 ) 0
XX 4 0
X X5 0
CMR Wellsite Presentations

• Typically 2 presentations
– to highlight different aspects of log
– to suite different preferences
• The Waveform presentation
– T2 spectrum is presented as a waveform in track 4
– intuitive display of pore size distribution
– event referred to base of wiggle
– all samples not usually presented
– correlation logs in track 1
• The VDL presentation
– variable density display of T2 spectrum in track 4
– event occurs at depth presented
– all frames presented
– some people find difficulty in visualizing the distribution
– binned porosity in track 1
15
10 - NMR Porosity
The Waveform Presentation
The VDL Presentation
16
10 - NMR Porosity
A better sand indicator - 1
Good correspondence between GR and BFV, but also see SP

A better sand indicator - 2
The GR does not appear to detect the sands very well in this interval.
CMR results are confirmed by the SP
17
10 - NMR Porosity
Thin Bed Evaluation - 1

• The CMR has an aperture of 6”
• Under logging conditions, vertical resolutions as
high as 8” can be achieved (6in. res. + time
constant).
• The standard log is averaged over 3 depth frames
yielding a vertical resolution of 18” - same as the
standard neutron - litho-density.
• In thin, laminated sands (<6”), the CMR free and
bound fluid volumes are the respective averages
over the 18 inch volume of investigation.
• The two facies are shown as a bimodal distribution
Thin Bed Evaluation - 2
Some
sand
18
10 - NMR Porosity
Hydrocarbon Effects on NMR

• Viscosity effects
– When the HC is the non-wetting phase, it relaxes at its
unique T2 value reflecting only bulk and diffusion. This
can be used to determine downhole viscosity of crudes
• Amplitude effects
– Differential Spectrum logging exploits the T1 effect
• Diffusion effects
– Shifted Spectrum logging exploits the diffusion effect
• Gas detection with NMR
– Deficit porosity approach works best. Also knows as
the density-magnetic resonance (DMR) approach
Viscosity - T2 Relations for Crudes

10
1
T1 or T2, seconds
T1
T2@TE=0.2 ms
0.1 T2@TE=0.32 ms
T2@TE=1 ms
T2@TE=2 ms
0.01
0.001
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Viscosity, cP
19
10 - NMR Porosity
Hydrocarbon Identification
Oil signal
+210ms
33ms
Water Sand in OBM
20
10 - NMR Porosity
BFV Log Comparison
Slow Pass over same section
21
10 - NMR Porosity
NMR Petrophysics Summary

• T2 distributions are a natural way of looking at NMR data. Most
petrophysical products are defined in terms of them
• Laboratory NMRporosity agrees very well with core buoyancy
porosity
• Clay bound water occupies a well-defined part of the T2 distribution
(< 3ms)
• NMR distinguishes bound fluid from producible fluid based on a
cutoff time which depends somewhat on mineralogy
• NMR can be used to estimate fluid permeability of sandstones. Results
for carbonates are not so good, unless care is taken to deal properly
with vugs, etc.
• For sandstones, there is frequently good correlation between the
integrated T2 distribution and the capillary pressure curve
• Borehole NMR tools measure the flushed zone. In favorable cases
residual oil saturation can be estimated from the T2 distribution
Conclusions
• NMR improves the accuracy of formation evaluation in
hydrocarbon reservoirs, especially in clastics.
• In the presence of laminated, shaly sand sequences the
CMR helps with the additional producibility information it
provides from BVF.
• Hydrocarbon in the flushed zone, either residual or from
OB-Mud will cause shifts in the T2 spectrum.
– Some shifts can be used to identify HC viscosity
– Sometimes the shifts cause confusion in the interpretation
• NMR logging must be planned with specific objectives in
mind and calibrated to NMR core analysis.
22

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10 - NMR Porosity

Integrated Reservoir Analysis

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 2

The CMR Tool

CMR Sonde Cross Section

5.3 in. Sensed

Permanent magnets Effective area after

MRIL Tool 10 – 12 inches

Effective area after acceleration

Synonymous Words in NMR

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 6

NMR Measurement Cycle

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 7

Polarization of Hydrogen Nuclei

0.4 T1 = 0.2 sec

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 8

NMR Tool Timing Chart

90° Pulse 180° Pulse

An animation of the acquisition cycle of

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 10

Decay of Echo Amplitudes

Signal originates from

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 11

Review of Relaxation Mechanisms

• 1. Bulk Relaxation: (T1B and T2B )

Example: A Triple Porosity System

0.8 Echo amplitudes are sums

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 13

T2 Relation to Pore Size

10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100

Clay Bound Water from NMR

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 15

Free Fluid versus Bound Fluid

S igna l Free fluid cutoff

Total CMR porosity

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 16

NMR Free Fluid vs Centrifuge Porosity

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 17

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 18

Integrating NMR with Core Data

F r e e flu id p o r o sity C e n tr if u g e d w a ter

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 19

Linking NMR to Permeability

• Method 1: Kozeny-Kenyon Formula (SDR

• Method 2: Timur-Coates Formula (Timur

NMR vs Core Brine Permeability

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 21

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 22

Porosity and Permeability at the Wellsite

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 23

Vuggy Porosity in Carbonates

Vugs This relationship can be

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 24

Capillary Pressure Curves from NMR - 1

T2 distributions are normally displayed as incremental porosity

Capillary Pressure Curves from NMR - 2

Logarithmic T 2 and cap pressure ? Linear pressure or normalized T 2

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 26

CMR vs Conventional Core

08-February-2000 RR - SLB East Asia 29

CMR Wellsite Presentations

The Waveform Presentation