Open Hole Logging

Introduction to
 Index
 NMR Theory
 NMR Applications
 Advanced NMR
applications
T2 Distribution - Main output of CMR
T2 0.03ms 0.3ms 3.0ms 33ms 3000ms

Not Measured Small Pore Capillary Bound Free Fluid

Porosity Porosity Porosity (Producible Fluids)

Total Porosity  Area under distribution

Intro to NMR
 Why Run CMR?

Intro to NMR
 NMR Petrophysics
Porosity-Only Applications
• Lithology-independent sourceless porosity
• Detection of gas zones
• Detection of tar zones
• Formation damage identification
Porosity and Relaxation Applications
• Bound fluid and free fluid volume
• Permeability
• Viscosity indicator

Porosity, Relaxation and Diffusion Applications

• Oil viscosity
• Flushed zone oil saturation
• Flushed zone gas saturation
Intro to NMR
 Schlumberger
Evolution of MRX 2004 /LWD/ CMR+
MRX/LWD/

- MRF
Schlumberger Hydrocarbon
Character
Magnetic - NMR Based
Saturation
Resonance - Viscosity
- Deep Reading
- Fast Logging
CMR-Plus
- New Answers
2000
- Faster
CMR-200 - DMR, HiRes
1997 - EPM ProVISION
CMR-A F Total 2002
1995 - SNR - Real-time
- F NMR GeoSteering
- BFV - Fluid ID
-K
NML - T2 dist
1968…
-FFI •AutoTuning
- K?
•Debris Shield
Intro to NMR
Wyman, et al
 CMR-Plus vs. CMR-200

Intro to NMR
 CMR Specifications
CMR-Plus
• Logging speed
Long T1 (OBM 7.5 SI) 800 ft/hr
Short T1 (sandstone 7.5 SI) 2700 ft/hr
• Length 15.6 ft
• Weight (with EME-F) 413 lb
• Minimum hole size 57/8 in.
• Vertical resolution (three-level) 24 in.
• Depth of investigation 1.1 in.
• Pad Curvature 6 in.
• Max pressure 20 and 25 kpsi
• Max temperature 350°F
• Echo spacing 200 s
• Mud resistivity No limit

Intro to NMR
 CMR and MRX designs
PERMANENT MAGNETS PERMANENT MAGNET

BORE WALL

S N ANTENNA
S
S
B1
B0 B0
NN
S N SENSED
REGION
B1
ANTENNA

CMR: Saddle point design MRX: Gradient design

- Concentrated sample - Sample volume in thin shells
volume - Deeper and well defined DOI
- Shallow DOI - Depth log MRF
- Station MRF - Tuning is simple
- Small, light - High-end NMR applications
Intro to NMR
 CMR Measurement Cycle
Introduction
• Zero Magnetization  Expose to B0
• Nuclei line up with time constant T1 (Polarization)
• Hold for Wait Time (WT)
• RF pulse at Larmor frequency tips Nuclei 90 deg (into
transverse plane)
• Initial signal response measured
• Nuclei “de-phase” due to variations of B0
• Make CPMG measurement
• Spins realign until zero magnetization as a function of
T2
• T2 distribution computed

Intro to NMR
 1. Apply static field B0
z z

B0 B0
relaxation

y y
x x

Intro to NMR
 1. Apply static field B0
z z

B0
B0
relaxation

y y
x x

Intro to NMR
 2. Application of 90º RF pulse (B1)
z z
B0 B0

90º rotation

0

y y
x B1 x

Intro to NMR
 3. Measure the signal …….
z
B0
magnetization
precesses about B0

0

y
x

Intro to NMR
 3……and Relaxation
z z z z

y y y y
x x x x

M
Mz = M0 [1 - exp(-t/T1) ]

Mxy = M0 exp(-t/T2)

Intro to NMR t
 Porosity Definitions
T2 Distribution - Main output of CMR
T2 0.03ms 0.3ms 3.0ms 33ms 3000ms

Not Measured Small Pore Capillary Bound Free Fluid

Porosity Porosity Porosity (Producible Fluids)

Total Porosity  Area under distribution

Total CMR Porosity

(TCMR)

3-ms CMR Porosity

(CMRP_3MS)

This cutoff is set for sandstone (33ms) CMR Free Fluid Porosity
or Limestone (100ms) (CMFF)
Intro to NMR
 Porosity Definitions
T2 Distribution - Main output of CMR
T2 0.03ms 0.3ms 3.0ms 33ms 3000ms

Not Measured Small Pore Capillary Bound Free Fluid

Porosity Porosity Porosity (Producible Fluids)

Total Porosity  Area under distribution

Three porosity measurements gives us an

indication of the types of porosity which
are present.

CMFF (%) LOG_T2CUTOFF

CMRP_3MS (%)
Intro to NMR TCMR (%) T2 Distribution
30% Porosity 0.3ms 3000ms
 CMR Main Measurements
• Porosity
• Porosity as a function of
relaxivity (T2
distribution.)
– Free Fluid
– Bound fluid
• capillary bound
• small pore porosity
– Permeability
• Fluid identification
– with other tools

Intro to NMR
 NMR Petrophysics
Porosity-Only Applications
• Lithology-independent sourceless porosity

Intro to NMR
 Density Porosity
(Dolomite)

Density Porosity
(Limestone)

Intro to NMR
 NMR Petrophysics
Porosity-Only Applications
• Lithology-independent sourceless porosity
• Detection of gas zones

Intro to NMR
 Density Magnetic Resonance
(DMR)
• Density-derived porosities read too high in
gas-bearing zones

• Total NMR porosities read too low in gas-

bearing zones

• Gas-bearing zones are identified when total

NMR porosities read much less than density-
derived porosities

Intro to NMR
DMR - Identification of Gas-Bearing Zones
Gas or Oil?

Intro to NMR
 DMR - Identification of Gas-Bearing Zone

Intro to NMR
 DMR - Identification of Gas-Bearing Zone

X410

X420

X430

X440

Intro to NMR
 Radial Profiling

Shell 1 DOI=1.5”
Shell 4 DOI=2.7”

Porosity deficit in SH4

indicates light HC due to
hydrogen index contrast
(or bad hole effect in SH1)

Porosity deficit in SH1 Both SH1 and SH4 make largely

indicates fines invasion non-overlapping measurements
- “high” degree of polarization

Intro to NMR
MRX Radial Profiling Gas Detection

Gas Upper Sand

Gas
or
water?
Lower Sand

Intro to NMR
 GAS GAS
(MRX) (D-N)

MRX Radial MD GR RES

MRP
(2.7in.)

MRP
DPHI

NPHI T2DIST T2DIST

Profiling Gas (ft) (gAPI)

0
(ohmm)
(1.5in.)

150 0.2 20 0.4

(v/v) (v/v)
0 0.4
(1.5in.)

0 0.3
(ms)
(2.7in.)

3000 0.3
(ms)
3000

Detection x400

x450

x500

x550

x600

x650

x700

Intro to NMR
 MRX Radial Profiling Gas
Detection

GAS GAS
(MRX) (D-N)

MRP DPHI
(2.7in.)

MD GR RES MRP NPHI T2DIST T2DIST

(1.5in.) (1.5in.) (2.7in.)
(ft) (gAPI) (ohmm) (v/v) (v/v) (ms) (ms)
0 150 0.2 20 0.4 0 0.4 0 0.3 3000 0.3 3000

y450

y500

y550

Intro to NMR
 NMR Petrophysics
Porosity-Only Applications
• Lithology-independent sourceless porosity
• Detection of gas zones
• Detection of tar zones

Intro to NMR
 Tar Identification by
NMR/Density/Neutron

Intro to NMR
 NMR Petrophysics
Porosity-Only Applications
• Lithology-independent sourceless porosity
• Detection of gas zones
• Detection of tar zones
• Formation damage identification

Intro to NMR
 Formation Damage Identification

Intro to NMR
 NMR Petrophysics
Porosity-Only Applications
• Lithology-independent sourceless porosity
• Detection of gas zones
• Detection of tar zones
• Formation damage identification
Porosity and Relaxation Applications
• Bound fluid and free fluid volume

Intro to NMR
 Relaxation Mechanisms -
Surface
Small Pores
Large Pore

Surface Relaxation
- small pores > short T2
- large pores > long T2
Echo Decay T2 Distribution Echo Decay T2 Distribution

time T2 time T2
Intro to NMR
 Bound Fluid and Free Fluid –
Sand Identification

The GR does not detect the sands very well in this interval.
Intro to NMR
CMR results are confirmed by the SP
 NMR Petrophysics
Porosity-Only Applications
• Lithology-independent sourceless porosity
• Detection of gas zones
• Detection of tar zones
• Formation damage identification
Porosity and Relaxation Applications
• Bound fluid and free fluid volume
• Permeability

Intro to NMR
 Permeability Estimation
• SDR Model:

K SDR  a 1 . T2,log b .CMR c
1 1

• Timur/Coates Model:
 
b2
  FF 
K TIM  a 2 . 10 .
4
 .CMR c2
  BF 

Perm (md)
T2 (msec)
Standard: a1=4, a2=1, b2=2, c1=4,
c2=4
Intro to NMR
 NMR Petrophysics
Porosity-Only Applications
• Lithology-independent sourceless porosity
• Detection of gas zones
• Detection of tar zones
• Formation damage identification
Porosity and Relaxation Applications
• Bound fluid and free fluid volume
• Permeability
• Viscosity indicator

Intro to NMR
 NMR and Viscosity

small hydrocarbon molecule

fast rotation ( -> long T2)

large hydrocarbon molecule

slow rotation ( -> short T2)

Intro to NMR
 NMR and Viscosity
tar heavy Oil Intermediate Oil Light Oil
0.5 cp

2 cp

10 cp
100 cp
1000 cp

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Transverse Relaxation Time T2 (ms)

DMR EPM MRF DMR

100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0.1
Viscosity (cp)
Intro to NMR
 NMR and Viscosity

Heavy Oil Medium Oil

Light Oil

Intro to NMR
 NMR Petrophysics
Porosity-Only Applications
• Lithology-independent sourceless porosity
• Detection of gas zones
• Detection of tar zones
• Formation damage identification
Porosity and Relaxation Applications
• Bound fluid and free fluid volume
• Permeability
• Viscosity indicator

Porosity, Relaxation and Diffusion Applications

• Oil viscosity
• Flushed zone oil saturation
• Flushed zone gas saturation
Intro to NMR
 NMR Measurements
NMR is sensitive to………….

( a ) Transverse Relaxation T2

( b ) Diffusion

( c ) Longitudinal Relaxation T1

………and hydrogen content

Intro to NMR
 Hydrocarbons and NMR

small hydrocarbon molecule

fast rotation ( -> long T2,T1)
fast diffusion ( -> large TE effect)

large hydrocarbon molecule

slow rotation ( -> short T2,T1)
slow diffusion ( -> small TE effect)

Intro to NMR
 NMR Measurements
NMR is sensitive to………….

( a ) Transverse Relaxation T2

( b ) Diffusion

( c ) Longitudinal Relaxation T1

………and hydrogen content

Intro to NMR
 Tansverse Relaxation T2
Ampliitude A(t) porosity  HI
A(t )  
k
F (k )e t / T 2( k )

time

sum of amplitudes = porosity  HI

Amplitude F(k)

Intro to NMR
T2
 NMR Measurements
NMR is sensitive to………….

( a ) Transverse Relaxation T2

( b ) Diffusion

( c ) Longitudinal Relaxation T1

………and hydrogen content

Intro to NMR
 Diffusion in Magnetic Field Gradient
TE1

TE2

TE3

1 D(G)2TE2 Oil Water Gas

=
T2D 12
Intro to NMR
 Molecular Diffusion D
TE(1) TE(2) TE(3)
A(TE)

 D ( k ).(TE .G . ) 2 TE


CPMG(1) CPMG(2) CPMG(3)
A(TE )  F ( k )e 6

sum of amplitudes = porosity  HI

amplitude

Intro to NMR
D
 Diffusion Editing for Water and Oil
TE(ms)
0.6 3 4 5 7 10 TE = 0.6 ms
TE= 10 ms

water

0.6 3 4 5 7 10 TE = 0.6 ms
TE= 10 ms
oil

1 10 100 1000
Intro to NMR Echo Aquisition Time T2 (ms)
 NMR Measurements
NMR is sensitive to………….

( a ) Transverse Relaxation T2

( b ) Diffusion

( c ) Longitudinal Relaxation T1

………and hydrogen content

Intro to NMR
 Longitudinal Relaxation T1
WT(1) WT(2) WT(3)

CPMG(1) CPMG(2)
A(WT )  k
F (k ) 1  e

WT / T 1( k ) 
CPMG(3)


sum of amplitudes = porosity  HI

amplitude

Intro to NMR
T1
 One-Dimensional Inversion

F(t) inversion f(i)

t T2(i)

F( t )  
i
f ( i )e t / T 2( i )

Intro to NMR
 Two-Dimensional Inversion
TE(1) TE(2) TE(3)

F(t,TE)

t t t

inversion
a(i,j)
D(j)

D(j)

T2(i) T2(i)

F( t,TE ) 
Intro to NMR
 f ( i, j )e
i j
 [ D( j ) / 12 ][  GTE ] 2 t t / T 2( i )
e
 Three-Dimensional Inversion
WT(1) WT(2) WT(3) WT(3) WT(3)

TE(1) TE(1) TE(1) TE(2) TE(3)

F(t,WT,TE)

t t t t t

inversion
T1(k)

D(j)

T2(i)

 f ( i, j,k ) 1  e WT /( T 1( k ))  e [ D( j )/ 12 ][  GTE ] t e t / T 2( i )

2
F( t,WT ,TE ) 
 
Intro to NMR i j k
 Fluid Characterization Example

2-Dimensional
Inversion
Intro to NMR
 Fluid Characterization Depth Logs

T1 DISTRIBUTION D DISTRIBUTION

Intro to NMR
 MRP D_GAS OIL
NPHI D_WAT T1CUT Free Water
GR AHT90 DPHI DC_DIST T1_DIST Bound Fluid OVIS
MD (gAPI) (ohmm) (v/v) (cm2s-1) (ms) (v/v) (cP)
(ft) 0 150 0.1 1000 0.5 0 5e-07 5.e-03 1 9000 0.5 0 1 100

x300

x350

x400

x450

x500
Intro to NMR
 MRX Saturation Profiling

Multi Wait Time (WT)

Multi Echo Spacing (TE)

All at Two DOIs (1.5 in. and 2.7 in.)

Intro to NMR
 DOI = 1.5 in. DOI = 2.7 in.
GAS T1_DIST DC_DIST GAS T1_DIST DC_DIST
OBM D_GAS OBM D_GAS
VXFW T1CUT D_WAT VXFW T1CUT D_WAT
MD GR BFV T1LM DCLM BFV T1LM DCLM
(ft) (gAPI) (v/v) (ms) (cm2s-1) (v/v) (ms) (cm2s-1)
0 100 0.5 0 0.5 9000 5.e-07 5.e-03 0.5 0 0.5 9000 5.e-07 5.e-03
x120

x140

x160

x180

x200

x220

x240

x260
Intro to NMR
 And please make sure that the ditch
magnets are cleaned regularly

Hayder Moqdad Hussain

Intro to NMR
 Thanks
Intro to NMR