KFUPM ENGINEERING

Department of Petroleum Engineering

PETE-313: Well Logging

Lecture [7]

Density and Neutron Logs

Dr. Mohamed Mahmoud

Semester 221
Porosity Tools

 Sonic

 Density active G R to mane

BB
 Neutron mostly used In the Industry
Hydrogen HC water

2
Overview

 Introduction to Nuclear logging

Because We Deal
 Review of basic tools
with Valens
 Density Tools active
Density
 Neutron Tools Nature Passive
G r

 Applications/Limitations Neutron and Density

tools must be Used
 Log examples together

PB 081 4 4 Pma 3
Family of Nuclear Tools

Particle GR Neutrons

Emitted
Source Natural GR Emitted GR
Neutrons

Shaliness Porosity
Application Porosity
Correlation Density
Lithology

Gas
Oil

GR tools Density tools Neutron tool 4

Density Logs

5
Density & Porosity Measurements

Compensated density log

Uses
 Density PB

 Porosity

 Lithology
D rb rc
Curves
 Bulk density

(rb and Dr)

6
Density tool must be Ped Type
Do I 6inch
Why has Sonic been Displaced as Porosity Tool

 Porosity can be determined without precise

knowledge of rock matrix

 No need for compaction correction

 Overlay of density-neutron excellent indicator of gas

 Transitions from one rock type to another detected

 Shale effects more evident

7
Density Principle

Detect GR’s from the source which have been scattered

back by the formation relieve
Send Lowand
Formation Density
Windows
Hydraulic
Stabilizer
sonde Cesium
Skid Source

Caliper
arm Detectors
Gamma rays Tungsten
Near Detector Bore Liner
Gamma ray Tungsten Far Detector
emitting source Shield
Correct offed
8

Ped taste of m
There's Cesium Source which G R
emit
6 inch is the DOI
hear detector
There are 2 Detectors
far detector
Distance Between near detector and far detector
dictate the

Density log is Pad Type and it read only in

flushes Zone
 Principle
 Gamma rays emitted from
radioactive source Cesuim
 Gamma rays collide with
electrons in formation,
losing energy
 Detectors measure
intensity of backscattered
gamma rays
 High energy GR relate to -
Density
 Low energy GR relate to -
Lithology
 Gamma rays are typically used to
measure bulk density since their
scattering and transmission are
strongly affected by this material
property.
 At very low energies the
transmission of gamma rays is
influenced additionally by the
formation chemical composition.
 This additional absorption is related
to the atomic number, Z, of the
absorber and thus provides a third
application of gamma rays.
9
 G R emmite Radioactive
is by a Source
To Remake one electron E Stoker is Required

If G Sto er atom will emit photon

electron Density 2 Bulk Density

high E P
Cow E lithology
Gamma-Ray Generation

Chemical source
 Focused
 Typical properties
 Cesium -137 material

 1.7 Curie strength

 33 year half-life

 662 keV gamma-ray energy

5 o Ker e Density
photon Vith lay
10
152 Kev
Gamma Ray Interactions with the Rock

 Pair Production é et E
2
407

 Compton Scattering Sto LEC Clo x z

 Photoelectric Adsorption E 2 Slo

11
Pair Production

Not of significance to density tool operation since the

source strength is 0.662 MeV and it requires 1.02 MeV for
pair production ( 0.51 MeV is the energy equivalent of the
mass of one electron )
12
Compton Scattering

Measuring the number of gamma rays in the Compton

Scattering energy range gives us the bulk density
13
 Photoelectric Absorption

 The number of gamma rays capable of photoelectric

absorption indicates the Atomic Number and hence the Pe
 This information indicates the lithology 14
Photoelectric Absorption

In the photoelectric effect, electrons are emitted from

matter (metals and non-metallic solids, liquids or gases) as
a consequence of their absorption of energy from
electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelength, such as
visible or ultraviolet radiation.

Electrons emitted in this manner may be referred to as

photoelectrons

15
Density Logs

Bulk density, rb, is dependent upon:

 Lithology

 Formation porosity

 Density and saturation of fluids in pores

PB OPE t 4 4 Pma
16
Density Logs

It turns out that the ratio 2Z/A is close to 1 for most

minerals found in wellbores. Hence, the tool
gives a close approximation of the true bulk
density, RHOB
atomic number P
2 ZO
re  rb
A
atomic mass

2 2 4 8 to
Aro gP 17

A 18
 Calcite
JB 2 71 Pe
É

9 100
measure
By
the to l
electron Density
Water
PR I
Pelectron 2
 S S 2.65 Skc

IF we use calcite tod and the formation is 5s

tod will underestimate 9

541
anhydrase 2.9

Pb On Pe t
4 intercept
slope
If we have calcite and the fad is calibrates for
Sandstone overestimation of
Density Logs

atomic
g
at
G

248
intercept

18
 Density Logs-Tool Calibration

The transform between

the measured parameter,
electron density (ρe), and
the density value
presented on logs.

0.18831g
19
Density Log
PB
GR RHOB
0 API 200 2 G/C3 3
CALIX DRHO

tea
6 IN 16 -0.25 G/C3 0.25
CALIY
6 IN 16

4100

Gamma ray Density

Density
correction

4200

Caliper
20
Bulk Density Interpretation

 The bulk density (in g/cc) is the weighted sum of the

matrix and fluid densities
flair
r  (1 ) r ma r
b fl

matrix
 Typical values
 Matrix density 2.65 SS; 2.71 LS; 2.87 Dol
 Fluid density T Ts Tolomite
 0.9 – 1.0 OBM and fresh WBM OR oil Base mu
 1.1 - 1.2 salty WBM Whet base mud
 Density porosity curve is derived from above equation
21
Bulk Density Interpretation

• Rearranging the
equation gives
POROSITY
25%

r ma  r z
se

  b
D
r ma  r fl

ty

2.31 g/cc

22
If OR 2.4 Ima 2 6551045 S

1081 0.9 I 0 0.14

check

0.143

VR in Density log depend on Distance between detector

Bulk Density Interpretation

Gin
hydrocarbons
In flushes ay

Off SQ Omf
Pmf Pe
1
5th
23
Water bearing Zones Flushed

Pf Bmf Stv 81 Sto Ph

5 0 1

Pe J

oil bearing Zone

Of Omb
Sto Oh 4 Sto
assumptions She is too lame
Phat Pmf
Pf P

Of it is always Represented in Range

DB of lime stone

gas beams
0 20 t

B Co 8 2 21 6 2
Con
B 22 911C

Water bear in

PR o 8 2.71 a 2 i

DB F 2 36
910C
Bulk Density Interpretation

11 Porosity
unit

24
Bulk Density Interpretation

1 as
Sor
a

put 90 To this S
invaded By
s was

mid filtrate
O
25
Bulk Density Interpretation

This formation ines Invaded

By msf

26
Bulk Density Interpretation

27
28
29
Typical Ranges of Matrix and Fluid Densities

30
Bulk Density Interpretation

 The density correction (Dr) curve is “measurement quality”

 Poor pad contact gives Dr > 0.05
 Often correlates with caliper If correction > 0.20 g/cc
Bulk density curve is invalid

Dr
CAL

-0.25 0 +0.25
31
 Density log Artificial G R

We set Pe then we Convert Pe to Jb

Peer Production et I

Comptn Scattering 3105 41020

Photoelectric adsorption

510 Kev is reanines to Remove one

Cesaim 137 is the Source of Density log

662 Kev is the energy of Compton scattering

152 lithology low E GR

552 Doe high F GR

DD Should be caring is filled

with mud
 D T Dmc 0 forma
DP can be M Pmc 2 Permation
a Pmc Pformation

Bb 0 I DB
log correction

In the case of washout So c

used
If D8 70.2 81 is not Valid
he from log
Bulk Density Interpretation

lane BP enlargement
of
I 1 the hole
Shale washout

32
Photoelectric Interpretation

 The logging curve is Pe

 The product rePe = U, capture cross-section/cc

U  (1   )U ma  U fl

• This looks like the density equation

• We don’t solve for  because Ufl << Uma

33
Photoelectron 810 Kev

Lithology
Polje U

III This Value is almost 01 Thus This equation

is not sensative forthe change in
8ft
Therefore This equation is only used to
Indicate lithology
Typical Formations

2 RHOB 3
0 PEF 10
Matrix values

Limestone 5.1
2.71

Dolomite 3.1 2.87

1.8
Sandstone 2.65
34
Pe Shaler Pe Dolomites we need G R
The Pe and density
Y c

response of a 2 ss

logging tool in the 2 Ms

shaly sand section

j

Washout

35
Photoelectric Effect

36
Pe Pe
I anhesdite
Fatih
0 in calcite has a Value
d in anhydrite to or

Barite will enlarge the value of Pe

Density and
photoelectric
parameters for
various
materials

37
Density and
photoelectric
parameters
for various
materials

38
Calibration standards for the spectral litho-
density

39
Litho Density Tool and Focused Density Compensated

Lithology Density tool

8D
Slot Tale
lithology
no Density Bs

Focused Density compensated 40

Factors Affecting Density Log Response
0 3 sic
Florite
 Shales and clays

p
May cause porosity reading to be too high or too low mectite
g
 Vsh and rsh can be obtained from log readings in shale zones

 Hydrocarbons
 In oil zones, rhc = ro which can be measured from fluid samples

 In gas zones, rhc = rg which can be measured or calculated

using gas properties

 Gas will cause anomalously low density and, thus, high density
porosity
Density Log Comments
GR RHOB
0 API 200 2 G/C3 3
CALIX DRHO
6 IN 16 -0.25 G/C3 0.25
CALIY
6 IN 16

4100  Very reliable tool

Density
 Open or cased hole
Gamma ray  Used to determine
 bulk density
 Porosity
 lithology
 Shallow depth of
Density investigation - 10 to 15
correction cm
4200

Caliper If correction > 0.20 g/cc

Bulk density curve is invalid

42
Abnormal Pressure
from Density Log

Normal pressure
gradient

Abnormal pressure
gradient
43
path Normal gradient

Abnormal
Depth t

with Increase

Depth
Norml 8 OF Depth

abnormal
 Pe 25 Calcite

calcite Oma 2 71 glee

Pf I
glee assumption
Pics 2.55

DO 0

Pb Blog DO

add
A substrate
Neutron Logs

44
 Neutron tools
Count A Regardless the
source of H

JYP son Cason atra shallow

anhydrite Cason Deep

Supsom In T 7 Si c anhydrite

all Club minerals has H2o or off

shale
he will overestimate
Neutron Logs Pal Type
Uses of neutron logs
o Identify porous zones
o Determine porosity
o Identify gas in porous zones

Where neutron logs can be used

o Any borehole
o Open or cased
o Liquid- or air-filled

Depth of investigation
 6-12 inches for CN 45
 Metron Ks Density
to define Gas oil
Correct fir mater

Bulk is low in Gar bearing

formation

in gas is harsher than 0 of wether

of water bearing Zone is the real

0
Bunk 2 Bulls
gal
Water
formation formation

oil 0.8 O a
glee
 higher than actual
A gas

Ooi Depend on D

dweher Rear of
Neutron Measurement
rb
Dr
N
 Uses Pe
• Lithology
Porosity
 Curve N

46
 WIMK o.is

Water

Volume

gas gives low 0 Because if fill any

Volume
Neutron Tool Principle
• Source AmBe 15-20Cu 5MeV

Detects neutrons from the source

which have been scattered back by
the formation

47
Mean for detectors
Pad Tyre
Comet of energy

as Neutron

E i

t lg GR is Released
Life of a Neutron - 1

 Neutrons emitted from source

 Neutrons interact with Hydrogen in formation

 Neutrons lose energy

 Neutrons are absorbed or reflected back to detectors

 High counts = Low porosity

 Low counts = High porosity

48
 Coming from the Rock
or fluid
what
high coma we recieve of Neutrons
low
low
high of
and

of

Shale gives Very high f

Very low Counts
Neutron Absorption

o Thermal (and to some extent

I
epithermal) neutrons can be absorbed
by the nuclei of the formation atoms.

o The efficiency of neutron absorption

varies from element to element. The
only elements which exhibit significant Saturation
neutron absorbing behavior and exist is
reasonable quantities in rocks are
hydrogen and chlorine.

o The process of neutron absorption by

hydrogen and chlorine are
49
Hydrogen Index

The partial concentration of hydrogen per unit mass (CH)mass of a

material is the mass of hydrogen atoms in the material divided by the
mass of all the atoms of all elements in the material.

50
I male of apples 6 18 apples

ladle of hydrogen atoms Gti hydrogen

atoms
weight of Inde of I 2
I is it of 02 2 167 32 g

mT ttarosasno.s number

molar mass is the mass of male of atoms of an element

atomic mass
mass of one atom

A Atomic mass

no number of atoms

AH I
Ao 16
Ac 12
Hydrogen Index

For pure water (H2O), where the atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.0 and
the atomic mass of oxygen is 16.0, the partial concentration of
hydrogen (CH)mass = (2 x 1.0)/(1 x 16.0 + 2 x 1.0) = 1/9.

The partial concentration of hydrogen per unit volume (CH)vol, can be

determined by multiplying the partial concentration of hydrogen per
unit mass by the density of the material, (CH)vol = rb x (CH)mass
(CH)vol = rbwater / 9 = 1/9, because the density of pure water is 1.0
g/cm3.

51
 HT
AH I
na z
Ya
Ao 16 1 2 mass

I Atman D At volume

Chmacs
Paw la l Ya
Arc

City
III
Ac
E

12
É Y Ya cattiness
Hydrogen Index

Now, the Hydrogen Index of a material is defined as the partial

concentration of hydrogen per unit volume relative to water. So, if
the hydrogen index of water is constrained by the definition to be
unity, and water has a partial concentration of hydrogen per unit
volume of 1/9, the hydrogen index of a material is:

AH = the atomic mass of hydrogen atoms in the material

Ai = the atomic mass of non-hydrogen element I
nH = the number of hydrogen atoms in a molecule of the material
ni = the number of non-hydrogen atoms of element i in a molecule of the
material
52
 I
chances
t

Ya

b b b to b b
HI 9 Ch mass D

a st.JP
HI for City
Nt y Ait

43,44T x 101
Paty 0.22
Mn
na
Hydrogen Index Calculations for Some
Reservoir Minerals and Fluids
atomic mass atoms Density
p y y atomics
y

53
Hydrogen Index

o If the tool is in 100% water (a large tank of the stuff, say), the HI =
1.0. This is equivalent to a rock of 100% porosity saturated with
water. So we have a fixed point that HI = 1 represents  = 1.

o If the tool is in a pure limestone rock with zero porosity, the HI =

0.0, because there are no hydrogen atoms in the solid matrix of
calcite. So we have a second fixed point where HI = 0 represents
 = 0.

o If the tool is in a pure limestone with a given porosity , the

hydrogen index will be directly proportional to the amount of water
in the formation. Hence HI =  for completely water saturated
limestone.
54
 e
filled with É
10 1 o or Eia
HI L
HI 0.2
The Hydrocarbon Effect

The porosity read by the neutron tool is related to the actual porosity
in the formation by:

If the hydrocarbon is oil, this equation reduces to N ~ , the

hydrogen index of water and oils is similar; HImf »HIhc. This is true
whether the mud filtrate is oil- based or water-based:

If the hydrocarbon is methane gas with a density of 0.1 g/cm3, the

equation reduces to:

55
 The Chlorine and Shale Effects

o There are only two elements that are found in reservoirs that
contribute significantly to neutron absorption; hydrogen and
chlorine.

o Chlorine effect is present in wells drilled or logged in the presence

of drilling muds containing dissolved chlorine, or in formations
where the formation waters are particularly salty.

o Shale contain clays that have a significant amount of surface

absorbed (bound) water. Hence shales can contain a significant
proportion of hydrogens despite being low porosity. The apparent
porosity read from the neutron tool in shale formations is therefore
always significantly higher than it really is
56
Environmental Effects on NPHI

Lithology Effects
 The tool responds mostly to the presence of hydrogen, but
different minerals will slow neutrons to different degrees

 Therefore, the Neutron tool reads different values for NPHI

in different formations of the same porosity

 This must be taken into account for the NPHI curve

Neutron log
57
Neutron Log Interpretation - 1

 Ratio converted to
apparent porosity, N
 Many environmental
effects
 Assumes
 Matrix
 Usually LS
 Sometimes SS
 Water-filled

58
 Question:
On a limestone
scale, the NPHI is
20%. However the
formation is a
sandstone. What is
t the true porosity?
257

Answer : 25%.
59
 C
Gas Effects on NPHI on

 Gas has a lower hydrogen concentration than oil

or water due to it’s lower density

 A neutron tool interprets gas to be water

occupying a smaller volume; a smaller volume
means a smaller porosity

 Hence in gas zones, the neutron tool reads

anomalously low porosity
he low 0
Gas Decrees N Ready
60

Shale Mcneas N high 0 Reading

Neutron Log Interpretation - 2

 Reads deeper than density

 More affected by virgin zone fluid
 Gas effect
 Gas lowers H concentration, lowers apparent porosity

 N
+21 +15 +9 -3

Gas effect

61
Gas Effect

Notice the NPHI reading

is less in a gas zone than
in an oil zone in the
same lithology Neutron

In a gas zone, NPHI

reads too low and DPHI
reads too high
Density
The 2 curves track
closely in oil-saturated
zone
62
Shale Effects on NPHI On

 Shaliness affects neutron porosity

 Shale has bound water in lattice structure

 This water is immobile and does not represent effective

porosity

 However, the neutron tool responds to the presence of

hydrogen in the bound water of shales, and the neutron
tool reads anomalously high NPHI

63
Neutron Log Interpretation - 3

 Shale effect
 Responds to bound water Each PHIN division = 3%

Por. = 39%

Shale effect

64
Neutron
Shale Effect

PEF
• Sand – Clean ~ 1.8
• Sand – Dirty ~ 2.7
• Average Shale ~3.4

owe

65
 Qr D

of

Id
oil

owe

do

66
GOC and OWC

1924
shale sines

high IN y

CgBy Resistivity

67
Gas Bearing
Formations
in MD
Interpertation
lowest Rt is Ro
Ro
f Rn
f 42
Rt Deep

Rxo shallow

Sw
Mkt
In the Exam
Resistivity
Deep ILD ILD
shallow LLS LIM Msft
Third one is only for correction

Pb A
T F
Gas Effect

 Density  is too high

 Neutron  is too low

 Sonic  is not significantly affected by

gas
 air
Yg
Will be Same for gas oil If
Rw d f Sw Same
Resistivity fcs not H c Type
Ro doesn't difterniate between
Ac Thus we need
and Metron
Density lay
Separtion Ng shale AN QDen

Separation Nb Gas QNCOron

Will be Canceled If Both

Gas and Shale existed
Gas effect a

Wh
Density of is too high

a
is
beams of gas
in
high
Ft

Sxo Pmf t Sor Boil

stopmf t
Sgr Psas
Neutron will low why
I be
the gas has low Concentration of HI Thus
it will reduce 9N
 In water formation
ON Density

ON 9 Density In oil ta formation

of

Separation In oil Zone

Density 74N
By is Low because of light oilt

Separten In oil Zone

Denists 2 An
Pb is high because of high foil
most tools are Calibrated for limestone
Gas Gravity

70
Pl.IT affects Ht
Gas with low HI Decrees AN
If T P Increased HE 9 Or will
increase
Correction for Gas Effect

71
 Fx If Gans stone Or What Would be
Joy
Sams Stone O In 20001ps and 122 fo with

Sto 80

220
Ex
If Gans stone Or 307 What Would be
Sams Stone O In 7000ps and 248 Fo with

Sto Hof
414 These Values are Just
examples
 sandstone
a

If previous

But If
graph
we
converts
want to
ON to XD
comment on to Xp
he use
g s LS
graph In slide
number
580
Pma 8 2.65 glee If the tool
is calibrate
for S S
Paas 2.71 glace If the teal
is calibrate
for Crs
If actual formation is 5.5 and tool is Calibrates

for L S
 a
Iggy's
Mutant
tool will overestimate

Hai
41,111 00 a

If actual is his foot s s

stud 290
0
41 37
ad undeestimate
fool
 Normal
0.4Gsp Pressure
gradient
 Separation
Crossplot Porosity: Guideline

2 2
Gas dphi  nphi

2

Oil dphi  nphi


2
 Density Porosity
DPAI
Neutron Porosity
9N pit I

RHoma Pma
RHO B PB
CNL Compensated Metron log

IT At Transit time

go ILD with 9 inch Dot Rt

Rio time with a inch Dot Ryo

Sas

typed
oil
Or
y
PAIÉ
water

0 ONPHI Y D PAI
 Example Gas Effect
GRC
GR ILDC
R90 RHOC
RHO DT
0 150 0.2
0.2 200
200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
f
SP R30 CNL Compensate
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
Neutron
ACAL
CAL MLLCF
R10
6 16 0.2 200
a log

I
10700

Gas

Oil
10800

10900
Example Gas Effect Solution

Interval
10,720 - 10,730

Dls  30.2%

Nls  13.8%

0.302 2  0.138 2
   24%
ND 2
SSS  25%
Interval to 720 10730
go
I
É
2.95 1.95
Ipp of each
n
Pb 1 as t 0.2s 2 2 810C

for Sandstone
D Ona 2 6sglee

9 3 0.270
In the Example Pa was Considered to be 2.150

AN 0.45 o V

0
0.06 each Block
HST.gg 9
 5 Block 0.3 O IS O IS
X 0.06 t GN

Slides Value 024

2 Porosity waits error
in my calculation

R isndtoddect.ir
Rt Ro If Su 1

I FRY Ro Rt

owest Value of Rt is considered as Ro

Pbs is affected By Pressure
 by is affected By flushed Zone fluids

ÉEI

b 9 Of t CI 4 Pma

Pf Sao Pmf l Stol Pac

Thus Of affect Ob
NPHI Scales
ON
 NPHI is usually plotted on a limestone scale or a
sandstone scale

 If on a limestone scale, in a 100% water bearing

limestone, the neutron reads the correct
porosity; in a 100% sandstone, the porosity is
wrong and must be corrected for lithology

 If on a sandstone scale, in a 100% water

bearing sandstone, the neutron tool is reads the
correct porosity; in a limestone, readings must
be corrected for the lithology
75
Lithology Corrections

Average
Difference
In Porosity
unit

76
 j

t
77
 20 t 4N
Yr LS

204 26
Q gy
Is a o An 3
D g because
of
Calibration
Neutron Logs

 Uses of neutron logs

 Identify porous zones
 Determine porosity
 Identify gas in porous zones

 Where neutron logs can be used

 Any borehole
 Open or cased
 Liquid- or air-filled

 Depth of investigation
 6-12 inches for CN
78
Summary

 Nuclear porosity tools

 Source
 Detectors
 Density
 Bulk density OD DA t
Photoelectric effect

Pe
 Quality curve
 Flushed zone measurements
 Neutron
 Apparent porosity Depend on calibrate a
 May respond to virgin zone 79
Porosity Concepts in Formation Evaluation

80
 Franz
concept T F
Problems IntePertation
a
f
a
R

gnnnnn.sn

Neutron total d it Receives whenever it is

effective labof
strudel 0 is Included In Neutron
Can Say 2420 gypsom

IT Open 4rem
Capillary Waker in very small Pores high Pc
Bound where Bound exist at the surface
of the Rock
Water huh
Bound 1 Capillary irreducible Rock
Water
Shaly Formations
Shale Effect

 Shale makes density log read lower apparent porosity

 Shale makes neutron log read higher apparent

porosity opposite to gas effect
 Shale reduces formation resistivity

 Shale in general increase the travel time

 Shale effect is reduced if formation containing very

high saline water Wh Currens will flan In water
only 82
 only in
Suh Freya clean
formation

Bf in Shale

Gw Increas because of
shale
Cut Off Gw minimum Waker Saturation above which
hell will not be completed
 Shale Effect

High NPHI across

shales
a
On a limestone
scale, it reads actual
porosity in limes
tool calibrated for lime
In sands, it reads a
different porosity
from the actual

L S SI
83
 Salt slow Or
high Op

anhydrase D 0 why
Pma 2 71 line

Y D
Effective Porosity

Corrected Density Porosity

from ar
r b r ma 1    Vsh   r f  Vsh r sh
should be


 r ma  r b   Vsh r ma  r sh  Given
alwayse
r ma  r f


 r ma  r b 
V
 r ma  r sh 
  VshDsh
r ma  r f r ma  r f
sh D

correct
On
84
Effective Porosity

Corrected Transit Time Gr

Dt c  Dt log  Vsh Dt sh

Corrected Neutron Porosity

  N  VshNsh Effective
Porosity
  N  VshNsh  D  VshDsh
85
Effective Porosity

Effective Porosity Can be Determined from the following

equation:
2 D   N  D2   N2
e  e 
3 2
Applicable for any formation
In shaly formations the water saturation can be determined by
the following equation:
GR
FRw Rw
Sw   Vsh
Rt 0.4Rsh Gruen
86
 effect of Shale on

a Shale may overestimate or underestimate 0 Depending

on its Clay mineral

class
Bentonites 2 2
81cL
Smectite 3 Skc