Basic Tool Theory

Natural Gamma Ray

Spectral Density

Dual Spaced Neutron

Full Wave Sonic

Induction Tools (Resistivity)

Electrode Tools (Resistivity)

 Natural Gamma Ray
Lo GR High
Measures naturally occurring
Shale radiation
Not Shale Potassium, Uranium, and
Thorium
Shale

Shales exhibit high gamma

Not Shale (pay?)
radiation

Pay zones exhibit low

Shale gamma radiation
 Natural Gamma Ray
Applications Sodium iodide (NaI) crystal
Depth Control and photomultiplier tube
Correlation
Detector emits light when
Bed Boundaries struck by a gamma ray
Bed Thickness
Counts light pulses to
Lithology
determine energy received
Volume of Shale

Rock Properties
Cannot distinguish between
individual isotopes
Source
Spectral Density
Chemical source (137Cs) emits
gamma rays into formation
Detectors measure counts per
second of received radiation

Count rate is inversely

proportional to bulk density

Count rate is proportional to

Detector porosity of formation
 Spectral Density
Actual measurement made is
Limestone bulk density (b)
2.71 g/cc
matrix density - bulk density
Porosity =
Sandstone matrix density - fluid density
2.65 g/cc
Requires reference to known
Dolomite standards of zero porosity
2.87 g/cc
Matrix densities (ma)
 Spectral Density
Limestone Count rate also proportional to
5.08 the type of formation

Sandstone “Photoelectric Effect” or “Pe”

1.81 Pure formations with zero
Dolomite porosity have characteristic
3.14 Pe values
Shales Effective method of identifying
2.5-4.0 lithology of a formation
Source
Dual Spaced Neutron
Chemical source (AmBe) emits
fast neutrons into formation
Detectors measure thermalized
neutrons in counts per second

Count rate affected by presence

of hydrogen (water, oil, gas)

Count rate is therefore a

Detector measure of porosity
Source
Dual Spaced Neutron
Neutrons lose most energy in
collisions with hydrogen

Detectors count neutrons

that have reached a
thermal level

Less More Low

hydrogen counts porosity
Detector
Source
Dual Spaced Neutron
With increased hydrogen, the
neutrons reach a thermal level
before they can be detected

More Fewer High

hydrogen counts porosity
Detector
 Full Wave Sonic
Applications Measures the speed of sound
Porosity through the formation
Lithology
Speed is related to lithology,
Detect Fractures porosity, and other formation
Determine Rock characteristics
Elastic Moduli

Predict Vertical Multiple applications

Extent of Hydraulic
Fracturing
Important tool for stimulation
Cement Bond Log design applications
T
Full Wave Sonic
Limestone Actual measurement made is
47.6 s/ft Interval Transit Time (t)
between receivers
Sandstone
log t - matrix t
55.5 s/ft Porosity =
fluid t - matrix t
Dolomite
R
R
t
43.5 s/ft Requires reference to known
R standards of zero porosity
R
Matrix transit times (tma)
 Induction Tools
Measure the resistivity of the
R VR formation by inducing current
flow
Current produces EMF by
Faraday’s Law
EMF produces ground loops
T by Ampere’s Law
Ground loops produce EMF
which cuts receiver coil
 High
Induction Tools
Resolution Do not require conductive
Array medium in borehole
Induction
Can be run in freshwater muds,
High air-filled holes, and oil-based
Resolution muds
Induction
Provides resistivity measures
Dual at three depths of investigation
Induction
 Electrode Tools
CR Measure the resistivity of the
formation by injecting current
into the formation
Current moves from source to
current return
Current is focused so that it
does not take the path of least
resistance through the drilling
mud to the current return
 Electrode Tools
Require conductive medium in
borehole (saltwater mud)
Dual Can not be run in air-filled
Laterolog holes, and oil-based muds
MSFL
Provides resistivity measures
at three depths of investigation
when run with the Micro-
Spherically Focused Log
(MSFL)
Why two types of resistivity
devices ??

Rmf / Rw > 2.5 WE USE HRI

Rmf / Rw < 1.8 WE USE DLL

1.8 < Rmf / Rw < 2.5

?
WE CAN USE THE HRI
OR THE DLL
LATEROLOG VERSUS INDUCTION
DETERMINATION CHART