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Transformer
Transformer
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Parween R Kareem
Northern Technical University
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TRANSFORMER:
Working principle of transformer:
A Transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or
more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn induces a varying
electromotive force (e.m.f) or “voltage” in a second coil. Power can be transferred
between the two coils through the magnetic field, without a metallic connection between
the two circuits. Faraday’s law of induction discovered in 1831 described this effect.
Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power
applications.
Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have
become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current
electrical energy. A wide range of transformer design is encountered in electronic and
electric power applications.
ɸ = ɸ𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒘𝒕 ……..(1)
Instantaneous emf induced in the primary winding is:
𝒅ɸ
𝒆𝟏 = −𝑵𝟏 𝒅𝒕 ……..(2)
Parween R.Kareem, Lecturer. Electrical Technical Department. Al-Hawija Technical
institute Northern Technical University
𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒ɸ𝒎 𝑵𝟏 ……..(10)
Similarly the expression of the secondary emf is:
𝑬𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒ɸ𝒎 𝑵𝟐 ……..(11)
The primary and secondary voltage can be determined from eq. (10) and (11) if other
parameters are known.
𝒆𝟏 𝑵
= 𝑵𝟏 = 𝒂 ……..(15)
𝒆𝟐 𝟐
Parween R.Kareem, Lecturer. Electrical Technical Department. Al-Hawija Technical
institute Northern Technical University
𝑽𝟏 𝑰 𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 𝑰 𝟐 ……..(17)
Eq.(17) can be rearranged as :
𝑽𝟏 𝑰
= 𝑰𝟐 = 𝒂 ……..(18)
𝑽𝟐 𝟏
Again , the magneto motive force produced by the primary current will be equal to the
magneto motive force produced by the secondary current and it can be expressed as:
𝑵𝟏 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑵𝟐 𝑰𝟐 ……..(21)
𝑰𝟏 𝑵𝟐 𝟏
= = ……..(22)
𝑰𝟐 𝑵𝟏 𝒂
From eq.(22) it is concluded that the ratio of primary to secondary current is inversely
proportional to the turns ratio of the transformer.
The input and output power of an ideal transformer is:
From eq.(26), it is seen that the input and output power are the same in case of an ideal
transformer , similarly the input and the output reactive power are:
Parween R.Kareem, Lecturer. Electrical Technical Department. Al-Hawija Technical
institute Northern Technical University
Example(1): The number of turns in the secondary coil of a 22KVA , 2200v /220v
single phase transformer is 50, find the :
i. Number of primary turns
ii. Primary full load current
iii. Secondary full load current
Neglet all kinds of losses in the transformer
Solution :
the value of the turns ratio is
𝑉1 2200
𝑎= = = 10
𝑉2 220
(i) The value of the primary turns can be determined as :
𝑁1
𝑎=
𝑁2
𝑁1 = 𝑎𝑁2 = 10 ∗ 50 = 500
(ii) The value of the primary full load current is
22 ∗ 103
𝐼1 = = 10𝐴
2200
(iii) The value of the secondary full load current is
22 ∗ 103
𝐼2 = = 100𝐴
220
Example(1): A 25 KVA single phase transformer has the primary and secondary
number of turns of 200 and 400, respectively the transformer is connected to a 220v,
50Hz source. Calculate the:
I. Turns ratio
II. Mutual flux in the core
Solution:
(i) The turns ratio is :
𝑁1 200
𝑎= = = 0.5
𝑁2 400
Parween R.Kareem, Lecturer. Electrical Technical Department. Al-Hawija Technical
institute Northern Technical University
(ii) The value of the mutual flux can be calculated as :
𝑉1 = 𝐸1 = 4.44𝑓ɸ𝑚 𝑁1
𝑉1 220
ɸ𝑚 = = = 4.95 𝑚𝑊𝑏
4.44𝑓𝑁1 4.44 ∗ 50 ∗ 200
Example(3):single phase transformer, it’s turn ratio is 22/4115 KV, 50 Hz iron cross
sectional area 10000mm2 maximum flux density is 1.3 tesla , calculate primary and
secondary turn.
Solution:
E1=22000
E2=415000
f=50Hz
B= 1.3 tesla
N1 &N2
A=104*10-6
A=0.01
ɸ=B.A =========== ɸ=1.3*10-2
𝒘= 𝟐∗л∗𝒇
𝒘 = 𝟐 ∗ л ∗ 𝟓𝟎
𝒘 = 𝟑𝟏𝟒 rad/sec
𝑵𝟏 𝟐л𝒇ɸ𝒎 𝑵𝟏 ∗𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟒∗ 𝟑𝟏𝟒
𝑬𝟏 = ======= 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 =
√𝟐 √𝟐
𝑵𝟏 = 𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟐
𝑵𝟐 𝟐л𝒇ɸ𝒎
𝑬𝟐 =
√𝟐
𝑵𝟐 ∗ 𝟑𝟏𝟒 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟑
𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 =
√𝟐
Parween R.Kareem, Lecturer. Electrical Technical Department. Al-Hawija Technical
institute Northern Technical University
𝑵𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟐
Example (4): Ideal Transformer has turn ratio 150/750, it’s primary winding is
connected to the source with voltage of 240v , 50HZ ,secondary winding supply 4A
at 0.8 power factor lagging determine :
(i) Turn ratio
(ii) Primary current
(iii) Magnetic field
(iv) Load power
Solution:
(i) a=150/750
a=0.2
𝑵𝟏 𝟐л𝒇ɸ𝒎
𝑬𝟏 =
√𝟐
𝟏𝟓𝟎∗ɸ𝒎 ∗𝟐∗л∗𝟓𝟎
240 =
√𝟐
ɸ𝑚 = 7.206 𝑊𝑏
𝑷𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ɸ
𝑽𝟏 𝑵 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎
= 𝑵𝟏 = 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝑽
𝑽𝟐 𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟖
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟎𝑾
Example(5): The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000 volt ,50Hz , single
phase transformer is 1.2 Wb/m2 . if the e.m.f per turn is 8 volts
Determine:
Primary and secondary turn & area of the core
Parween R.Kareem, Lecturer. Electrical Technical Department. Al-Hawija Technical
institute Northern Technical University
𝟐𝟓𝟎 = 𝑵𝟏 ∗ 𝟖
𝑵𝟏 = 𝟑𝟐
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑵𝟐 = ======= 𝑵𝟐 = 𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝟖
𝑬𝟐 = −𝟒. 𝟒𝟒 ∗ 𝒇 ∗ 𝑩𝒎 ∗ 𝑨 ∗ 𝑵𝟐
𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝟐