wxY= fN!

;sl úoHdj – Particle Physics

kHqfg%dak iE§ we;af;a u, 1 lska iy d, 2 lska h.
n = (udd)
m%;smod¾: (antimetter) n j, idfmalaI wdfrdamKh = 2/3 - 1/3 – 1/3 = 0
n j, neßfhdak wxlh = 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 = + 1
9 iEu mod¾: wxY=jlgu m%;smod¾: wxY=jla we;. ófidak/fuikaia (Measons)
9 mod¾: wxY=j iy m%;smod¾: wxY=j,
ialkaOfhka iudkh. fuikaia hkafkka uOH n/;s hkak ksrEmKh fõ.
wdfrdamKfha úYd,;ajfhka iudkh.
wdfrdamKfha <l=Kj,a m%;súreoaOh. Pions iy Kaons wh;a jkafka meason ldKavhgh.
nuk (spin) ÈYd m%;súreoaOh.
9 fndfyda úg m%;smod¾: wxY=fõ ixfla;h f,i fhdod
.kafka mod¾: wxY=fõ ixfla;hg by<ska – (bar)
( )
Pions : π0 = uu fyda d d ( )
fhdod h. π+ = ud ( )
Wod : m%;f
s m%dafgdakh (antiproton) - p π- = (ud )
m%;skHqfg%dka h (antineutron) - n
9 we;eï m%;smod¾: wxY=j,g úfYaI kï iy ixfla; Kaons : K0 = d s ( )
we;.
Wod: bf,lafg%dakfha m%;smod¾: wxY=j fmdisfg%dakhs
K+ = u s ( )
β+ K- = (us )

uQ,sl wxY= (Fundamental particles) j¾.SlrKh measons j, idfmalaI wdfrdamKh = - 1 fyda 0 fyda + 1

uQ,sl wxY= j¾.SlrKfha § m%Odk ldKav folla we;.
1. Hadrons – lajdlaia (quarks) j,ska iE§ we;.
fïjd ldKav follg fnokq ,efí.
(i) Baryons – lajdlaia ;=klska iE§ we;.
(ii) Mesons – lajdla iy m%;slajdla tl ne.ska tl;=
ù iE§ we;.
2. Leptons – wNHka;r jHqyhla ke;.
lajdlaia (Quarks)
• mrïmrd (generations) ;=klg wh;a jk mßÈ j¾.
l< quarks j¾. 6 la we;.
1st generation – up (u), down (d)
2nd generation – charm (c), strange (s)
3rd generation – top (t), bottom (b)
(ñka W. fm. uÜgfï § jeo.;a jkafka u iy d
muKs.)
ish¿ measons iE§ we;af;a tla quark iy antiquark tl;=
ùfuka ksid baryon number = +1/3 – 1/3 = 0 h.
f,mafgdk (Leptons)
f,mafgdak hkafkka ieye,a¨ (light weight) hkak ksrEmKhfõ.
• mrïmrd (generations) ;=klg wh;a jk mßÈ j¾.
l< leptons j¾. 6 la we;.
1st generation – e-, electron – neutrino νe
2nd generation – muon (μ-), muon – neutrino νμ
3rd generation – tau (τ-), tau – neutrino ντ
(ñka W. fm. uÜgfï § jeo.;a jkafka e- iy νe
muKs.)
• by; leptons 6 j¾.hg antileptons 6 la we;.
bf,lafg%dak (e) iy kHqá%fkdaj (νe) wh;a jkafka leptons
ldKavhgh.

• by; quarks 6 j¾.hg antiquarks 6 la we;. fmdisfg%dak (β+) iy m%;skHqá%fkdaj ( νe )wh;a jkafka
antileptons ldKavhgh.
• quarks j,g we;af;a bf,lafg%dakhlg wdfrdamKfha
úYd,;ajfhka (1.6 « 10-19 C) mx.=jla h. th tys e j, idfmalaI wdfrdamKh =-1
idfmalaI wdfrdamKh (relative charge) kï fõ. β+ j, idfmalaI wdfrdamKh =+1
u j, idfmalaI wdfrdamKh = + 2/3
d j, idfmalaI wdfrdamKh = - 1/3
νe iy νe j, idfmalaI wdfrdamKh =0

• quarks j,g neßfhdak wxlhla (baryon number) we;. Leptons i`oyd f,magka wxlhla ,nd foa.
ish¿ quarks j, baryon number = + 1/3 ish¿ leptons i`oyd f,magka wxlh = +1
ish¿ antiquarks j, baryon number = - 1/3 ish¿ antileptons i`oyd f,magka wxlh = - 1

neßfhdak (Baryons)
neßfhdak wxlh f,magka wxlh
neßfhdak hkafkka ner (heavy weight) hkak ksrEmKh fõ. Baryons +1 0
fm%dafgdak iy kHqfg%dak wh;a jkafka baryons ldKavhg h. Measons 0 0
Leptons 0 +1
fm%dafgdak iE§ we;af;a u, 2 lska iy d, 1 lska h.
p = (uud) m%;sl%shdjl § fyda laIh ùul § neßfhdak wxlh;a f,magka
p j, idfmalaI wdfrdamKh = 2/3 + 2/3 – 1/3 = + 1 wxlhla ixiaÓ;slj mj;S.
p j, neßfhdak wxlh = 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 = + 1
12 Mahen Jecob
wxY= ;ajrl (Particle accelarators)
hï jia;=jla ksÍlaIKh lsÍug thg jvd l=vd ;rx.
wdhduhka ;sìh hq;=h. tneúka mrudKqjl we;=<; oDIH
wdf,dalh Ndú;fhka ksÍlaIKh l< fkdyelsh.
mrudKql kHIaáfha iajNdjh mÍlaId lsÍu i`oyd ro¾*¾â
úiska isÿ lrk ,o mÍlaIKfha § ;ajß; α wxY=h. tys §
α wxY= ã fn%da.a,S ;rx. wdhduh 10-15 m jk ;rx. fuka
yeisreKs.
p iy n mÍlaId lsÍu i`oyd e fhdod .kakd úg e j,g b;du
l=vd ã fn%da.a,S ;rx. wdhduh ;sìh hq;=h. ta i`oyd e, 10
GeV jeks wêl Yla;shlg ;ajrKh l< hq;=h.
wxY= wêl Yla;Skag ;ajrKh lr .ekSu i`oyd ;ajrl
(accelerators) Ndú;d fõ. tajd m%Odk wdldr 3 la we;.
1. Linear accelerator (Linac)
tajd ßla; ùÿre l=àrhla ;=< iudlaIj f¾Çhj ilid
we;. is,skavr tlla yer tlla tlsfklg iïnkaO lr
T;af;a w.hhkaj,ska ±lajQ is,skavr WÉp ixLHd;
fjda,aàh;d foda,lhl tla w.%hlg;a brÜfÜ
w.hkaj,ska ±lajQ is,skavr wfkla w.%hg;a iïnkaO
lr we;. w¾O pl%hl § 1, 3 … is,skavr Ok
fjda,aàh;djhl we;s úg 2, 4 … is,skv a r RK
fjda,aàh;djhl we;. w¾O pl%hl § is,skavrj,
fjda,aàh;djfhys O%eùh;djh fjkia fõ. tkï 1, 3 …
RK jk w;r 2, 4 … Ok fõ. is,skavr folla w;r
mr;rfha § muKla whk ;ajrKh fõ. thg fya;=j
is,skavr folla w;r mr;rfha § we;s jk úoHq;a
lafIa;%hhs.
wxY=j tla is,skavrhlska msg;g tk úgu B<`.
iss,skavrfha O%eùh;djh udre ù ;sìh hq;=h. tu.ska
wxY=j tlu ÈYdjlg ;ajrKh lrjkq ,efí.
bÈßhg hk úg wxY=fõ fõ.h jeä jk ksid tlu
ld,hla ;=< hk ÿr jeä ksid k<hl È. o jeä l<
hq;=h.
fujekakla 3 km la muK È. úh yelsh. fuu.ska e,
50 GeV olajd ;ajrKh l< yelsh.
2. Cyclotron
13
ihslaf,dafg%dakfhys D1 iy D2 w¾O jD;a;dldr l=yr
f,day fmÜá folla we;. fuu fmÜá w;r wjldYfha
ueo whk m%Nj we;. fuu fmÜá tlsfkl mßjrKh
lr we;s w;r tajd ßla;hla ;=< ;nd we;. fmÜá fol
m%n, m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aàh;djl w.% folg iïnkaO lr
we;. moaO;sh m%n, pqïnl O%ej folla w;r ;nd we;.
D1 Wmßu RK úNjhl;a D2 Wmßu Ok úNjhl;a we;s
úg Ok whkhla fmÜá w;r ysvefia isg D1 foig
;ajrKh jQfha hehs is;uq. fmÜá ;=< úNj ksh; ksid
fmÜá ;=< § Ok whkfha fõ.h ksh; fõ.
fmÜá ;=< § pqïnl lafIa;%fha n,mEu ksid whkh
jD;a;dldr m:hl .uka lrhs. ±ka D2 RK úNjhlg;a
D1 Ok úNjhlg;a m;a jQ úg whk D1 isg D2 foig
;ajrKh fõ. th D2 ;=< jeä wrhlska hq;a jD;a;dldr
m:hl .uka lrhs. fï wkaoug fmÜáj, úNj m%;súreoaO
jk fudfydf;a tla fmÜáhl isg wfkla fmÜáhg Ok
whk ;ajrKh fõ.
fïjd p, α wxY= jeks nr wxY= ;ajrKh lsÍug fhdod
.kS. ñka 25 MeV jeks Yla;Ska ,nd .; yelsh.
3. Synchrotron
úNj wka;rh u.ska wxY=j ;ajrKh lr fok w;r
pqïnl lafIa;% u.ska jD;a;dldr m:hl f.k hhs.
úNj wka;rhla u.ska wxY=j ;ajrKh lrk úg fõ.h
jeä jk ksid tlu jD;a;dldr m:hl mj;ajd .ekSu
i`oyd tu fõ.hg .e,fmk mßÈ pqïnl i%dj >k;ajh
fjkia lrkq ,efí.
fïjd Ndú;fhka 1000 GeV g;a jeä Yla;Ska ,nd .;
yelsh.
wêl fõ.hka ;ajrKh l< wxY= loïn folla .eàug
ie,eiaùfuka (colliding beam experiments) fyda wp,
b,lalhlg wxY= loïnhla m;kh lsÍfuka (fixed target
experiment) fyda kj wxY= ksmojd .; yelsh.
Mahen Jecob
úlsrK ksÍlaIKh lsÍu

úlsrK iy .egqï m%;sM, ksÍlaIKh lsÍu i`oyd nyq,ju

fhdod .kakd wkdjrl folla jkafka,
1. j<dl=¿ l=àrh – Cloud Chamber
2. nqnq¨ l=àrh – Bubble Chamber

by< wyfia .uka lrk fcÜ hdkhla msgqmiska we;s j<dl=¿

j,a.h we;s jkafka jd;fha we;s c, jdIam tkaðfuka msgjk
whkSlrKh jQ jdhq wKq jgd tl;= ù l=vd c, ìxÿ iE§fukah.
tu j,a.h u.ska hdkfha .uka m:h y`ÿkd .; yelsh.

j<dl=¿ l=àrfha isÿjkafka o Bg iudk l%shdj,shls. tys §

we,afldfyd,a jdIam fhdod .efka. úlsrK u.ska l=àrh ;=<
we;s isis,a jd;h whkSlrKh lrhs. túg we,afldfyd,a whk
jgd >kSNjkh ùfuka j,a.hla idohs.

nqnq¨ l=àrh fndfyda ÿrg j<dl=¿ l=árhg iudkh. tys

m%Odku fjki jkafka jdhqj, whk jgd >kSNjkfhka j,a.h
iE§u fjkqjg øjhl whk jgd j,a.h iE§uhs.

iEfok j,a.fha § >klu, f¾Çh fyda jl%ùu, jl%;d wrh,

jl%jk ÈYdj wkqj úlsrK, wxY=j, .uH;djh, wdfrdamKh,
ialkaOh ms<sn`oj yeoEßh yelsh.

iajNdjfha we;s uQ,sl n,

iajNdjfha we;s uQ,sl n, 4 ls.

n,h l%shdlrk idfmalaI mrdih

wxY== m%n,;ajh
m%n, kHIaál kshqla,f
s hdak 1 10-15 m
(strong nuclear) /quarks u;
úoHq;a pqïnl wdfrdams; 10-2 ∞
(electromagnetic) wxY= u;
ÿ¾j, kHIaál quarks iy 10-5 10-17 m
(weak nuclear) leptons u;
.=re;ajdl¾IK ialkaOhla 10-40 ∞
(gravitational) we;s wxY=
u;

9 m%n, kHIaál n,h wdl¾IK n,hls.

9 kHIaáhla ;=< p iy n tlsfkl ne`o ;nd .ekSug bjy,a
jkafka m%n, kHIaál n,hhs.
9 ÿ¾j, kHIaál n,h wdl¾IK fyda úl¾IK fyda n,hls.
9 β - laIh ùug n,mdkafka ÿ¾j, kHIaál n,hhs.

14 Mahen Jecob