mDIAÀl wd;;sh Surface tension

øjiaÓ;s úoHdfõ § y÷kd.kakd øjhl yeisÍï weiqßka meyeÈ,s l<

fkdyels .=Kdx. øjhl mDIaGhla wdY%s;j oel.; yels h'
flaIsl k,hla ;=< c,h by< ke.Su" riÈh my< neiSu" c,hg jvd >k;ajh
jeä b¢ lgqjla c,fha mdùu" Bg inka jegqKq úg b¢ lgqj .s,S hdu"
ksoyia øj ìxÿ f.da,dldr ùu" iuyr ;Ska; j¾. mDIaGhl wdf,am l<
yels jqj;a yeu ;Ska; j¾.hlska u th l< fkdyels ùu" inka j, l=Kq
bj;a lsÍfï .=Kh''''''''
øj mDIaGhl we;s fuu úfYaI .;s.=K pd,l wKql jdofhka fufia meyeÈ,s
lr we;'

 iEu mod¾: wKqjla u ;ud wjg we;s wfkl=;a wKq uÕska wdl¾IKh
lrhs'
 fïjd ukao mrdi n, fõ' tneúka úIalïN lSmhl ÿrg iSud jQ n,bï
f.da,hla ;=<g fïjd iSud fõ'
 tlu j¾.fha wKq w;r n, ixYla; n, (cohesive forces) f,i o" fjkia
j¾.fha wKq w;r n, wdYla; n, (Adhesive forces) f,i o fïjd kï lr we;'

wNHka;r øj wKqjla jgd iEu foiska u fuu n, l%shd lr iuñ;sl;Ajfhka

tys iïm%hqla;h WodiSk fõ' kuq;a mDIaÀl øj wKqjl n, bï f.da,fha
my< w¾Ofha wKq wêl idkaøKhlska we;s neúka tajd øj wNHka;rh foig
iïm%hqla;hla ;khs'

fï wkqj mDIaÀl øj wKq yeuúg u øj wNHka;rhg we§ mj;S' fï fya;=fjka

øj mDIaGhla we§ mj;sk mg,hl iajrEmh .kS' tneúka øj mDIaGhla u;
we;s ´kE u ir, f¾Ldjla we§ mj;sk ;ka;=jls' tys wd;;s n, mj;S'
fïjd mDIaÀl wd;;s n, kï fõ'

øj mDIaGhlg iu;=,s; yevhla ,efnkafka mDIaÀl wKq u; l%shd lrk

iïm%hqla; n, j,g mDIAGh ,ïNl jk mßÈ h'

fï wkqj >k ì;a;shla wi, § øj mDIaG jl% fõ'

meyeÈ,s lsÍu (- >k ì;a;sh wi, mDIaÀl øj wKqjla ie,l+ úg th u;

fujeks n, moaO;shla l%shd lrhs'

Advanced Level Physics-Surface Tension-Isuru Dasanayaka 1

wNHka;r øj wKqjla jgd N wKq ixLHdjla wdl¾IK n, fhdohs kï"
mDIaGfha § th n wKq ixLHdjla fõ' (N>n) fï i|yd N-n wKq ixLHdjla
fhdod ;snQ wdl¾IK n,j,g tfrys j ld¾h lr .; hq;= fõ' fuu ld¾h
w;sf¾l úNj Yla;s úfYaIhla fõ' tneúka mDIaÀl wKq wNHka;r wKq
øjj,h jvd Yla;sjka;h'

w¾: oelaùï :-
iam¾Y fldaKh (𝝓) Angle of contact
>k ì;a;shla wi, § øj mDIaGhla jl% fõ' ì;a;sh wi, øj mDIaGhg we¢
iam¾Ylh >k ì;a;sh iuÕ idok øjh ;=,ska uefkk fldaKh tAjd w;r
idfmalaI iam¾Y fldaKhhs'

Advanced Level Physics-Surface Tension-Isuru Dasanayaka 2

iam¾Y fldaKh wod, øjh yd ì;a;sfha mod¾: wkqj r|d mj;S' ndysr
n,mEï uÕska fjkia l< yel' c,fha inka jeks oE Èh l< úg" 𝜙 wvq
fõ' tneúka frÈ lene,a,la fidaok úg inka fh§fï § iam¾Y fldaKh wvq
ù inka wxY= l=Kq wxY= fj; myiqfjka ,Õd fõ'

mDIaÀl wd;;s ix.=Klh (T)

øj mDIaGhla u; we¢ uk(l,ams; ir,

f¾Ldjl" tall È.la u;" tl me;a;lg" Bg
,ïNlj" mDIaGh Èf.a l%shd lrk n,h tu
øjfha mDIaÀl wd;;sh hs'
tallh - N m-1
udk - M L-2
fuh w§YhlS'
msßisÿ øjhl kshñ; WIaK;ajhl § ksh; mDIaÀl wd;;shla we;' kuq;a"
 øjh wmsßisÿ kï hï hï foa Èh lsÍfuka T fjkia fõ' c,fha inka
Èh l, úg T wvq fõ'
 WIaK;ajh jeä lsÍfï § T wvq fõ' th taldldr wvq ùula fkdfõ'

mDIaÀl wd;;sh Y+kH jk θc

wjê WIaK;ajh hss'

mDIAÀl wd;;s n, l%shd lrk wdldrh

01. øjhl .s,ajQ ùÿre máhla u;

mDIaGhl øj odrh u; mDIaGh Èf.a tall È.lg
T jQ n, yg .kS' iam¾Y fldaKh 𝜙 kï isriaj
my<g l%shd lrkafka Tcos𝜙 ixrplh hs'
tneúka" Tcos𝜙 x iïmQ¾K øj odrfha È.g iudk
jQ isria n,hla we;s jk w;r iam¾I fldaKh
Y+kH kï $ f;;a lrhs kï
cos𝜙 = 1 ↓ 𝐹 = Tcos𝜙 × 2 (a+b)
f;;a lrhs kï"
F = 2T (a+b)

02. is,skavrhla øjhl .s,ajd we;s úg

Advanced Level Physics-Surface Tension-Isuru Dasanayaka 3

03. k,hla .s,ajd we;súg

 øj mDIaGhla u; 𝑙 È.e;s ir, f¾Ldjla we;'

fuúg iïm%hqla;hla ke;'

iïm%hqla;hla we;s ùug tla me;a;l
øj mDIaGh bj;a l< hq;=h'

fuúg → F=Tl n,hla yg .kSS'

;ajrKh lrhs' ^kuq;a tla
me;a;lska øj mDIaGh bj;a lsÍu
uk(l,ams;h&

 𝑙 È.e;s ir, f¾Ldjla fjkqjg jD;a; pdmhla fyda fjk ´kEu yevhla
we;s úg o" mDIaÀl wd;;s n, ta ta ,CIH j, ,ïNlj l%shd lr F=Tl
iïm%hqla;hla tla me;a;l uk(l,ams; øj mDIaGhla we;súg ;khs'

Advanced Level Physics-Surface Tension-Isuru Dasanayaka 4

fuyss tla me;a;l mDIaÀl wd;;sh T1 øjhla o" wfkla me;af;a T2 øjhla
o we;akï
F = (T1 – T2)𝑙 iïm%hqla;hla yg .kS'
(T1 – T2) 𝑙 = ma wkqj a ;ajrKhla Bg ,efí'

 lïìhla inka mg,hl we;akï" mg,hg mDIaG folla we;s neúka mDIaÀl
wd;;s n, fo.=K fõ'
lïìh 𝑙 È.e;s kï"
→ F=Tl x 2

 inka mg,hl w¾O jD;a;dldr pdmhla we;'

mDIaÀl Yla;sh Surface energy

mDIaÀl øj wKq wNHka;r wKq j,g jvd jeä úNj Yla;s úfYaIhla orhs'
tall j¾.M,hla i;= fuu Yla;sh ksoyia$hdka;%sl mDIaÀl Yla;sh (free
surface energy) f,i w¾: oelafõ'
tallh - J m-2

wNHka;ßl øj wKq uÕska ifudaIaK ;;ajfha § (isothermally) tall mDIaÀl

j¾.M,hla ks¾udKh lsÍug l< hq;= ld¾h m%udKh o fuhhs'

Advanced Level Physics-Surface Tension-Isuru Dasanayaka 5

RcqfldaKdi%dldr lïì rduqfõ 𝐴 𝐵 >¾mKh l< yel' ixjD; fldgfia inka
mg,hla ;kd we;' mg,h uÕska lïìh u; 2𝑇𝑙 mDIaÀl wd;;s n,hla we;s
lrk w;r 𝐴 𝐵 ol=Kq me;a;g weof.k hdug o" wjYH n,h fuh hs' lïìh 𝑥
ÿrla weof.k hdug l< hq;= ld¾h m%udKh 𝐹𝑥 fõ' fuúg mg,h 𝑥𝑙
j¾.M,hlska m%idrKh jk w;r mDIaGh 2𝑙𝑥 m%udKhlska jeä fõ' fuh
ifudaIaK ;;ajfha flfrk úg 𝐹𝑥 ld¾h fï i|yd uq¨ukska u jeh jQ
Yla;sh fõ'
𝐹𝑥
tall j¾.M,hla ;ekSug wjYH ld¾h = 2𝑥𝑙

2𝑇𝑙𝑥
= 2𝑙𝑥

= T
—wNHka;ßl øj wKq uÕska ifudaIaK ;;aj hgf;a tall mDIaÀl j¾.M,hla
ks¾udKh lsÍug wjYH ld¾h m%udKh mDIAÀl wd;;shg iudk fõ'˜

Wod(-

01' <ufhl= .ia,nq nghlska inka fnda, mqïnhs' wrh 2cm jQ inka
fnda, ñks;a;=jg 100 la mqïnk úg fmKye,af,a m%;sodk CIu;djh
fidhkak'

inka nqnq<l f.da,Sh mDIaÀl j¾.M,h 2𝜋𝑟 2 jqj;a mg,hg mDIaG folla
we;s neúka

inka nqnq<l mDIaÀl j¾.M,h 4𝜋𝑟 2 × 2

tla nqnq<la msïîug ld¾h 4𝜋𝑟 2 × 2 × 𝑇

4𝜋𝑟 2 × 2 × 𝑇 × 100
fmKye,af,a CIu;djh W
60

02' mDIaÀl wd;;sh T jQ wrh R jQ j;=r ìxÿjla iudk ìxÿ 8 lg lvhs'

wjYH wju Yla;sh @

f,dl= ìxÿfõ mßud = 3⁄

4𝜋𝑟 3
fuh l=vd ìxÿ 8l mßudjg iudk fõ'

∴ 3⁄4𝜋𝑟 3 = 8 × 3⁄4𝜋𝑟 3
𝑅 = 2𝑟
𝑟 = 𝑅⁄2
wdrïNl mDIaÀl j¾.M,h 4𝜋𝑅 2
𝑅
ìxÿ 8 ys mDIaÀl j¾.M,h 4𝜋( 2 )2 × 8
j¾.M,h jeä ùu 4𝜋𝑅 2
tall j¾.M,hla ;ekSug wjYH ld¾h T neúka fï i|yd wjYH ld¾h

Advanced Level Physics-Surface Tension-Isuru Dasanayaka 6

 𝑇 × 4𝜋𝑟 2
fujeks ìxÿ 8la tl;= ù úYd, ìxÿjla ,efí kï fuu Yla;s fjki ;dmh
yereKs hehs Wml,amkh lf<d;a" WIaK;aj ke.au"
Q = msθ

mg,hla u; ;ekQ mqvqjla ;=< wd;;sh

inka mg,hla u; ;ka;=jlska ;ekQ mqvqjla ;enQ úg Bg ´kEu u yevhlsk
iu;=,s; úh yels hs'

wNHka;r mg, fldgi levQ úg fuh we§ mj;sk jD;a;hla fõ'

mqvqfõ w¾Ohl iu;=,s;;djh i,luq'

f.da,Sh mDIaGhl wu;r mSvkh Pressure difference across spherical

meniscus
øj mDIaGhla f.da,Sh yevhla .kakd úg tys wNHka;r mSvkh ndysr
mSvkhg jvd by< w.hl mj;S'

Advanced Level Physics-Surface Tension-Isuru Dasanayaka 7

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑜 = wu;r fyj;a jeäukka mSvkh hs (excess pressure)' th ,nd .ekSug
w¾O nqnq,l iu;=,s;;sjh i,luq'

f.da,Sh mDIaGhla u; mSvk l%shd lrkafka ta ta ,CIHg ,ïNljh' thska

,efnk iïm%hqla;h fyj;a f;rmqu jkafka mSvkfha;a" iïm%hqla; n,h
f.dvkef.k ÈYdjg j¾.M,h m%lafIamkh lsÍfuka ,efnk j¾.M,fha;A
.=Ks;hghs' fï wkqj wNHka;r yd ndysr mSvk uÕska mDIaGh u; ;kk n,"

→ 𝑃𝑖 × 𝜋𝑟 2

← 𝑃𝑜 × 𝜋𝑟 2
óg wu;rj wfkla w¾O f.da,h mßêh Èf.a

← 𝑇 × 2𝜋𝑟
n,hla fhdod iu;=,s;j mj;ajd .kS'

𝑃𝑖 × 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝑃𝑜 × 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝑇 × 2𝜋𝑟

2𝑇
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝑟

2𝑇
𝑃𝑖 - 𝑃𝑜 + 𝑟

 f.da,hl mDIaG fldgila we;;a fuu ∆𝑃 mj;S'

 jd;fha we;s øj ìxÿjla fuka u øjhla ;=< we;s jdhq nqnq,l ∆𝑃 =
2𝑇
fõ'
𝑅
4𝑇
 inka nqnq,l mg,fha mDIaG folla we;s neúka 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝑅
 nqnq,l fldgil mjd fujeks mSvk fjkila we;'
flaIsl Woa.ukh Capillary rise
flaIsl k,hla øjhlg oeuQ úg" k,h ;=< øj udjlh by<ska ne¨ úg
fmfkkafka wj;, yevfhka kï" øj l| iu;=,s; jkafka k,h ;=< flaIsl
Woa.ukhla iys;j h'

Advanced Level Physics-Surface Tension-Isuru Dasanayaka 8

k,fha wrh a yd udjlfha wrh r w;r iïnkaOh

iam¾I fldaKh Y=kH kï" r = a

w¾O f.da,hla k,h ;=< ks¾udKh fõ'

øj lf|a iu;=,s;;djh i,ld flaIsl Woa.ukh i|yd m%lYkhla ,nd .ekSu

"

øj mDIaGh k,hg fhdok mDIaÀl

wd;;s n, j,g iudk yd m%;súreoaO
n, k,h o we;s lrhs' th ↑
Tcos∅ ×2πa
øj lf|a nr ↓ hpg × πa2
Tcos∅ ×2πa = πa2 hpg
2𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
ℎ𝑝𝑔 = 𝑎

Advanced Level Physics-Surface Tension-Isuru Dasanayaka 9

 k,hlg kshñ; flaIsl Woa.ukhg jvd øjhg msg;ska we;s k, fldgfia
È. flá kï"

flaIsl wm.ukh Capillary drop

flaIsl k,h øjfha .s,a jQ úg" th ;=< we;s jk øj udjlh by<ska ne¨
úg fmfkkafka W;a;, yevfhka kï" flaIsl wm.ukhla yg .kS'

Advanced Level Physics-Surface Tension-Isuru Dasanayaka 10

wod< flaIsl wm.ukhg jvd .s¨Kq .eUqr wvq kï jl%fha wrh úYd, fõ'

k,hla fl<jr nqnq<la f.dvke.Su

øjhla ;=< k,hla .s,ajd jd;h flrmSfï § tys fl<jr nqnq¨ ks¾udKh
fõ' wdrïNfha úYd, udjlhla we;s wrhlska mgkaf.k l%ufhka wrh wvq
ù k,fha wrhg iudk fõ' túg w¾O f.da,hla ,efnk w;r nqnq, ;=< Wmßu
mSvkh o mj;S' fuh udjlfha l=vdu wrh hs' ;j;a jd;h f;rmSfï § wrh
úYd, fõ' tfia mej;Sug mSvkh wvq úh hq;= neúka tys meje;au wia:djr
fõ' nqnq, bj;a fõ'

iu;=,s; øj l|ka
my; oelafjk øj l|ka iu;=,s;j mj;S o@

Advanced Level Physics-Surface Tension-Isuru Dasanayaka 11

Advanced Level Physics-Surface Tension-Isuru Dasanayaka 12
;dmamhl ys,la we;' fldmuK Wig c,h oeñh yels o@

fuu Ndckh j;=f¾ hï .eUqrla olajd Tnk f;la c,h we;=<g ldkaÿ fkdfõ'

flaIsl k, weiqßka U k,hla Ndú;d lrk úg"

Advanced Level Physics-Surface Tension-Isuru Dasanayaka 13

 biqre oikdhl
BScEng(Hon’s)-Peradeniya
Mechanical Engineering
2019 T/R-Surface tension

Advanced Level Physics-Surface Tension-Isuru Dasanayaka 14