wdorKSh ÿfõ, mqf;a,

fujr idudkH fm< úNd.hg fmkS isák Tn fj; idudkH fm< úoHdj úIHh ks¾foaYhg
wh;a fN!;sl úoHdj flá igyka fmd;la ,nd oSug yelsùu ud ,o Nd.Hhla f,i
i,lñ.

fmdf<dkakrej osia;%slalh ;=, jir 31 l ld,hla Wmldrl mx;s .=rejrfhl= iy mdi,a

.=rejrfhl= f,i Wiia fm< fN!;sl úoHdj úIHh b.eùfïoS ud ,o w;aoelSï wkqj ug
fmkS.sh m%Odk lrekla jkafka idudkH fm< úoHdj úIHhg wh;a fN!;sl úoHdj fldgia
ioyd isiqka olajk oCI;dj wvq njh. fuu fmd; Tn fj; ,ndfokq ,nkafka taa ioyd
Tn olajk Wkkaÿj jeä lrùu ioydh.

fuu fmd; ks¾udKfhaoS ud yg Wmßu iyfhda.hla ,ndÿka 2020 Wiia fm< úNd.fhaoS
.Ks; wxYfha m%:u ia:dkh oskd.;a udf.a wdorKSh YsIHfhl= fukau oSma;su;a orefjl=
jk fjkqr l,aydr mq;dg iy tu ujqmshkag fukau fmdf;ys wvqmvq fmkajd foñka
ksrka;r iyfhda.hla ,ndÿka idudkH fm< úoHdj úIHh ms<sn`oj jir 23 lg jeä
ld,hla w;aoelSï we;s j¾;udkfha fmdf<dkakrej rdclSh úoHd,fha .=rejßhl f,i
fiajh lrK ud wdorKSh ìßo ;rx.d iy udf.a ore ;sfokdg;a fnfyúka ia;+; s jka;
fjñ.

j¾;udkfha mj;sk uqøK wmyiq;d ksid fuu fmd; uqøKh lr oSug fkdyelsùu ms<snoj
udf.a lK.dgqj m%ldY lrñ. fuu fmd; mßYS,kfhaoS fmd; ms<snoj Tn olajk woyia
WhatsApp wxlh Tiafia udfj; oekqï fokafka kï th b;du;a w.h fldg i,lñ.
Tnf.a ish¨ is;=ï me;=ï bgqjk iqn wkd.;hla m%d¾:kd lrñ.

H.Y. Athula Kumara,

EXCEL College, No. 25/2, Circuler Road, Polonnaruwa.
071-8024205, 077-7264336.

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

 ir, f¾Çh p,s;h
ffoYsl yd wÈY rdYs ye`Èkaùu
 lsishï fN!;sl rdYshl w.h m%ldY lsÍfï § úYd,;ajhla muKla m%ldY lsÍu iEfya kï
th wÈY rdYshla f,i ye|skafõ' Wod ( ÿr" fõ.h" ialkaOh" ld,h
 lsishï fN!;sl rdYshl w.h m%ldY lsÍfï § úYd,;ajhg wu;rj ÈYdjla wjYH fõ kï
th ffoYsl rdYshla f,i ye|skafõ' Wod ( úia:dmkh" m%fõ.h" ;ajrKh" nr
ÿr
 lsishï ,laIh folla w;r fláu È. fkdjk fjk;a ´kEu È.la ÿrls' ÿr wÈYhls' ÿr
È.ls' tu ksid tys tall óg¾ fõ'
úia:dmkh
 lsishï ,laIh folla w;r fláu È. úia:dmkh fõ' úia:dmkh ffoYslhls' úia:dmkh
È.ls' tu ksid tys tall óg¾ fõ'
fõ.h
ÿr .uka l< uq¿ ÿr
fõ.h } uOHl fõ.h }
ld,h ld,h
m%fõ.h
úia:dmkh
m%fõ.h }
ld,h
;ajrKh

m%fõ. fjki wdrïNl m%fõ.h ¬ wjidk m%fõ.h

;ajrKh } uOHl m%fõ.h }
ld,h 2

úia:dmkh } uOHl m%fõ.h « ld,h

p,s;-m%ia:dr
úia:dmk-ld, m%ia:dr
 x-wlaIhg ld,h;a, y-wlaIhg úia:dmkh;a f.k woskq ,nk m%ia;drhla úia:dmk-ld,
m%ia:drhls'
 úia:dmk-ld, m%ia:drhl wKql%ukfhka m%fõ.h ,efí'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

m%fõ.-ld, m%ia:dr
 x-wlaIhg ld,h;a y-wlaIhg m%fõ.h;a f.k woskq ,nk m%ia;dr m%fõ.-ld, m%ia:drhls'
 m%fõ.-ld, m%ia:drhl wKql%ukfhka ;ajrKh ,efí'
 m%ia:drfha ir, f¾Ldj x-wlaIh iu. idok j¾.M,fhka úia:dmkh ,efí'

.=re;ajc ;ajrKh
 fmd<j uÜgfuka by< we;s jia;=jla h<s fmd<jg jeàfï§ ,la jk ;ajrKh" .=re;ajc
;ajrKhhs' fuh .=re;ajdl¾IK n,h ksid yg.kS' fuys ixfla;h g fõ' fmdf<dj u;=msg
^uqyqÿ uÜgfï& § .=re;ajc ;ajrKh i|yd idudkH w.h 9'8 ms-2 muK fõ' .Kkfha §
myiqj i|yd 10 ms-2 Ndú; lrhs'

p,s;h ms<sn| ksõgka kshu

ksõgkaf.a m<uq jk kshuh
 ndysr wiu;=,s; n,hla fhfok ;=re ksYap, jia;+ka ksYap,;djfhau mj;sk w;r" p,kh
jk jia;+ka taldldr m%fõ.fhka ir< f¾Ldjla osf.a p,kh fõ'
ksõgkaf.a fojk kshuh
 jia;=jl we;s jk ;ajrKh" thg fhdokq ,nk wiu;=,s; n,hg wkqf,dau j iudkqmd;sl jk
w;r" jia;=fõ ialkaOhg m%;sf,dau j iudkqmd;sl fõ'

F = ma

by; we;sjk ;ajrKh" fhdok wiu;=,s; n,fha ÈYdjgu we;sfõ'

ksõgkaf.a ;=kajk kshuh
 iEu l%shdjlgu úYd,;ajfhka iudk jQ;a ÈYdfjka m%;súreoaO jQ;a m%;sl%shdjla we;'
.uH;dj
.uH;dj = ialkaOh « m%fõ.h
𝑃 = 𝑚 × 𝑣
.uH;dfjys tallh kg m s-1 fõ' .uH;dj ffoYsl rdYshls'
ialkaOh yd nr
nr } ialkaOh « .=re;ajc ;ajrKh
𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

 >¾IKh
 tlsfkl yd iam¾Y ù we;s jia;= folla w;r" idfmalaI úia:dmkhla isÿùfï fm,Uqula we;s
jqjfyd;a tu fm,Uqu je<elaùug fyda jia;= fol w;r idfmalaI úia:dmkhla mj;S kï tu
úia:dmkh je<elaùug tu jia;= fofla mDIaG w;r l%shd;aul jk n," >¾IK n, hkqfjka
y÷kajkq ,efí'
iaÓ;sl" iSudldÍ iy .;sl >¾IK n,h
 iaÓ;sl >¾IK n,h - n,hla fhdoKq ,enqjo jia;= w;r idfmalaI p,s;hla fkdue;s
wjia:dj, l%shd;aul jk >¾IK n,h
 iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h - p,s;h hka;ñka wdrïN jk wjia:dfõ l%shd;aul jk >¾IK n,h
 .;sl >¾IK n,h - jia;= w;r idfmalaI p,s;hla mj;sk wjia:dj, l%shd;aul jk
>¾IK n,
iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h flfrys n,mdk idOl
 iam¾Y mDIaGj, iajNdjh iy wNs,ïn m%;sl%shdj '
 iam¾Y mDIaGj, j¾.M,fha n,mEula fkdue;'
>¾IKh wvq lr.kakd l%u
 iam¾Y mDIaGj, r¿ nj wvq lr .ekSu fyj;a mDIaG iqug lsÍu'
 iam¾Y mDIaG fol w;r ñksrka" ,sysis f;,a" .%Sia jeks ,sysis øjH fh§u'
 .efgk mDIaG fol w;rg fnda, fnhdßï (ball bearings) wd§ Wmdx. fh§u'
>¾IK n,fhka we;s m%fhdack
 mDIaGhla u; wmg weúo f.k hd yels ùu'
 >¾IKh wvqù ,siaiSu je<elaùug tu fudag¾ r: jdyk gh¾ j,g lÜg fhdod ;sãu'
 jdyk j, ;sßx. moaO;s o lsh
% d;aul jkafka >¾IK n,fhks'
iïm%hqla; n,h
 n, tllg jeä .Kkla fhfok úg tu n, ish,a, fjkqjg fhdok ;ks n,h iïm%hqla;h
n,h (resultant force) kï fõ'
tal f¾Çh n,/iudka;r n, foll iïm%hqla;h
 jia;=jla u; tlu ÈYdjg tal f¾Çh n,/iudka;r n, folla l%shd lrk úg tu n, fofla
iïm%hqla;h tu n, foflys tl;=jg iudk fõ' ÈYdj tu n, fh¥ ÈYdjg fõ'
 jia;=jla u; úreoaO w;g tal f¾Çh n,/iudka;r n, folla fhdok úg iïm%hqla; n,h
tu n, fofla fjkiska ,efnk w;r ÈYdj jeä n,fha ÈYdj fõ'
F1
F F1 F2 F
F2
F = F1 + F2 F = F1 - F2
wdk; n, foll iïm%hqla;h
 wdk; n, fol úYd,;ajh yd osYdj w;ska
iudka;%di%hl mdo folla u.ska ksrEmkh F1
l, úg tu iudka;%di%fha úl¾Kh Tiafia F
iïm%hqla; n,fha úYd,;ajh yd osYdj fokq
,efí. F2
ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA
 n,hl N%uK wdprKh
n, >Q¾Kh
 hï wlaIhla jgd jia;=jla N%uKh lrùug fhdod.kq ,nk fN!;sl rdYsh n, >Q¾Khla f,i
yÿkajhs'

 n, >Q¾Kfha tall N m fõ' n, >Q¾Kh ffoYsl rdYshls'

n, >Q¾Khl úYd,;ajh yd ÈYdj
 m<uqj i,lkq ,nk moaO;sfha hï ,laIHhla f;drd.kak' tu ,laIHh u; ol=Kf;a$juf;a
uymg we`.s,a, ;nkak' bkamiq Ndú; l< wf;a b;sß we`.s,s y;r" n, >Q¾Khla we;slsÍug
odhl jk n,h u; fyda tA wdikakj ;nkak'
 uymg we`.s,a, ljlgqjl ;=v f,i;a, we`.s,s y;r ljlgqjl mekai, f,i;a ksrEmKh jk
fia i,ld" n,h lsh
% d lrk foig we`.s,s y;r lrljkak'
 we`.s,s y;r Trf,daiqjl lgq lerflk w;g lerflhs kï olaIsKdj¾; >Q¾Khla o"
Trf,daiqjl lgq lerflk w;g úreoaO w;g lerflhs kï jdudj¾; >Q¾Khla o f,i i,lkq
,nhs'

n, >Q¾K j, iïm%hqla;h

 hï ,laIHhla jgd tla tla n, u.ska we;s lrk >Q¾K j, ÈYdj jdudj¾;$olaIsKdj¾; f,i
yÿkd .kak' olaIsKdj¾; >Q¾K j, w.hkq;a" jdudj¾; >Q¾K j, w.hkq;a fjk fjku
tl;= lr.kak'
 tu olaIsKdj¾; yd jdudj¾; >Q¾K j, tl;=fõ fjkiska iïm%hqla; n, >Q¾Kh ,efí.
n, >Q¾K hgf;a iu;=,s;;dj
 jia;=jla iu;=,s;;dfõ mj;S kï moaO;shl iïm%hqla; olaIsKdj¾; >Q¾Kh" tys iïm%hqla;
jdudj¾; >Q¾Khg iudk fõ '
n, hq.auh
 tlsfklg hï mr;rhla iys; ls%hd f¾Ld Èf.a jia;=jla u; m%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g ls%hd lrk
iudk úYd,;ajfhka hq;= n, folla" n, hq.auhla (A couple of forces) f,i ye¢kafõ'
 n, hq.auhla jia;=jla u; fhfok úg tu n, fol tlsfklg m%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g mj;sk
w;r úYd,;ajfhka iudk neúka iïm%hqla;h Y+kH fõ'

n, hq.auhl >Q¾Kh = F x d F
d
F = n,h
d = n, l%shd lrk f¾Ld w;r ,ïn ÿr F
 n, hq.auhl >Q¾Kfha tall Nm fõ'
n, hq.aufha fh§ï
 c, lrduhla újD; lsÍfï§ yd jeiSfï§
 jdyk iqlaldku lrleùfï§

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

 n, iu;=,s;;dj
n, folla hgf;a jia;=jl iu;=,s;;dj
 n, folla hgf;a jia;=jla iu;=,s;j mej;S kï"
1' n, fol úYd,;ajfhka iudk úh hq;= h'
2' n, fol m%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g l%shd l< hq;= h'
3' n, fol tlu f¾Ldj Èf.a l%shd l< hq;= h'
tal;, iudka;r n, ;=kla hgf;a jia;=jl iu;=,s;;dj
 iudka;r n, ;=kla hgf;a jia;=jla iu;=,s;j ;sîug"
1' n, ;=k tal;, úh hq;= h'
2' tla n,hla wfkla n, fofla iïm%hqla;hg m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg l%shd l< hq;=h'
3' n, foll iïm%hqla;h ;=kajk n,hg úYd,;ajfhka iudk yd ÈYdfjka m%;súreoaO
úh hq;= h'
iudka;r fkdjk tal;, n, ;=kla hgf;a jia;=jl iu;=,s;;dj
 tlsfklg wdk; n, ;=kla hgf;a jia;=jla iu;=,s; ùug"
1' n, ;=k tal;, úh hq;= h'
2' n, ;=fkys l%shd f¾Ld tlu ,laIHhl § yuq úh hq;= h'
3' n, foll iïm%hqla;h ;=ka jk n,hg iudk yd ÈYdfjka m%;súreoaO úh hq;= h'

øj iaÓ;sl mSvkh
mSvkh

fuys tAllh N m-2 fõ' fuh meial,a (Pa) f,io yÿkajhs'

øj mSvkh
øjhla ;=, msysá ,CIhl uq¨ mSvkh = jdhq f.da,Sh mSvkh + øj lfoa mSvkh

P = P0 + hρg
 øj mSvkfha .=Kdx.
1' øjhla ;=< hï ia:dkhl § mSvkh Bg by<ska we;s øj lf|a Wi u; r|d mj;S'
tkï øj lf|a Wi jeä jk úg mSvkh jeä jk w;r Wi wvq jk úg mSvkh wvqfõ'
2' øjfha iu uÜgïj, § mSvk iudk fõ'
3' øjh ;=< hï ia:dkhl § ´kEu ÈYdjlg mSvkh tlu w.hla .kS'
4' øj mSvkh øj lf|a yevh u; r`od fkdmj;sk w;r" øj lf|a isria Wi u; muKla
r`od mj;S'

øj u.ska mSvkh iïfm%aIKh

 n,hla fh¥ úg iïmSvkhg ,la fkdjk
øjhlg hï lsis ;ekl§ ,nd fok mSvkh"
tu øjh u.ska ;j;a ;eklg iïfm%aYkh l<
yel' rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ A msiagkh u;

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

 20 N n,hla fh¥ úg B msiagkh u.ska 200 N n,hla
,nd .; yel' th isÿjk whqre my; ±lafõ'
A msiagkh u; mSvkh"
 fuf,iu ødj celalf
= õ yd jdyk j, ;sßx. moaO;s j,o fuu mSvk iïfm%aYk uQ,O¾uh
fhdod .kS'

jdhq mSvkh
 jdhq mSvkhla we;s úh yels wdldr folls'
1' øj l|l nr ksid mSvkhla we;s jk wdldrhg u jdhq l|l nr ksid mSvkhla we;s ùu'
2' iïmSvkh lrk ,o jdhqjla m%idrKh ùug .kakd W;aidyh ksid mSvkhla we;s ùu'
jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh
 mDÓú jdhq f.da,fha jQ ´kEu ,laIHla u;" Bg by,ska jQ jd;fha
nr u.ska^øjhla ;=< yg.kakd mSvkh wdldrhg& tu ,laIHh
we;slrk mSvkh" jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh hs'
 jdhqf.dA,Sh mSvkh" b;d,s cd;sl fgdßfi,a,s(Torricelli) kue;s
úoHd{hd úiska m%:ufhka u uksk ,È' th my; wegjqu u.sk a
isÿlrk ,È'
øjhl iu uÜgï j, mSvk iudk neúka"
A ,laIHfha mSvkh = B ,laIHfha mSvkh
ßla;fha mSvkh + riÈh lf|a mSvkh = jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh
0 + hρg = jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh
jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh = 0.76 m × 13600 kg m-3 × 10 m s-2
= 103 360 Pa
~ 1×105 Pa
 uqyqÿ uÜgfï § jdhQf.da,Sh mSvkh 76 cm Hg fõ' uqyqÿ uÜgfuka by<g .uka lrk úg
jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh wvqfõ' jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh uekSug riÈh Ndú;fhka idod .;a WmlrKh
riÈh jdhq mSvkudkh (mercury barometer) kï fõ' jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh uekSu i|yd øj
Ndú; fkdlrk mSvkudk o we;' tajd ks¾øj jdhq mSvkudk (aneroid barometers) kñka
ye¢kafõ'
tÈfkod lghq;= i|yd jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh fhdod .ekSu
o nghla Ndú;fhka îu mdkh
o ihs*k (siphon) l%ufhka gexlshl we;s c,h bj;a lsÍu
o rn¾ pQIlfhys l%shdj

bms,Su
Wvql=re f;rmqu
 bms,Sug ke;fyd;a mdùug WmldÍ jk fN!;sl rdYshhs' ´kEu jia;=jla" øjhl .s,ajQ úg"
tu øjh u.ska tu jia;=j u; by<g we;slrk n,h" Wvql=re f;rmqu hs'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

wdlsñäia uQ,O¾uh
“jia;=jla ;r,hla ;=< w¾O jYfhka fyda mQ¾K jYfhka fyda
.s,S we;s úg" th u; l%shd lrk Wvql=re f;rmqu jia;=j u.ska
úia:dms; ;r, mßudfõ nrg iudk fõ'”

u = Wvql=re f;rmqu
mg = nr
u > mg úg jia;=j øjh u;=msgg meñfKa'
u = mg úg jia;=j .s,S mdfõ'
u < mg úg jia;=j øjh m;=<g .uka lrhs'

øjudkh
 øjj, iy ødjKj, >k;ajh uek .ekSug Ndú; lrk
WmlrKhhs'
 øj ;=< isriaj md lr.ekSug WmldÍ jk mßÈ n,anfha Bhï
uqksiaiï wvx.= fõ'

ld¾hh" Yla;h
s yd cjh
ld¾hh
ld¾hh = n,fha úYd,;ajh « n,h hgf;a .uka l< ÿr

w = F×S

ld¾hh wÈY rdYshls' ld¾hh tAll N m fyj;a cQ,a (J) fõ'

1J=1Nm
Yla;sh
 ld¾hh lsÍfï yelshdj" Yla;sh fõ' fuys tAll J fõ'
pd,l Yla;sh
 p,kh jk jia;=jl wka;¾.; Yla;sh tu jia;=j i;= pd,l Yla;sh
f,i ye¢kafõ'
úNj Yla;sh
 jia;=jl msysàu wkqj fyda jia;=jl yevh fjkia ùu ksid fyda
.nvd jk Yla;sh úNj Yla;sh f,i ye¢kafõ'
 úNj Yla;sh .=re;ajdl¾IK úNj Yla;sh f,i o ye¢kafõ'
cjh fyj;a laIu;dj
 tAll ld,hl§ isÿ lrk ld¾hh m%udKh fyj;a
ld¾hh lsÍfï YS>%;djh cjh fõ'

cjfha tAll J s-1 fyj;a W (fjdÜ = Watt) fõ'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

 Odrd úoHq;h
iaÓ;s úoHq;h
 mßjdrl øjH j, mDIaG u; r|k .,d fkdhk wdfrdamK úoHq;a wdfrdamK fõ' msßue§u
u.ska fïjd we;s l< yel' fïjd ksid úoHq;a wdl¾IK/úl¾IK n, we;sfõ'
 mDIaGhl hï lsis wdfrdamKhla we;sùug tys mrudKq yd ,sys,aj ne|S we;s bf,lafg%dak odhl
fõ' mDIaGhlska bf,lafg%dak bj;a jqjfyd;a tu mDIaGh (+) f,i wdfrdams; fõ' mDIaGhlg
bf,lafg%dak ,nd ÿka úg tu mDIaGh (-) f,i wdfrdams; fõ' fuf,i we;sjk iaÓ;s úoHq; a
wdfrdamK hï ÈYdjlg .e,Sfï § úoHq;a Odrdjla we;sfõ'

ikakdhl
 bf,lafg%dak Odrdjlg myiqfjka .,d hdug bv i,ik øjH ikakdhl øjH fõ' f,day uQ,
øjH mrudKqj, ndysr u ljpfha we;s bf,lafg%dakj,g myiqfjka bj;a úu ksoyia fyj;a
uqla; bf,lafg%dak f,i ye|skafõ. fuu uqla; bf,lafg%dak mej;Su ksid úoHq;a Odrdj myiqfjka
f,day ;=<ska .uka lrhs'
 rEmfha mßÈ fldaIfha ^-& w.%h u.ska bf,lafg%dak úl¾IKh lrhs'
^+& w.%h u.ska tAjd wdl¾IKh lrhs'
 bf,lafg%dak ^-& w.%h isg ^+& w.%h foig .,hs' fuu .e,Su
bf,lafg%dak Odrdjla f,i y`ÿkajhs'
 bf,lafg%dak .,k ÈYdjg m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg bf,lafg%dak bj;aùu
ksid we;sjk l=yr .uka lrk ksid iïu;hla f,i úoHq;a Odrdj
fldaIfha ^+& w.%h isg ^-& w.%h olajd .,hs'

Odrdj
 Odrdfõ úYd,;ajh uekSug weïmsh¾-Ampiere (A) Ndú;
lrhs' Odrdfõ úYd,;ajh uekSug weógrh (Ammter) fyda
ixLHdxl nyqógrh (Digital Multimeter) Ndú; lrhs'
 weógrhla mßm:hlg iïnkaO lsÍu rEmfha oelafjk
mßos fY%aKs.;j l, hq;=h

úNj wka;rh yd úoHq;a .dul n,h

 úÿ,s m%Njhl ^-& w.%fh§ bf,lafg%dak u; úl¾IK n, we;ss lrhs' ^+& w.%fha§ wdl¾IK n,
we;sfõ' fï ksid bf,lafg%dak u; “úoHq;a mSvk wka;rhla” we;sfõ' fuu úoHq;a mSvk
wka;rh" úNj wka;rh (V) f,i ye|skafõ'
 úNj wka;rh fjda,aÜ ^V& j,ska ukskq ,nhs'
 ^-& w.%fh§ bf,lafg%dak u; we;slrk úl¾IK n,h úoHq;a .dul n,hhs' fldaIhl úoHq; a
.dul n,h hkq thska Odrdjla ,nd fkd.kakd úg tys w.% w;r úNj wka;rhhs'
 fldaIhlska Odrdjla ,nd.kakd úg fldaIfha iemhqï úNj wka;rhg m%;súreoaO úNj
wka;rhla fldaIfha w.% w;r we;sfõ^fuh fldaIh ;=< jQ wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOhla ksid we;sfõ&'
fï ksid mßm:hla ;=<ska Odrdjla .,k úg tys iemhqï fldaIfha w.% w;r úNj wka;rh

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

 jkafka fldaIfha úoHq;a .dul n,fhka" by; jQ m%;súreoaO
úNjka;rh wvq l< úg ,efnk w.hhs'
 mßm:hl ,laIH folla w;r úNjka;rh" fjda,aàh;dj f,i
y`ÿkajhs' fjda,aàh;dj uekSug fjda,aÜógrh Ndú; lrhs'
 fjda,aÜógrhla mßm:hlg iïnkaO lsÍu rEmfha oelafjk
mßos iudka;r.;j l, hq;=h
 ikakdhlhla ;=<ska Odrdjla .e,Sug tys w.% w;r
úNjka;rhla ;sîu w;HjYH fõ'
 ikakdhlhla ;=<ska .,k Odrdj yd tys w.% w;r úNjka;rh w;r iïnkaOh òï kshuh
u.ska fokq ,efí.

´ï kshuh :-
“ikakdhlhl WIaK;ajh ksh; úg t;=<ska .,k Odrdj ^I&" tys w.% w;r úNjka;rh ^V& g"
wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fõ'”

V = IR

 R hkq iudkqmd;sl ksh;hla jk w;r th m%;sfrdaOh f,i yÿkajhs. ikakdhl lïìhla i;=
m%;sfrdaOh Odrdjla .e,Sug we;s ndodjla f,i .; yel.
 m%;sfrdaOfha tAll ´ï (Ω) fõ' ikakdhlhl fofl<jrg 1 V úNjka;rhla fh¥ úg t;=<ska
1 A Odrdjla .,hs kï" tu ikakdhlfha m%;sfrdaOh 1 Ω fõ'
 m%;sfrdaOh uekSug ´ï ógrh Ndú;d lrhs'
 ikakdhlhla ;=<ska .,k Odrdj (I) g tÈßj" tys fofl<jr úNjka;rh (V) m%ia:dr.;
l< úg my; m%ia:drh ,efí'
 m%;sfrdaOfha mßm: ixfla;h my; oelafõ. V
 ikakdhlhl m%;sfrdaOh flfrys my; idOl n,mdkq
,efí'
1' ikakdhlfha È.
2' ikakdhlfha yrialv j¾.M,h I
3' ikakdhlh ;kd we;s øjHh
 ikakdhlfha È. jeä jk úg tys m%;sfrdaOh jeä fõ' ikakdhlfha yrialv j¾.M,h wvq
jk úg tys m%;sfrdaOh jeäfõ' ikakdhlh ;kd we;s øjHh u; tys m%;sfrdaOh fjkia fõ'
 by; mßÈ m%;sfrdaOh fjkia jkafka tA tA f,day j, m%;sfrdaOl;dj kï .=Kh fjkia ùuhs'

m%;sfrdaOl
 ikakdhlhla ;=<ska .,k Odrdj md,kh lsÍug Ndú;d
lrk Wmdx.h m%;sfrdaOl fõ'
 V = IR g wkqj V ksh; úg IR .=Ks;h o ksh; fõ' tA
ksid R jeä lrk úg I wvqfõ' tA ksid mßm:hl Odrd

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

 iemhqfï w.% w;r úNjka;rh ksh; kï mßm:fha m%;sfrdaOh jeä l< úg t;=<ska .,k
Odrdj wvqfõ' m%;sfrdaOl o j¾. lsysmhls'
1' iaÒr m%;sfrdaOl 2' úp,H m%;sfrdaOl 3' wdf,dal ixfõÈ m%;sfrdaOl
1' iaÒr m%;sfrdaOl
 fïjd ksh; m%;sfrdaOhla we;s Wmdx. fõ' mßjdrl øjH u; ;=kS ldnka mg, ;ekam;a lsÍfuka
fyda ksfl%daï lïì jeks wêl m%;sfrdaOl;djlska hq;a øjH t;Sfuka fïjd ksmojhs'
 my; rEmfha mßÈ iaÒr m%;sfrdaOlj, w.h igyka
lrkqfha j¾Kj;a j<¨ Ndú;fhks' j¾K má y;rlska
hq;= m%;sfrdaOlhl w.h my; f,i fidhkq ,nhs' fuh
m%;sfrdaOl j¾K fla; l%uh f,i yÿkajhs.

 by; m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h" 56000 ± 5% Ω fõ' th

j.=fjka ,nd.; yel'
 m<uq w.h 5 fõ' fojk w.h 6 fõ' f;jk j¾K
;Srejg wkqj 10 mdofha o¾Ylh 3 fõ' tu ksid m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h 56«103 Ω fõ' iyk w.h
,nd fok ;Srefõ j¾Kh r;a;rka neúka th 5% fõ'
2' úp,H m%;sfrdaOl
 úúO l%u Ndú;fhka iSreudre lsÍfuka m%;sfrdaë w.h fjkia l< yels m%;sfrdaO fõ' my;
tAjd fïjdg WodyrK fõ'

3' wdf,dal ixfõoS m%;sfrdaOl

 fïjd u;g jefgk wdf,dalfha ;S%j;djh wkqj fïjdfha
m%;sfrdaOh fjkia fõ' w`ÿf¾§ fïjdfha m%;sfrdaOh jeäh'
wdf,dalh jegqkq úg fïjdfha m%;sfrdaOh wvqh'

1' fY%aKs.; m%;sfrdaOl moaO;s

 mßm:fha iEu m%;sfrdaOhla yryd uq¿ Odrdju .,dhhs kï th FY%aKs.; moaO;shls'
 fuys tla tla m%;sfrdaO yryd we;s úNj wka;r j, tl;=j iemhqï úNj wka;rhg iudk
fõ'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

2' iudka;r.; m%;sfrdaOl moaO;s
 mßm:fha uq¿ Odrdj m%;sfrdaO w;r fn§ hk f,i
ieliqï l, moaO;s iudka;r.; moaO;s kï fõ'
 fuys tla tla m%;sfrdaOl ;=<ska .,k Odrdjkaf.a
tl;=j mßm:fha uq¿ Odrdjg iudk fõ

;rx.
 udOHhla Èf.a fyda wjldYfha .uka lrk le<öula ;rx.hls'
 ;rx. tla ;ekl isg ;j;a ;eklg Yla;sh iïfmaY % Kh lrhs' kuq;a tys § udOH wxY=
iïfmaI % Kh fkdfõ'
 ;rx. iïfma%IKh ùug udOHhla w;HjYHùu iy fkdùu u; ;rx. m%Odk jYfhka fldgia
folls.
(A) hdka;%sl ;rx. (B) úoaHq;a pqïNl ;rx.
(A) hdka;%sl ;rx.
 iïfmaI % Kh ùug udOHhla w;HjYH ;rx. hdka;%sl ;rx. fõ' fïjd j¾. folls'
1' ;S¾hla ;rx. 2' wkajdhdu ;rx.
1' ;S¾hla ;rx.
udOHfha wxY= p,kh jk ÈYdjg ,ïNl ÈYdjlg .uka lrk ;rx. ;S¾Hhla ;rx. fõ'
WodyrK ( c, ;rx.
2' wkajdhdu ;rx.
udOHfha wxY= p,kh jk ÈYdjg iudka;rj .uka lrk ;rx. wkajdhdu ;rx. fõ'
WodyrK ( èjks ;rx.
;rx. yd iïnkaO fN!;sl rdYs
1' úia;drh (A)
2' ;rx. wdhduh ( λ )
3' wdj¾; ld,h ( T )
4' ixLHd;h ( f )
5' fõ.h ( v )

1' úia;drh (A)

 ;rx. p,s;fha fhfok jia;= uOH msysgqfï isg isÿlrk Wmßu úia:dmkh
2' ;rx. wdhduh ( λ )
 ;rx. p,s;fha fhfok tla wxY=jl isg tu p,s;
iajNdj u we;s Bg wdikak;u wxY=jg jQ ÿr
Wod ( wkqhd; YS¾I folla w;r ÿr fyda wkqhd;
ksïk folla w;r ÿr
3' wdj¾; ld,h ( T )
 tla wxY=jla iïmQ¾K foda,khla isÿlsÍug .; lrk ld,h wdj¾; ld,hhs' fuh ;rx.hla
;rx. wdhduhg iudk ÿrla .uka lsÍu i|yd .; lrk ld,hg iudk fõ'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

4' ixLHd;h ( f )
 tall ld,hl§ isÿlrk foda,k ixLHdj ixlHd;hhs' fuh wdj¾; 1
𝑓=
ld,fha mriamrh g iudk fõ' 𝑇
 fuh y¾Üia^Hz& j,ska ukskq ,nhs'
5' fõ.h ( v )
 tall ld,hl§ ;rx.h .uka lrk ÿr fõ' 𝜆
𝑣=
 tla wdj¾; ld,hl§ ;rx.h ;rx. wdhduhg iudk ÿrla .uka 𝑇
lrhs' tu ksid" ∴ 𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆

(B) úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx.

 fïjdg iïfma%IKh ùug udOHhla wjYH fkdfõ'
 tlsfklg ,ïNlj mj;sk úoHq;a yd pqïnl lafIa;%j,ska fïjd
iukaú; jk w;r tu lïmk ;, folg ,ïNl ÈYdjlg fuu
;rx. .uka lrhs'
 ßla;hla ;=< § fïjd 3×10⁸ m s-¹ m%fõ.fhka .uka lrhs'
 ndysr úoHq;a fyda pqïNl lafIa;% u.ska fïjdg n,mEula ke;'

úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. j¾Kdj,sh

tla tla úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. ixLHdfha wkqms<f
s j,g fm< .eiajQ úg ,efnk igyk úoHq;a pqïnl
;rx. j¾Kdj,shls.

úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. j, Ndú;

1' oDYH wdf,dalh
fïjd weig ixfõ§ fõ' jeäu ixLHd;h^wvqu ;rx. wdhduh& we;s j¾Kh oï meye;sh'
wvqu ixLHd;h^jeäu ;rx. wdhduh& we;s j¾Kh r;= meye;sh' foaÿkafk j¾K y;
f,i Èiafõ'
2' .eud lsrK
úlsrkYS,s uq,o%jH j,ska ksl=;a fõ' ixLHd;h b;d wêlh' wêl Yla;shla we;' wêl
úksúo hdfï yelshdjla we;' iÔù iff, úkdY lsÍug yelshdj we;' ms<l s d iff,
keiSug yd ffjoH Y,Hl¾u WmlrK ÔjdkqyrKh g Ndú;d lrhs'
3' X - lsrK
wia:s fldgia j, PdhdrEm .ekSug Ndú;d lrhs' X - lsrK j,g wêlj ksrdjrKh ùu
ms<l
s d we;s lrhs' .=jka hdkd u.ska fyda keõ Ndú;fhka NdKav m%jdykh lsÍfï§ tu
wod, lkafÜkr mÍlaId lsÍug X - lsrK Ndú;d lrhs'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

4' mdrcïnq, lsrK
oDYH wdf,dalhg jvd ixLHd;h jeä h' tu ksid weig ixfõ§ fkdfõ' iQ¾h wdf,dalfha
mdrcïnq, lsrK iaj,amhla wvx.= fõ' úoHq;a úi¾ck u.ska yd riÈh ,dïmq j,ska
mdrcïnq, lsrK ksl=;a fõ' ñksia isref¾ úgñka D ksmoùug fïjd odhl fõ' kuq; a
mdrcïnq, lsrKj,g wêlj ksrdjrKh ùfuka wefia iqo yd ifï ms<l s d we;s fõ'
we;eï úIîc úkdY lsÍug mdrcïnq, lsrK Ndú;d lrhs' iuyrla ixfhda. mdrcïnq,
lsrK j,g ksrdjrKh jQ úg È,siSula we;sfõ' iuyrla frÈ fidaok l=vqj,g fuu
ixfhda. tl;= lrhs' uqo,a fkdaÜgqj, ryia ixfla; y÷kd .ekSug fïjd Ndú;d lrhs'
5' wfOdarla; lsrK
oDYH wdf,dalhg jvd my< ixLHd; ork úlsrK fõ' fïjd ;dm úlsrK f,i o
ye¢kafjhs' r;a jQ jia;=j,ska wfOdarla; lsrK ksl=;a fõ' wm YÍr j,ska o fïjd msg
fõ' wfOdarla; lsrK j,g ixfõ§ jQ leurd u.ska “;dmc PdhdrEm” .; yel'
wfOdarla; fofk;s u.ska rd;%S ld,fha§ ñksia fyda i;aj l%shdldrlï ksÍlaIKh l< yel'
ÿria: md,l j, isg rEmjdyskshg ix{d hjkafka wfOdarla; lsrK uÕsks'
6' laIqo% ;rx.
wfOdarla; lsrK j,g jvd wvq ixLHd;hla orhs Radar moaO;s" cx.u ÿrl:k"
Microwave oven j, fïjd Ndú; fõ'
7' .=jka úÿ,s ;rx.
fïjdfha ixLHd;h wjuh' ;rx. wdhduh Wmßuh' ÿria: ikaksfõoh i|yd Ndú;
fõ' .=jka úÿ,s ;rx. foda,l u.ska ksmojhs' Antenna u.ska iïfmaI % Kh^transmission&
fyda wdodkh^recieving& lrkq ,nhs' ;rx. úia;drh fyda ixLHd;h fjkia lsÍfuka
f;dr;=re iïfmaI% Kh lrhs'
èjksh
 Y%jKh keue;s ixfõokh we;s lrk Yla;sh èjksh kï fõ'
 hïlsis m%Njhla u.ska udOHhl we;slrk lïmk fõ.fhka .uka lrk iïmSvk yd úr,k
u.ska èjks ;rx. m%pdrKh fõ'
iïmSvk ( ;djld,slj wxY= tl;=ùu ksid mSvkh jeä m%foaYhla
úr,k ( ;djld,slj wxY= wE;aùu ksid mSvkh wvq m%f oaYhla
 ;rx.h .uka lrk ÈYdjgu udOHfha wxY= lïmkh jk neúka èjks ;rx. wkajdhdu ;rx.
fõ'
 èjks ;rx. m%pdrKhg udOHhla w;HjYH fõ'
 èjksh >k" Þj" jdhq hk udOHh ;=k yrydu .uka lrhs'
 èjks ;rx. m%pdrKhg udOHhla w;HjYH nj my;
mÍlaIKfhka fmkajd Èh yel' rEmh mßÈ wegjqu
ilid úÿ,s iSkqj l%shd;aul lr" ßla; fmdïmh
l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs' túg úÿ,s iSkqfõ Yíoh
l%ufhka wvqjk nj weish yel' Yíofha weish
fkdyels jkafka >kagd irdj ;=< ßla;hla we;s jQ úg
muKs'
 tu ksid èjks ;rx. j,g mqpdrKh i|yd udOHhla wjYH nj fmkShhs'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

èjks fõ.h
 èjks ;rx. o ;rx. jk neúka tajdg o úia;dr ;rx. wdhdu wdj¾; ld, wd§ ,laIK
mj;S' èjks fõ.ho ta ta ,laIK w;ßka tlls'
 0 °C § jd;fha èjks fõ.h 330 m s-¹ muK jk w;r 30 °C § th 350 m s-¹ fõ'
^WIaK;ajh by< hk úg èjks fõ.h by< hhs'&
 c,h ;=< èjks fõ.h 1400 m s-¹ muK fõ' jdfka oKavla ;=< èjks fõ.h 5000 m s-¹ muK
fõ'
èjks ,dlaIKsl
 èjks ,dlaIKsl hkq úúO èjkshka lk u.ska fjka lr.ekSug bjy,a jk lkg oefkk
ixfõokhka h'
1' ;dr;dj 2' yfå ier 3' èjks .=Kh
1' ;dr;dj ; èjks ;rx.hl ixLHd;h u; r|d mj;sk, lkg oefkk ixfõok ;dr;djhhs'
ixLHd;h jeä jk úg ;dr;dj jeäfjk w;r ixLHd;h wvqjk úg ;dr;dj wvqfõ'
2' yfå ier ; èjks ;rx.h /f.k hk Yla;sh wkqj lkg oefkk ixfõokh yfå ier fyj;a
úmq,;djhhs' èjks ;rx.fha úia;drh jeäjk úg yfå ier jeä jk w;r
úia;drh wvqjk úg yfå ier wvq fõ'
3' èjks .=Kh ; hï Yíohl ;rx. wdldrfha yevh wkqj lkg oefkk ixfõokh èjks .=Khhs'
Y%jH;d mrdih
 ñksfil=g Yío wefik ixLHd; mrdih Y%jH;d mrdih fõ'
 fïh 20 Hz - 20000 Hz w;r fõ'
 20 Hz g wvq ixLHd; we;s èjks ;rx. wfOdaèjks ;rx. jk w;r 20000 Hz g jeä ixLHd;
we;s èjks ;rx. w;sèjks ;rx. fõ'
 tla tla i;ajhdf.ka i;a;ajhdg fuu mrdih fjkia fõ'
 w;sèjks ;rx. uqyqÿ m;af,a .eUqr fidhd .ekSug Ndú;d lrhs' fï i|yd keõ j, SONAR
kï WmlrKhla we;'
 ñksia YÍrfha wNHka;r bkao%Ska mÍlaIdlsÍug w;sèjks ;rx. Ndú;d lrhs'

ix.S; NdKav
fïjd m%Odk wdldr ;=kls'
1' ;;a NdKav 2' iud>d; NdKav 3' Y=Ysr NdKav
1' ;;a NdKav
;ka;= lïmkh ùfuka Yíoh Wmojk NdKav ;;a NdKav fõ' .sgdrh, jh,Skh, is;drh
fïjd w;rg wh;a fjhs'
 ;;a NdKavj, ixLHd;h my; idOl u; r|d mj;S'
 ;ka;=fõ È.
 ;ka;=j wE|d we;s wd;;sh
 ;ka;=fõ talSh È.l ialkaOh
2' iud>d; NdKav
mg," o~q fyda ;yvq lïmkh ùfuka Yíoh Wmojk NdKav iud>d; NdKav fõ' fnrh,
rndk, ojq, fïjd w;rg wh;a fjhs' iud>d; NdKav j, Yíofha ixLHd;h my; idOl
u; r|d mj;S'
ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA
  mg,fha j¾.M,h
 mg,h wE|d we;s wd;;sh
3' Y=Ysr NdKav
jdhq l|ka lïmkh ùfuka Yíoh Wmojk NdKav Y=Ysr NdKav fõ' fydrKEj ngk<dj
yla f.äh ielaif*dakh fïjd w;rg whs;s fõ' lïmkh jk jdhq lkao È. wkqj
fïjdhka WmÈk Yío ixLHd; fjkia fjhs'

m%ldY úoHdj
 §ma; jia;= ( wdf,dalh ksl=;a lrk jia;=
 w§ma; jia;= ( wdf,dalh ksl=;a fkdlrk jia;=

fmkSu isÿ jkafka §ma; jia;=jlska ksl=;a jk wdf,dalh w§ma; jia;=jla u; m;s; ù thska
mrdj¾;kh ù tu wdf,dalh wei fj; meñKSfuks'

mdroDYH jia;= ( wdf,dalh úksúo .uka lrk jia;=. Wod ( ùÿre

mdrdkaO jia;= ( wdf,dalh úksúo .uka fkdlrk jia;=j Wod ( .fvd,a
mdrNdil jia;= ( wdf,dalh iaj,am m%udKhla úksúo .uka lrk jia;=. Wod ( f;,a lvodis

 wdf,dal lsrK iuQyhla wdf,dal loïnhls' iudka;r wdf,dal lsrK tl;= jQ úg iudka;r
wdf,dal loïnhla iEfoa' wdf,dal lsrK tla ,laIhlg tlajk úg th wNsidÍ wdf,dal
loïNhla fõ' wdf,dalh tla ,laIhlska úysÈ hk úg th wmidß wdf,dal loïnhls'

mrdj¾;k kshuh
 m;k lsrKh" mrdj¾;k lsrKh" m;k ,laIHfha § mDIaGhg
we¢ wNs,ïnh tlu ;,hl msysghs'
 m;k fldaKh mrdj¾;k fldaKh g iudk fõ' tkï i = r
fõ'

;, o¾mKhla bÈßfha ;nd we;s jia;=jl m%;sìïnh

 w;d;aúl m%;sìïN we;sfõ'
 jia;= ÿr^o¾mKfha isg jia;=jg jQ ÿr& = m%;sìïn ÿr^o¾mKfha isg m%;sìïnh g jQ ÿr&
 ;, o¾mK j, m%;sìïnh me;s udre ù fmfka' fuh md¾Yaúl wmj¾;kh f,i y÷kajhs'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

jl% o¾mK
 mrdj¾;k mDIaGh jl% jQ o¾mK jl% o¾mK fõ' fuu jl%h f.da,
mDIaGhl fldgila neúka f.da,Sh o¾mK f,i ye¢kaf õ' fïjd j¾.
folls'
1' wj;, o¾mK 2' W;a;, o¾mK
 f.da,Sh o¾mKh wh;a jk tla tla f.da,hl flakaøh o¾mKfha jl%;d
flakaøhhs (C)'
 jl% o¾mKfha újrfha yß ueo ,laIh o¾mKfha O%ejh fõ (P)' O%ejh yd jl%;d flakaøh
hdlrk f¾Ldj m%Odk wlaIh hs' m%Odk wlaIh hkq O%ejfha§ o¾mKh g w¢kq ,nk wNs,ïn
f¾Ldjhs'

jl% o¾mK j, kdNsh

1' wj;, o¾mKhl kdNsh
o m%Odk wlaIhg iudka;rj meñfKk lsrKhla mrdj¾;kh ù m%Odk wlaIh yryd
.uka lrk ,laIHh
2' W;a;, o¾mKhl kdNsh
o W;a;, o¾mKhl m%Odk wlaIhg iudka;rj meñfKk wdf,dal lsrKhla
mrdj¾;kfhka miq wmirK h fõ' tu wmirK ,laIHh kdNshhs'
 f.da,Sh o¾mKhl O%ejh;a jl%;d flakaøh;a w;r uOH ,laIHh kdNshhs' O%ejfha isg kdNshg
jQ ÿr kdNs ÿrhs' O%ejfha isg jl%;d flakøhg ÿr jl%;d wrh fõ' jl%;d wrh kdNs ÿr fuka
fo.=Khls'

wj;, o¾mKj,ska iEfok m%;sìïn

I4

O1 O2 O3 O4
C I1 F
I2

I3

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

W;a;, o¾mK j,ska iEfok m%;sìïn
 W;a;, o¾mKhla bÈßfha ljr ÿrlska jia;=jla ;enqj o o¾mKh ;=<ska w;d;aúl" Wvql=re"
l=vd m%;sìïnhla we;sfõ'
 jia;=j o¾mkh foig .uka lrk úg w;d;aúl" Wvql=re" l=vd m%;sìïnh l%ufhka úYd,
fjñka kdNsfha isg o¾mkh foig .uka lrhs.

wdf,dal j¾;kh
 wdf,dal lsrK tla udOHhl isg ;j;a udOHhlg we;=¿ ùfï § keó .uka lsÍu wdf,dalfha
j¾;kh (refraction of light) kñka ye¢kafõ'
 wdf,dalfha j¾;khg fya;=j wdf,dalh .uka lrk fõ.h udOHfhka udOHhg fjkia ùuhs'
 ßla;lhl § wdf,dalh 3 × 108 m s-1 fõ.hlska .uka lrhs' ßla;hl isg hï udOHhlg
we;=¿ jQ miq fuu fõ.h wvq fjhs'
 hï udOH folla ie,lSfï § wdf,dalfha fõ.h jeä udOHh úr,;r udOHh f,i;a wdf,dal
fõ.h wvq udOHh .yk;r udOHh f,i;a y`ÿkajkq ,efí'
.yk;r yd úr,;r udOHh
 úr,;r udOHhl isg .yk;r udOHhlg wdf,dalh .uka lsÍfï§ wdf,dal lsrK j¾;kh
wNs,ïnh foig yef¾'
 .yk;r udOHhl isg úr,;r udOHhlg wdf,dalh .uka lsÍfï§ wdf,dal lsrK j¾;kh
wNs,ïnfhka bj;g yef¾'

j¾;k kshu
1' m<uqjk kshuh
m;k lsrKh" j¾;k lsrKh iy m;k ,laIHfha § mDIaGhg we¢ wNs,ïnh tlu ;,hl
msysghs'
2' fojk kshuh
wdf,dalh tla udOHhl isg ;j;a udOHhlg j¾;kh ùfï § m;k fldaKfha ihskh;a j¾;k
fldaKfha ihskh;a w;r wkqmd;h tu udOH fol u; muKla r|d mj;sk ksh;hls' fuu
ksh;h m<uq udOHhg idfmalaIj fojk udOHfha j¾;kdxlhhs' fuh iafk,af.a kshuh
(snell's law) fõ'
sin i
= ang
sin r

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

 jd;fha isg ùÿre ;=<g .uka lrk wdf,dal lsrKhla i|yd jd;hg idfmaCIj ùÿrej,
j¾;kdxlh “ang” f,i ,shkq ,efí'
jd;hg idfmalaIj c,fha j¾;kdxlh anw = 1'33
jd;hg idfmalaIj ùÿrej, j¾;kdxlh ang = 1'5

 wdf,dal lsrKhla ßla;hl isg udOHhlg we;=¿jk wjia:djla ie,l=jfyd;a" j¾;kdxlh

r|d mj;skafka tu udOHh u; muKls' fuh tu udOHfha ksrfmaCI j¾;kdxlh fyj;a
j¾;kdxlh f,i ye¢kafõ'
 j¾;kdxlh i|yd tall fkdue;'
wjê fldaKh yd mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh
 .yk;r udOHhl isg úr,;r udOHhlg wdf,dal lsrKhla .uka lsÍfï § úr,;r udOHfha
j¾;k fldaKh 900 jkúg .yk;r udOHh ;=< m;k fldaKh" wjê fldaKh f,i ye¢kafõ'

 m;k fldaKh wjê fldaKhg jvd jeä l<fyd;a" j¾;k lsrKh .yk;r udOHh ;=<g u
mrdj¾;kh fõ' fufia m<uq udOHh ;=<gu mrdj¾;kh ùu mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh
f,i ye¢kafõ'
 fuu ixisoê a h m%ldY ;ka;= j, Ndú; fõ' m%ldY ;ka;=" wêfõ.S o;a; iïfm%aYKhg yd
tkafvdiafldama WmlrK j, Ndú; fõ'
m%siau ;=<ska isÿjk mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh
 mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh ,nd .ekSug" tla fldaKhla 90 la jQ iuoaùmdo m%siauhla fhdod
.; yels h' ùÿre j," wjê fldaKh wdikak jYfhka 42 ls' ta ksid ùÿre ;=< m;k
fldaKh 42 g jeä kï mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh isÿ fõ'
 rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ wNs,ïnh Tiafia .uka lrk wdf,dal
lsrKhla j¾;khla isÿ fkdù m%siauh ;=<g we;=¿ ù tys B <Õ
uqyqK;g 45 l m;k fldaKhla iys;j m;s; fõ' fuu fldaKh
ùÿre ;=< wjê fldaKhg jvd jeä ksid wdf,dal lsrKh mQ¾K
wNHka;r mrdj¾;khg Ndck ù m%siaufha wfkla uqyqK;g ,ïnl
j .uka lrhs' wNs,ïnh Tiafia tk ksid fuu uqyqKf;a §o lsrKh
fkdkeó È.gu ks¾.; fõ' fuu l%uh u.ska wdf,dal lsrKhla
90 lska yrjd.; yels h'
ldp
(A) W;;a, ldp
 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg W;a;, ldphl mDIaG fol
uk#l,ams; f.da, foll mDIaG f,i ie,lsh yels h'
 tu W;a;, mDIaG A yd B f,i olajd we;'
 A mDIaGh wh;a f.da,fha flakaøh C2 o B mDIaGh wh;a
f.da,fha flakaøh C1 o fõ'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

 tu flakaø ^C1 yd C2& hd lrk ir, f¾Ldj ldpfha m%Odk wlaIh kñka ye¢kafõ'
 ldph ;=< mDIaG fol w;r uOH ,laIHh m%ldY flakaøh (C) kï fõ'

W;a;, ldp j,ska iEfok m%;sìïn

I4

O1 O2 O3 O4
2F
2F F F I1
I2
I3

(B) wj;, ldp

 wj;, ldphl mDIaG o f.da,j, fldgia fõ'
 A mDIaGhg wh;a f.da,fha flakaøh C2 o B mDIaGhg wh;a
f.da,fha flakaøh C1 o fõ'
 fuu flakaø hd lrk f¾Ldj ldpfha m%Odk wlaIh fõ'
 wj;, ldpfha m%Odk wlaIhg iudka;rj ldph fj; tk wdf,dal lsrK ldph ;=<ska wmidÍ
f,i .uka lrhs' tu wmidÍ lsrK zzmeñfKkakd fia fmfkk ,laIHhZZ ldpfha kdNsh fõ'
wj;, ldp j,ska iEfok m%;sìïn
 wj;, ldp j,ska ;d;a;aúl m%;sìïn fkdiEfoa' wj;, ldphla bÈßfha jia;=jla ljr ÿrlska
;nd ;snqK o" ldph ;=<ska ±l.; yelafla l=vd Wvql=re w;d;a;aúl m%;sìïnhla muKs'

úYd,l ldph fyj;a ir, wkaùlaIh

 W;a;, ldphla bÈßfhka ldpfha kdNSh ÿrg jvd wvq ÿrlska jia;=jla ;nd ldph ;=<ska n,k
úg jia;=j úYd, ù fmfka' W;a;, ldphla i;= fuu .=Kh l=vd jia;=jla úYd,lr oel
.ekSug fhdod .kq ,efí' ñglg iúlr .kakd ,o W;a;, ldphla w;a ldphla fyj;a
úYd,l ldphla f,i ye¢kafõ' th ir, wkaùlaIhla f,i o ye¢kafõ' fuu wjia:dj i`oyd
lsrK igyk my; oelafõ'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

 ;dmh
WIaK;ajh
 WIAK;ajh hkq jia;=jla ks¾udKh ù we;s wxY=j, mj;sk uOHkH pd,l Yla;sh ms<n s |
ñkquls¡
(A) ùÿre - riÈh WIaK;ajudkh
 tla fl<jrl riÈh wvx.= n,anhlska iy thg iïnkaO ù we;s isyska isÿrlska hq;a ^flaYsl&
ùÿre k<hlska o iukaú; fõ' WIaK;ajh jeä jk úg n,anfha wvx.= riÈh m%idrKh ù
k<fha we;s isyska isÿr Èf.a .uka lrhs' k<fha i,l=Kq lr we;s mßudKfhka riÈh lf|a
È. wkqj WIaK;ajh lshjd .; yels h' riÈh .uka lrk k<fha isÿf¾ úIalïNh b;d wvq
ksid l=vd WIaK;aj fjkilg jqjo fuh ixfõ§ fõ'
jdis
 riÈfhys m%idrKh mq¿,a WIaK;aj mrdihla ;=< tAldldÍ ùu.
 riÈh fyd¢ka ;dmh ikakhkh lsÍu.
 mq¿,a WIaK;aj mrdihla ;sîu ^-39 C isg 357 C olajd&
wjdis
 riÈh b;d úI iys; øjhla neúka ì£.shfyd;a úYd, mßir ÿIKhla we;s ùu'
(B) ùÿre - uoHidr WIaK;ajudkh
 fuh ùÿre - riÈh WIaK;ajudkh wdldrhu fõ' fuys riÈh fjkqjg uOHidr Ndú;
lrhs'
jdis
 -115 C isg 100 C w;r WIaK;ajhla uekSug Ndú; l< yels h.
 0 C g jvd b;d my< WIaK;aj uekSug fhda.H fõ.
 wfkla øjj,g idfmalaI j m%idrKh jeä ùu.
 m%idrKh tAldldr ùu
wjdis
 msßisÿ t;fkda,a wj¾K ksid" uoHidr l| myiqfjka n,d .ekSug th j¾K .ekaúh hq;= h'
(C) ixLHdxl WIaK;ajudkh
 WIaK;ajh fl,skau ixLHdjla f,i lshjd .; yels WIaK;ajudkhls' fïjd u.ska WIaK;ajh
uekSfï§ m%idrKh fjkqjg m%;sfrdaOh jeks WIaK;ajh u; r|d mj;sk úoHq;a .=Khla Ndú;
fõ'
WIaK;aj mßudK
(A) fi,aishia mßudKh
 fuu mßudKfha§ wp, ,laIH f,i jdhqf.da, 1 l mSvkhla hgf;a ixY=oO a whsia" øj jk
WIaK;ajh 0 C f,ig;a c,h" yqud,h njg m;ajk WIaK;ajh 100 C f,i f.k wp, ,laIH
fol w;r mrdih fldgia 100 lg fnod we;'
(B) *erkayhsÜ mßudKh
 fuu mßudKfha§ wp, ,laIH f,i jdhqf.da, 1 l mSvkhla hgf; ixY=oO a whsia øj jk
WIaK;ajh 32 F iy c,h yqud,h njg m;ajk WIaK;ajh 212 F f,i f.k wp, ,laIH
fol w;r mrdih fldgia 180 lg fnod we;'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

(C) fl,aúka mßudKh
 hï jia;=jl WIaK;ajhg ;sìh yels wju w.hla we;s nj ì%;dkH cd;sl úoHd{hl= jQ
fl,aúka idñjrhd úiska fmkajd fok ,È' fuu WIaK;ajh ksrfmalaI Y=kHh f,i ye¢kafjhs'
 ksrfmalaI Y=kHh fl,aúka mßudKfha Y=kHh fõ ^0 K&
 fl,aúka mßudKhg wkqj whsia Èh jk WIaK;ajh 273'15 K jk w;r c,h kgk WIaK;ajh
373'15 K fõ' wdikak jYfhka fuu WIaK;aj fol ms<sfj<ska 273 K iy 373 K f,i ie,fla'
 WIaK;ajh uekSfï wka;¾ cd;sl tAllh fl,aúka (K) fõ'
 K = C + 273 iQ;%h u.ska fi,aishia iy fl,aúka w;r iïnkaOh fokq ,efí.

;dmh
 hï jia;= folla w;r mj;sk WIaK;aj fjki fya;=fjka tla jia;=jl isg wfkla jia;=jg
.,d hk Yla;sh fN!;sl úoHdfõ § ;dmh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
 ;dmh uekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk wka;¾cd;sl tAllh cQ,a (J) h' tA yefrkakg ;dmh uekSu
i|yd le,ß hk tAllh o nyq, j Ndú; fõ'
jia;=jl ;dm Odß;dj (C)
 hï jia;=jl WIaK;ajh tall 1 lska jeä lsÍu i|yd iemhsh hq;= ;dm m%udKh tu jia;=fõ
;dm Odß;dj f,i ye¢kafõ'
 Q ;dm Yla;sh jk w;r θ hkq WIaK;aj fjkihs. Q = Cθ
úYsIAg ;dm Odß;dj (c)
 hï øjHhl tAll ialkaOhl WIAK;ajh tAllhlska jeä lsÍug ,nd Èh
hq;= ;dm m%udKh øjHfha úYsIAg ;dm Odß;dj f,i ye¢kafõ' Q = mcθ
 Q ;dm Yla;sh jk w;r m ialkaOh yd θ hkq WIaK;aj fjkihs.
 hï jia;=jl ;dm Odß;dj" tu jia;=j idod we;s øjHfha úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj" jia;=fõ
ialkaOfhka .=K lsÍfuka ,efí'

mod¾:fha wjia:d úm¾hdi

 mod¾:h >k" øj fyda jdhq jeks tla wjia:djl isg ;j;a wjia:djlg m;aùu wjia:d
úm¾hdihla (change of state) f,i ye¢kafõ'
øjdxlh
 hï >k øjHhla r;a lsÍfï § th >k wjia:dfõ isg øj wjia:djg m;ajk WIaK;ajh fõ'
fuh mSvkh u; r|d mj;S'
ysudxlh
 hï øjhla isis,a lsÍfï § th øj wjia:dfõ isg >k wjia:djg m;afjk WIaK;ajh fõ' fuh
mSvkh u; r|d mj;S'
 hï øjHhl øjdxlh;a ysudxlh;a tlu w.hls¡
;dmdxlh
 hï øjhla r;a lsÍfï § øjh jdIam njg m;aùu tkï" keàu isÿ jk WIaK;ajh ;dmdxlh
fõ' fuh mSvkh u; r|d mj;S'
ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA
.=ma; ;dmh
 wjia:d úm¾hdih isÿ jk wjia:dfõ § WIaK;ajh jeä ùula isÿ fkdù ,nd .kakd ;dmh
“.=ma; ;dmh” (latent heat) kñka ye¢kafõ'
ú,hkfha úYsIAg .=ma; ;dmh
 øjdxlfha mj;sk lsishï >k øjHhl tAll ialkaOhla WIaK;ajfha fjkia ùulska f;drj
iïmQ¾Kfhkau øj njg m;a lsÍug wjYH ;dm m%udKh tu øjHfha ú,hkfha úYsIag .=ma;
;dmh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
 0 C WIAK;ajfha mj;sk whsia 1 kg la tu WIaK;ajfha u c,h njg m;aùug ,nd Èh hq;=
;dm m%udKh 3.36 × 105 J fõ' th whsiaj, ú,hkfha úYsIag .=ma; ;dmh hs'
jdIamSlrKfha úYsIAg .=ma; ;dmh
 ;dmdxlfha mj;sk øjhl tall ialkaOhla WIaK;ajfha fjkia ùulska f;drj iïmQ¾Kfhkau
jdIam njg m;a lsÍug wjYH ;dm m%udKh tu øjfha jdIamSlrKfha úYsIag .=ma; ;dmh f,i
y÷kajkq ,efí'
 100 C WIAK;ajfha mj;sk c,h 1 kg la tu WIaK;ajfha u yqud,h njg m;alsÍug wjYH
;dm m%udKh 2.26 × 106 J fõ' th c,fha jdIamSlrKfha úYsIag .=ma; ;dmh hs'
jdIamSlrKh iy jdIamSNjkh
 ;dmdxlfha mj;sk øjhlg ;j ÿrg;a ;dmh iemhSf ï § isÿ jk jdIamúu jdIamSlrKh hs'
;dmdxlhg my< WIaK;ajj, § øjhla jdIam njg m;aùu jdIamSNjkh hs'
 idudkHfhka jdIamSNjkh isÿ jkafka øjhl jd;hg ksrdjrKh jQ mDIaGfhka muKs' frÈ
úh<d .ekSfï § iy oyäh msglsÍu u.ska wmf.a YÍr WIaK;ajh md,kh lr.ekSfï §
m%fhdackj;a jkafka c,fha jdIamSNjkhhs' c,fha jdIamSlrKfha úYsIag .=ma; ;dmh ;rul
úYd, w.hla .kakd ksid wmf.a ifuka msgjk oyähj, wvx.= c,h" jdIamSNjkh ùfï §
YÍrfhka úYd, ;dm m%udKhla bj;a ù hhs'

;dmc m%idrKh
 WIaK;ajh jeä ùfï § øjHhl úYd,;ajfha isÿ jk jeä ùu ;dmc m%idrKh f,i y÷kajkq
,efí'
 tkï" tys Èf.ys" j¾.M,fha fyda mßudfõ isÿjk jeä ùu m%idrKh hs¡
 hï øjHhl WIaK;ajh wvq jk úg tys m%udKd;aul wvq ùu ixfldapkh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
 tkï" Èf.ys" j¾.M,fha fyda mrsudfõ isÿjk wvqùu ixfldapkh hs'
>k m%idrKfha n,mEï iy Ndú;
 ,S j,ska idok ,o lr;a; frdao jgd hlv mÜgï iú lsÍu'
 ÿïßh ud¾.j, f¾,a mS,S folla w;r l=vd ysoeila ;eîu.
 ÿrl:k lïì iy úÿ,s lïì" lKq w;r hka;ñka nqre,aj iúlÍu'
 f,dayj,ska ksmojd we;s fnda;,a uQähla ùÿre fnda;,fha lg jgd ;Èka isr ù we;s úg uQäh
u|la r;a lsÍfuka th m%idrKh lr myiqfjka .e,úh yelsùu'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

øj m%idrKh
 ùÿre mÍlaId k<hlg j¾Kj;a l< c,h mqrjd rEmfha fmkajd
;sfnk wkaoug ùÿre k<hla iys; rn¾ wenhla thg iú lrkak'
ùÿre k<fha c, uÜgu i,l=Kq lrkak' ùÿre k<h WKqiqï c,h
iys; n`ÿkl .s,ajd ál fõ,djla ;nd mÍlaId lrkak' r;aùfï §
ùÿre k,h ;=, we;s øj uÜgu by, hEu øj m%idrKh hs'
 WIaK;ajudk ieliSfï § øj m%idrKh fhdod .kakd wjia:d we;'
riÈh iy uOHidr WIaK;ajudkj," øjfha isÿ jk mßudj jeä ùu
WIaK;ajh uek .ekSug fhdodf.k we;'

jdhq m%idrKh
 uQähla rys; ysia fnda;,hla whsia iy c,h msrjQ n÷kl
u| fõ,djla isria j ;nkak' bkamiq tys lgg rEmfha
fmkajd we;s mßÈ neÆkhla iïnkaO lrkak'
 bkamiq tu fnda;,h bj;g f.k fjk;a ysia n`ÿkl ;nd
rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ tu n`ÿkg WKqiqï c,h mqrjkak'
 ál fõ,djlska neÆkh msïfí' fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka
fnda;,h ;=< jQ jd;h r;a jk úg m%idrKh jk njh'
;dm ixl%uKh
 ;dm ixl%uKh isÿ jk l%u ;=kls'
1' ikakhkh
 ikakhkh hkq mrudKq iy bf,lafg%dakj, pd,l Yla;sh" wi< we;s wxY= iuÕ we;s jk
.egqï ksid l%ufhka øjHh mqrd me;sÍ hEuhs' ;dmh fyd|ska ikakhkh jk øjH ;dm
iqikakdhl (heat conductors) fõ' Wod: ߧ" ;U" hlv
 ;dmh fyd|ska ikakhkh isÿ fkdlrk øjH ;dm l=ikakdhl (heat insulation) fõ' Wod : ,S"
ma,diaála" ueá
 ;dm ikakhkh ioyd udOHhla w;HjYh fõ.
2' ixjykh
 øj fyda jdhq j,g ;dmh imhk úg tajd m%idrKh ùu ksid >k;ajh wvq fõ' c,h u;
fmd,af;,a mdfjkakdla fia" >k;ajh wvq r;ajQ øj fyda jdhq ia:rh by<g .uka lrhs' fuh
ixjykh (convection) kñka ye¢kafõ'
 r;a ù by< hk wxY= Odrd ixjyk Odrd (convection currents) f,i ye¢kafõ' c,h r;a
lsÍfï § .s,a¨ï ;dmlhl ixjyk Odrd Ndú;d fõ' c,h r;a lsÍfï § .s,a¨ï ;dmlh
m;=<g u .s,aúh hq;=h' túg my< isg by<g c,h r;a ùu isÿ fjhs'
 uqyqÿ iq<x iy f.dv iq<x we;sjkafka o ;dm ixjykh ksidh'
 ;dm ixjykh ioyd udOHhla w;HjYh fõ.
3' ;dm úlsrKh
 r;a jQ jia;=jl isg" mod¾:h ueÈy;a ùulska f;drj ^wxY=j, iyNd.s;ajhlska f;drj& úoHq; a
pqïnl ;rx. ^wfOdarla; úlsrK& f,iska ;dmh .uka lsÍu ;dm úlsrKh (heat radiation)
f,i ye¢kafõ'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

 úlsrKfha § ;dmh ixl%duKhg udOHhla wjYH fkdfõ' iQ¾hhdf.a isg fmd<jg ;dmh
meñfKkafka úlsrKh u.ska h' ´kEu r;a jQ jia;=jlska úlsrKh u.ska ;dmh msg fõ'
 l¿ ^w`ÿre& iy r¿ mDIaG u.ska úlsrK ;dmh wjfYdaIKh lsÍu jeäh' È,sfik iy iqÿ
meye;s mDIaG u.ska úlsrK ;dmh wjfYdaIKh lsÍu wvq jk w;r mrdj¾;kh lsÍu b;d
jeäh'
;dm úlsrKh jeo.;a jk wjia:d
 oyj,a ld,fha lSv% d lrk l%slÜ l%Svlhka iqÿ mdg we`ÿï wekao úg úlsrK ;dmfhka jeä
fldgila thska mrdj¾;kh fõ' tu ksid YÍrh WKqiqï ùu md,kh fõ'
 YS; rgj, ñksiqka w`ÿre meye;s we`ÿï we`§fuka úlsrK ;dmh wjfYdaIKh jeä fjhs' tu
ksid YÍr WKqiqu mj;ajd .ekSu myiq fõ'
 <sm u; ;nk wdydr msisk n`ÿka l¿ meye;s ùfuka úlsrK ;dmh jeämqr wjfYdaIKh
lsÍfuka n`ÿka blaukska r;a fõ'

úoHq;a WmlrKj, cjh yd Yla;sh

úoHq;a WmlrKhl laIu;dj
 WmlrKhl laIu;dj hkq tuÕska tAll ld,hl § isÿlrk ld¾hh fõ'
𝑃 - úoHq;a laIu;dj
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 V - úNj wka;rh
I - Odrdj
´ï kshuh wdfoaYfhka"
𝑉2
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼2 𝑅 =
𝑅

 P taall fjdÜ (W) j,ska ,efí'

úoHq;a WmlrKj, § jeh fjk úoHq;a Yla;sh

 tAll ld,hl § jeh fjk úoHq;a Yla;sh P jk ksid tu ld,hl § jeh fjk uq¿ úoHq;a
Yla;s m%udKh E kï"
E = Pt

 P = VI fyhska" by; iïnkaO;djg ´ï kshuh wdfoaYfhka"

𝑉2
𝐸 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑡
𝑅

.Dy úoHq;a mßm:

 ksjig fuu úÿ,sh imhkq ,nkafka iÔù (live) iy WodiSk (neutral) /yeka f,iska ye¢kafjk
/yeka folla iys; fiajd /yekla u.sks' fuu /yeka fol yryd ,efnk úoHq;a Odrdj
ksfji ;=< we;s mßm:hla yryd wjYH WmlrK j,g iemfha'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

.Dy úoHq;a mßm:hl Wmdx.
1' wêOdrd mßm: ì¢kh fyda fiajd ú,dhlh
 ksjig iemfhk úÿ,sh m<uqj iÔù /yekg
iúfldg we;s wêOdrd mßm: ì¢kh yryd hhs'
fuh 40 A muK Wmßu Odrdjlg .,d hd yels f,i
ilia fldg we;' wêOdrd mßm: ì¢kh u.ska fyda
fiajd ú,dhlh u.ska úikaê jkqfha iÔù /yek
mu‚'
2' úÿ,s ógrh
 mdßfNda.slhd Ndú; lrk ,o úoHq;a Yla;s m%udKh
lshjd .ekSug Ndú; lrhs' Ndú; lrk ,o úoHq;a
Yla;s m%udKh lsf,dafjdÜ meh (kWh) j,ska fyj;a
tall j,ska ógrfha igyka fõ'
 1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 J fõ.
 wêOdrd mßm: ì¢kh iy úÿ,s ógrh fiajd odhlhdg tkï úÿ,sn, uKav,hg wh;a foam<la
jk w;r tAjd iïnkaO .eg¨jl § Tjqkag oekqï osh'
3' fjkalrKh fyda m%Odk ú,dhlh iys; m%Odk iaúÉph
 fjkalrKh 30 A wêOdrd mßm: ì¢khla f,i o l%shd lrk w;r wjYH ´kEu wjia:djl
ksjfia úÿ,s mßm:h iÔù (L) iy WodiSk (N) /yeka iuÕ we;s iïnkaO;d lmd yßhs'
 ksji ;=< hï w¨;ajeähd lghq;a;la i|yd úÿ,sh úikaê lsÍu fuu fjkalrKh u.ska l<
yels h'
 .sks .ekSula jeks yÈis Wjÿrl § úÿ,sh úikaê lrkq ,nkafka fjkalrKh u.sks'
4' fYaI Odrd mßm: ì¢kh fyj;a mekakqï iaúÉph
 fjkalrKfhka miq iÔù iy WodiSk /yeka fYaI Odrd mßm: ì¢khlg fyj;a mekakqï
iaúÉphg (Trip Swich) iïnkaO lrkq ,efí' fYaI Odrd mßm: ì¢khla iú lsÍfï wruqK
jkafka ksjfia isák mqoa.,hka úÿ,s ier je§ulska wdrlaId lr.ekSu h' úÿ,s WjdrKhl
ndysr f,day wdjrKhlg fyda fmdf<djg úÿ,s ldkaÿùuloS fyda wêl Odrdjla .e,Sula we;s
jk wjia:dj, § fYaI Odrd mßm: ì¢kh u.ska iajhxlSh % j mßm:h úikaê lrkq ,efí'
5' úfnÿï fmÜáh
 ksjfia mßfNdackh i|yd úÿ,sh fnod yefrkafka úfnÿï fmÜáh u.sks' tu.ska fnodyßk
úÿ,sh wdf,dal mßm: iy flfjks mßm:j,g iemfha'
 idudkH ldurj,g wjYH úÿ,s n,an oe,aùug m%udKj;a úÿ,sh wdf,dal mßm:j,g iemfha'
wdf,dal mßm:hlg ,nd .; yels Wmßu Odrdj 6 A g iSsudfldg we;'
 uq¿;ekaf.h jeks úÿ,s ;dml" úÿ,s fmdarKq wdÈ wêl Yla;sh ,nd.kakd WmlrK we;s mßm:
flfjks mßm:j,g iïnkaO flf¾' fuhska 13 A muK Odrdjla mßfNdackh i|yd myiqlï
iemfha'
6' isÕs;s mßm: ì¢k - MCB
 isÕ;s s mßm: ì¢k (miniature circuit breaker) u.ska tys oelafjk kshñ; Odrdjg jvd jeä
Odrdjla mßm:fha .,d .sh úg iaúÉp ,Sjrh my;g jeà iajhxl%Shj mßm:h úikaê lrhs'
fï ksid uq¿ ksjfiau úÿ,s úikaêùula isÿ fkdjk w;r wod< mßm:fha muKla úÿ,s iemhqu

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

 ke;s fõ' wdf,dal mßm:hl 6 A f.k hd yels MCB Ndú; lrkq ,efí' flfjks mßm:j,
13 A f.k hd yels MCB Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
 MCB u.ska úÿ,sh ¨yqj;a ùul § jeä Odrdjla .,d f.dia we;sjk .sks .ekSï muKla
je<fla' mqoa.,hl=g úÿ,s ier je§ul § bka wdrlaIdjla fkd,efí'
 iEu úgu MCB fyda ú,dhl fyda fhÈh hq;af;a iÔù (L) /yekghs'
7' iaúÉp (switches) iy flfjks (plug sockets)
 .Dy úoHq;a mßm:fha we;s m%Odk wx.hla jkafka n,an j,g úÿ,sh iemhSu kj;d,Sug Ndú;
lrk iaúÉphka fõ' iEu n,anhla u ;ks ;ksj oe,aúh yels mßÈ iaúÉp mßm:hg iïnkaO
flf¾'
 mßm:fha we;s wfkla jeo.;a Wmdx.h jkafka flfjkshhs (plug socket). fïjdg iÔù /yek
(L)" WodiSk /yek (N) iy ksjfia fjku N+.; fldg we;s N+.; /yekla (E) iïnkaO fõ'
8' iïnkaOl /yeka
 fï i|yd wod< Odrdj /f.k hEug yels m%udKfha yrialv lafIa;% M,hla we;s ;U lïì
Ndú; fõ' 5 A fyda 6 A wdf,dal mßm: i|yd 1 mm2 yrialv j¾.M,h we;s ^úIalïNh
1'13 mm& ;ks lïìhlska hq;a /yekla o 13 A flfjks mßm: i|yd 1.5 mm2 iM, yrialv
j¾.M,hla we;s lïì 7 lska hq;a /yekla o Ndú; flf¾'
 iÔù lïìh ye¢k .ekSu i|yd ÿUqre meye;s PVC wdjrKhla o WodiSk lïìh ye¢k
.ekSu i|yd ks,a meye;s PVC wdjrKhla o Ndú; lrkq ,efí' uq,a ld,fha § fï i|yd
ms<fs j<ska r;= yd l¿ j¾K Ndú; lrkq ,eî h'
 N+.; lïìh i|yd fld< j¾Kh fhdod .efka'

my; i|yka mQ¾fjdamdhka wdrlaIdj i|yd wkq.ukh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
 ú,dhl fh§fï § mßm:hg kshñ; jQ 6 A fyda 13 A ú,dhl lïì muKla fhÈh hq;= h'
 nyq fmakqjla (multi plug) u.ska tlu flfjkshg thg oeßh yels Wmßu Odrdjg jvd jeä
Odrdjla ,nd .kakd fia WmlrK lsysmhla iïnkaO fkdl< hq;= h'
 flfjks j,g iqÿiq fmakq yer /yeka we;=¿ fkdl< hq;= h'
 úÿ,s bia;sßlalh Ndú; lrk úg rn¾ m,ila u; isàu fyda rn¾ mdjyka me<§u l< hq;=h'
 Ys;lrKh bÈßfha rn¾ m,ila fh§u wdrlaId iys; h'
 wêOdrd mßm: ì¢kh fyda m%Odk iaúÉph u.ska úÿ,sh úikaê lsÍfuka f;drj kdk ldur
jeks f;; iys; ia:dkj, oeù .sh úÿ,s n,an udre lsÍu wdÈ lghq;= fkdl< hq;= h'
 úÿ,s WmlrK Ndú; fkdlrk úg flfjksfhka fmakqj .,jd ;eìh hq;= h'
 ;Èka wl=Kq we;s wjia:dj, yels kï .=jka úÿ,s wdodhl" TV wdÈh wod< mßm:fhka úikaê
fldg ;eìh hq;= h'
 tjeks wjia:dj, w;HjYH fkdjk úÿ,sh Ndú; lsÍï j,ska yels ;rï je<lsh hq;= h'

úoHq;a pqïnl;ajh iy úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKh

pqïnl;ajh
 úoHq;a pqïnl iy ks;H pqïnl f,i pqïnl j¾. folls'
 úoHq;a pqïnlj, pqïnl;ajh msysgkafka tys oÕrh yryd Odrdjla .,d hk f;la muKls'
 ks;H pqïnlj, pqïnl;ajh tu øjHfha .=Khla jk w;r th È.= l,la fkd keiS mj;S'
ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA
pqïnl lafIa;%h
 pqïnlhla jgd tu.ska n,mEï l< yels wjldYh pqïnl lafIa;%h fõ'
 pqïnl lafIa;%hla weig ixfõ§ fkdfõ ^fkdfmfka&'
 fjk;a pqïnlhlg fyda .uka lrk wdfrdamKhlg tu.ska n,mEula
we;s l< yels h'
 ud,sudjla Ndú; lsÍfuka lsishï wjldYhla ;=< pqïnl lafIa;%hla
we;s oehs fidhd .; yel'
 pqïnl lafIa;%hla hkq úYd,;ajhla iy ÈYdjla iys; fN!;sl
rdYshls'
Odrdfõ pqïnl M,h
 ikakdhlhla ;=<ska úoHq;a Odrdjla .,d hk úg tu ikakdhlh jgd pqïnl lafIa;%hla we;s
fõ'
 1819 § fvkaud¾la cd;sl úoHd{hl= jQ yEkaia l%siaàka w¾iagâ úiska fuh fmkajd § we;'

Rcq ikakdhlhla ;=<ska .,k Odrdjla ksid we;s jk pqïnl lafIa;%fha ÈYdj
 fuh fiùug Ndú;d lrk kS;s folls'
1' uelaiafj,af.a lial=remamq kS;sh (Maxwell’s cork screw rule)
“ikakdhlfha Odrdj .,k ÈYdjg p,kh jk fia lial=remamqjla
N%uKh lrk úg" tu Odrdj ksid we;s jk pqïnl lafIa;%fha n,
f¾Ld .uka lrk ÈYdj lial=remamqj N%uKh flfrk ÈYdj fõ”'
2' weïmsh¾f.a ol=K;a kS;sh (Ampere's right handed grip rule)
“Odrdj .,k ÈYdjg uymg we`.s,a, fhduq jk mßÈ ol=Kq
w;ska ikakdhlh w,a,d .;fyd;a b;sß we`.s,s yeÍ we;s
ÈYdfjka ikakdhlh jgd pqïnl lafIA;%fha ÈYdj
oelafõ”'

pqïnl lafIa;%hl ;enQ Odrdjla f.k hk ikak dhlhla u; we;s jk n,h

 pqïnl lafIa;%hla ;=< ;enQ ikakdhlhla ;=<ska Odrdjla hejQ úg tu ikakdhlh u; n,hla
we;s fõ' fuys § we;s jk n,fha úYd,;ajh my; idOl ;=k u; r|d mj;S'
² ikakdhlfha .,k Odrdfõ úYd,;ajh
² pqïnl lafIa;%h ;=< ;nk ikakdhlfha È.
² pqïnl lafIa;%fha m%n,;dj
 by; pqïnl lafIa;%h ksid Odrdjla .,d hk ikakdhlhla u; we;sjk n,h by; idOl
;=kgu wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fõ'^ by; idOl ;=k jeä jQ úg we;s jk n,h jeä fjhs'
by; idOl ;=k wvq jk úg we;s jk n,h wvqfõ&

*af,ñxf.a ju;a kS;sh (Fleming’s left handed rule)

“jï wf;ys uymgÕs,a," on/.s,a, iy ueo`.s,a, tlsfklg ,ïnlj
;ndf.k Odrdfõ ÈYdjg ueo.s,a,;a pqïnl lafIa;%fha ÈYdjg on/`.s,a,;a
fhduql< úg udmg`.s,a, fhduqjk ÈYdj" ikakdhlh u; n,h we;s jk
ÈYdjhs”¡

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

Odrdjla f.k hk ikakdhlhla u; pqïnl lafIa;%hla u.ska n,hla we;s lsÍu m%dfhda.slj
fhdod .kakd wjia:d
1' Yío úldYkh 2' ir, Odrd fudagrh
3' wdfïprh (armature) 4' pqïnl O%ej
5' kHdhfoaYlh ^fldñhqfÜgrh& (commutator)
úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKh
 fjkia jk pqïnl lafIa;%hla ;=< ikakdhlhla ksYap,j ;nd we;s úg fyda ia:djr pqïnl
lafIa;%hl ikakdhlhla p,kh jk úg ikakdhlh yryd úoHq;a.dul n,hla yg .ekSu
úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKh f,i ye¢kafõ'
 m%:u jrg úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKh f,djg y÷kajd ÿkafka uhsl,a *erfâ h' Tyq úiska 1831 §
fï iïnkaOj jeo.;a kshuhla jk *erfâ kshuh bÈßm;a lrk ,È'
úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKh wdo¾Ykh
 rEmfha mßÈ pqïnlh o`.rh foig yd bka bj;g
p,kh lrjQ úg .e,ajfkdaógrfhA W;al%uhla we;s fõ'
 fuys § pqïnlfha yd o`.rfha idfmalaI p,s;h fya;=
fldg f.k úoHq;a.dul n,hla yg f.k we;¡
 fujekakla fm%aß; úoHq;a.dul n,hla f,iska y`ÿkajkq
,efí¡
fm%aß; úoHq;a.dul n,fha úYd,;ajhg n,mdk idOl lsysmhls'
(i) o`.rfha jg .Kk
(ii) pqïnlfha m%n,;dj iy
(iii) pqïnlh fyda o`.rh p,kh lrk fõ.h
*af,añkaf.a ol=K;a kS;sh (fleming's right hand rule)
“iqrf;ys uymgÕs,a," on/Õs,a, iy ueoÕs,a, tlsfklg
,ïnlj ;ndf.k uymg`.s,a, ikakdhlh p,kh jk ÈYdjg o
on/Õs,a, pqïnl lafIa;%h msysgk ÈYdjg o fhduq l< úg
ueoeÕs,af,ka ikakdhlh ;=<ska .,d hk Odrdfõ ÈYdj fmkakqï
lrkq ,efí”'
úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKh fhfok wjia:d
1' m%;Hdj¾; Odrd vhskfudaj
2' i, o`.r pqïnl uhsfl%df*dakh
3' nhsisl,a vhskfudaj
ir, Odrd (direct current) iy m%;Hdj¾;l Odrd (alternating current)
 l,h iuÕ Odrdfõ ÈYdj fjkia fkdjk Odrd ir, Odrd f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
 ld,h iuÕ Odrdfõ ÈYdj fjkia jk Odrd m%;Hdj¾: Odrd f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
mßKdul
 m%;Hdj¾;l fjda,aàh;djla tla w.hlska fjk;a w.hlg fjkia lsÍu mßKdul u.ska isÿ
flf¾'
 mßKdul m%;Hdj¾;l Odrd iy m%;Hdj¾;l úNj wka;r i|yd o fjkia jk ir, Odrd
i|yd o lsh % d lrhs' mßKdul fjkia fkdjk ^ksh;& ir, Odrd i|yd lsh % d fkdlrhs'

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA

mßKdul ks¾udKh
 uDÿ hlv j<,a,l mßjrKh lrk ,o ;U lïì oÕr folla t;Sfuka fïjd ks¾udkh l<
yel'
m%d:ñl oaú;Shs mßm:

wêlr mßKdul
 iemhqï fjda,aàh;djg jvd jeä m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djla ,ndfok mßKdul fõ¡ fïjdfha
m%d:ñl o`.rfha fmdg .Kkg jvd oAú;Shsl o`.rfha fmdg .Kk jeä h¡
wjlr mßKdul
 iemhqï fjda,aàh;djg jvd wvq m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djla ,ndfok mßKdul fõ¡ fïjdfha
m%d:ñl o`.rfha fmdg .Kkg jvd oAú;Shsl o`.rfha fmdg .Kk wvq h¡
mßKdul Ndú; lrk wjia:d
 úÿ,s n,d.drj, ckkh flfrk m%;Hdj¾;l úÿ,sh wêlr mßKdul u.ska 132 000 V
^132 kV& fyda 220 000 V ^220 kV& jeks by< úNjj,g kxjd cd;sl úÿ,sn, cd,hg tl;=
lrkq ,efí'
 m%Odk úÿ,s iïfm%AIKd.drj,ska ,nd fok úÿ,sh 230 V olajd wvq lr ksfjiaj,g fnod
yeÍug wjlr mßKdul Ndú; fõ'
 cj weiqreïj, iy mß.Kl" f¾äfhda wdÈ úoHq;a WmlrKj, wjlr mßKdul Ndú; fõ'
 laIqø ;rx. Wÿka" X - lsrK k< wdÈh i|yd by< úNj ,nd .ekSug wêlr mßKdul Ndú;
flfrhs'

mßKdulhl Yla;s iïnkaO;dj

 mßKdulj, o ld¾hlaIu;dj 100 ] fkdfõ' kuq;a fuys§ mßmQ¾K mßKdulhl Yla;s
ydkshla ke;ehs Wml,amkh lrhs' tys ld¾hlaIu;djh 100% fõ¡ túg m%d:ñlfha cjh;a
oaú;Sshslfha cjh;a iudk fõ¡

ATHULA KUMARA EXCEL COLLEGE-POLONNARUWA