2022 idudkH fm< úoHdj

CHEMISTRY

flá igyk

wu,a ksYdka;
B.sc (Hon's), Dip in Education

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 1

ñY%K hkq
ix>gl folla fyda jeä .Kkla ridhkslj fjkia fkdù ñY% ù mj;skakd jQo"
ix>gl fN!;sl l%u u.ska fjka lr .; yels jQo" mod¾: zñY%KZ kï fõ'
 ñY%K i|yd ksoiqka - jd;h, mi, id.r, isis,a îu, f;a, m<;=re i,do,
fldkal%SÜ ñY%Kh

ix>gl hkq ñY%Kfha ñY% ù we;s tla tla ojH" ix>gl kï fõ'

iucd;Sh ñY%K hkq ñY%Kh mqrd tlu ixhq;shla iys; ñY%K" iucd;Sh ñY%K kï
fõ' iucd;Sh ñY%K" ødjK fõ' Wod ( ¨Kq ødjKh , iSks ødjKh

iucd;Sh ñY%Khl m%Odk ,laIK

j¾Kh" úksúo fmfkk nj' >k;ajh jeks fN!;sl ,laIK iEu ;eklu tl
iudk fõ'

úIucd;Sh ñY%K ñY%Kh mqrdu ixhq;sh taldldr fkdjk ñY%K" úIucd;Sh ñY%K
kï fõ'
Wod ( isfuka;s nodu , ueá Èh l< c,h

úIucd;Sh ñY%Khl m%Odk ,laIK

ñY%Kfha j¾Kh" úksúo fmfkk nj" >k;ajh wd§ fN!;sl ,laIK ;ekska
;ekg fjkia fõ'
ødjlh (ødjKh iE§ug ñY% l< ix>gl w;=ßka jeämqr we;s ix>glhhs'
ødjHh (ødjKh iE§ug ñY% l< ix>gl w;=ßka wvqfjka we;s ix>glhhs'
ødjKhla iEfokqfha ødjlhla yd ødjHh ñY% lsÍfuka
ødjlh + ødjHh  ødjKh

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 2

ødjHhl ødjH;dj flfrys n,mdk idol- WIaK;ajh,ødjHfha iajNdjh,ødjlfha
iajNdjh

O%eùh øjH O%eùh ødjlj, Èh fõ'

Wod (

 t;fkda,a O%eùh ixfhda.hls' c,h O%eùh ixfhda.hls' tneúka t;fkda,a

c,fha Èh fõ'
 wefudakshd O%eùh ixfhda.hls' c,h O%eùh ixfhda.hls' fï ksid c,h ;=<
wefudakshd Èh fõ'

ks¾O%eùh ødjH ks¾O%eùh ødjlj, Èh fõ'

Wod (

 .%Sia ks¾O%eùh ødjlhls' N+ñf;,a ks¾O%eùh ødjlhls' fï ksid .%Sia

N+ñf;,aj, Èh fõ'
 fldfyd,a,E ks¾O%eùh ødjlhls' N+ñf;,a ks¾O%eùh ødjlhls' fï ksid
fldfyd,a,E N+ñf;,a j, Èh fõ'

jdhqjl ødjH;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl

WIaK;ajh
 mSvkh

WIaK;ajh
 WIaK;ajh jeä lrk úg jdhqjl ødjH;dj wvq fõ'
 WIaK;ajh wvq lrk úg jdhqjl ødjH;dj jeä fõ'
Amal Nishantha- short note Page 3
mSvkh
 mSvkh jeä lrk úg jdhqjl ødjH;dj jeäfõ'
 mSvkh wvq lrk úg jdhqjl ødjH;dj wvq fõ'

ñY%Khl ixhq;sh m%ldY l< yels wdldr

ialkaO Nd.hla f,i
 mßud Nd.hla f,i
 ujq, Nd.hla f,i
 ialkaOh$mßudj weiqßka
 ujq, m%udKh$mßudj weiqßka

ñY%Khl hï ix>glhl ialkaO Nd.h hkq tu ix>glfha ialkaOh" ñY%Kfha

uq¿ ialkaOhg ork wkqmd;hhs'
A yd B ix>gl f,i we;s ñY%Khl mßud Nd.h oelaùug iólrKhla bÈßm;a
lrkak'
A j, mßudj Nd.h }

ñY%Khl ix>glhl ujq, Nd.h hkq tu ix>glfha ujq, m%udKh" ñY%Kfha

wvx.= ix>glj, uq¿ ujq, m%udKhg ork wkqmd;hhs'

A ys ujq, Nd.h =

B ys ujq, Nd.h =

c,h
 Ôù ffi,j, isÿjk ffi,Sh m%;sl%shd i|yd ødjlh f,i l%shd lsÍu'
 îu j¾." f;a iE§u
 frÈ fia§u
 iakdkh lsÍu

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 4

fgg%dlaf,dafrdat;s,ska
 úh<s msßisÿ lsÍu'

fgd¨ùka" g¾mkaghska
 ;Ska; ;=kS lsÍu

weisfgdaka" fu;s,a weisfÜÜ" vhslaf,dafrdfuf;aka

 ksh wdf,amk bj;a lsÍu

fylafiaka" fmg%,a" B;¾

 me,a,ï bj;a lsÍu

t;fkda,a
 uqøK ;Ska; yd iqj| ú,jqkaj, iqj| øjH Èh lsßu'

ñY%Khl ix>gl fjkalr .ekSu isÿ flfrk wjia:d

 iy,aj,ska .,a je,s bj;a lr .ekSu'
 uqyqÿ c,fhka ¨Kq fjkalr .ekSu'
 Lksc je,sj,ska úúO Lksc fjkalr .ekSu'
 fndrf;,a msßmyÿj u.ska úúO bkaOk fjkalr .ekSu'
 Wla hqIj,ska iSks fjkalr .ekSu'
 jdhqf.da,Sh jd;fhka Tlaiscka" khsg%cka" wd.ka jeks jdhq fjkalr .ekSu'
 idudkH <sx c,fhka fyda .x.d c,fhka wdi%e; c,h ,nd .ekSu'
 uqyqÿ c,fhka mdkSh c,h ieliSu

ñY%Khl ix>gl fjka l< yels wdldr

 hdka;%sl l%u u.ska
 jdIamSlrKh$jdIamSNjkh
 fmÍu
 iaMálSlrKh

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 5

  mqkiaMálSlrKh
 ødjl ksiiaidrKh
 ir, wdijkh" Nd.sl wdijkh
 j¾Kf,aL Ys,amh

hdka;%sl fjka lsÍu

jdIamSlrKh$jdIamSNjkh
jdIamSlrKh$jdIamSNjkh u.ska ñY%Khl ix>gl fjkalr .kafka
ñY%Khlg ;dmh imhd tys we;s wkjYH ix>gl jdIam lr" wjYH ix>gl fjkalr .ekSfuks'
Wod ( ¨Kq ksiaidrKfha §
msßisÿ r;arka ,nd .ekSfï §
fmÍu

fmÍu u.ska ñY%Khl ix>gl fjka l< yelafla

ødjKhl ødjK.; fkdù wj,ïnkh jk ix>gl tu ñY%Kfhka fjka lsÍug fmÍu Ndú;
l< yels h' ta i|yd fmrykla wjYH fõ' fmrykl l=vd isÿre mj;S' fuu isÿrej,g jvd l=vd
wxY=j,g isÿre ;=<ska .uka l< yelsh' tfy;a Bg jvd úYd, wxY=j,g tu isÿre ;=<ska .uka
l< fkdyels h' fmÍu u.ska ñY%K fjkalsRSfï È Ndú; jkafka fuu ,laIKhhs' fmÍul §
fmryfka b;sß jk øjH øjHh wjfYaIh f,i o fmÍ .sh ødjKh fmrkh f,i o y÷kajhs'

Wod ( fmd,a l=vqj,ska" fmd,a =vq ñY% fkdjQ fmd,a lsß ,nd .ekSfï §

iaMálSlrKh

iaMálSlrKh hkq >k øjHhla njg m;ajk ødjHhla ødjKhl mj;sk úg idkaø lsÍu u.ska
>k øjH fjka lr .ekSfï l%uhhs'

iaMálSlrKh Ndú; jk wjia:d iSks l¾udka;fha § Wla hqIfhka iSks ,nd .ekSfï §
 uqyqÿ c,fhka ¨Kq ksIamdokh lsÍfï §

mqkiaMálSlrKh

mqkiaMálSlrKh hkq iamálrEmS >k øjHhla ødjK.; lr" h<s;a iaMál njg m;a lsÍfï
l%shdj,shhs'

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 6

 ødjl ksiaidrKh

ødjl ksiaidrKh hkq hï ødjlhl w,am jYfhka Èhjk øjHhl ødjKhla iu. tu øjHfha
by< ødjH;djla we;a;d jQo" m<uq ødjlh iu. ñY% fkdjkakd jQo" ødjlhl .eàug ie,iSu
u.ska fojeks ødjlhg wod< øjHh tl;= lr .ekSfï l5uh" ødjl ksiaidrKhhs'

ir, wdijkh" Nd.sl wdijkh yd yqud, wdijkh

wdijkh hkq hï ødjKhla fyda ñY%Khla kegùug i,iajd ,efnk jdIamh >kSNjkhg
,lalr ix>gl fjka lsÍuhs'

ir, wdijkh Ndú;d jkafka fndrf;,a msßmyÿfõ §

yqud, wdijkh Ndú;hg .kafka i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKfha §

j¾Kf,aL Ys,amh

j¾Kf,aL Ys,amh Ndú;hg .kakd wjia:d

 c,hg úI ridhk øjH uqiq ù we;aoehs fiùug
 wdydrj,g wys;lr øjH tl;= ù we;aoehs mÍlaId lsßug'
 Ydlj, l%shdldÍ ridhksl ixfhda. wkdjrKh lr .ekSfï §

uqyqÿ c,fhka ¨Kq ksiaidrKh

uqyqÿ c,fhka ¨Kq ksiaidrKfha § Ndú; jk fjka lsÍfï Ys,aml%u

 jdIamSNjkh
 iaMálSlrKh

 ¨Kq f,ajdhla ia:dk.; lsÍfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;= N+f.da,Sh yd mdßißl idOl
 uqyqÿnv m%foaYhl myiqfjka uqyqÿ c,h ,nd .; yels ;eks;,d ia:dkhla ùu'
 c,h ldkaÿ ùu wju jeá iys; mila ;sîu'
 jir mqrd ;o iQ¾hdf,dalh yd iq<`. iys; úh<s WKqiqï ld,.=Khla mej;su'
 j¾Idm;kh wju m%foaYhla ùu'

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 7

  ¨Kq f,ajdfha we;s ;gdl j¾. 3 kï
 fkd.eUqre úYd, ;gdl
 uOHia: ;gdl
 l=vd ;gdl

 f,ajdhl ¨Kq ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha m%Odk mshjr

1 mshjr
fmdïm lsÍu fyda jvÈh wdOdrfhka fkd.eUqre úYd, ;gdlj,g uqyqÿ c,h mqrjd iQ¾h
;dmh u.ska jdIamSNjkh ùug i,iajkq ,efí' uq,a c,fha idkaøKh fuka fo.=Khlska
idkaøKh jeä jk úg m<uq ;gdlh ;=< § le,aishï ldnfkaÜ ^CaCO3& iaMálSlrKh
fjñka ;gdlh m;=f,a wjlafIam fõ'

2 mshjr
oeka fuu c,h uOHia: m%udKfha ;gdl fj; .,d hEug i,iajhs' tu ;gdlj, §
ødjKfha c,h ;jÿrg;a jdIam fõ' uq,a c,fha idkaøKh fuka y;r .=Khla muK
,jK idkaøKh by< hk úg tys we;s le,aishï i,af*aÜ ^CaSO4& iaMálSrKh fjñka
m;=f,a wjlafIam fõ'

3 mshjr
le,aishï i,af*aÜ wõlfIam jQ miq fuu ødjKh uOHia: ;gdlj, isg ;=kajeks l=vd
;gdl fj;g .,d hEug i,iajd ;jÿrg;a c,h jdIamSNjkh ùug i,iajhs' wdrïNl
uqyqÿ c,fha idkaøKh fuka oi .=Khl muK idkaøKhla we;s jk úg ¨Kq ^NaCl&
iaMálSlrKh fjñka m;=f,a wjlafIam fõ'

 ¨Kq wjlafIam ùfï § ¨Kqj, ;s;a; rih we;s ùug n,mdk ,jK j¾.
ue.akSiahï laf,darhsâ ^MgCl2&
 ue.akSishï i,af*aÜ ^MgSO4&

 ¨Kq wjlafIam lsÍfuka miq b;sßjk idkaø ødjKh y÷kajkafka

uõ ødjKh fyj;a ldrï Èhrh

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 8

 i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKh

 wfma rfÜ ksmojk m%Odk i.kaO f;,a j¾. lsysmhla l=re÷ fld< f;,a
 l=re÷ fmd;= f;,a
 me`.sß f;,a
 .ïñßia f;,a
 lrouqx.= f;,a
 idÈlald f;,a
 lrdnq keá f;,a
 hqle,smagia f;,a

 i.kaO f;,a yuqjk Ydl fldgia lsysmhla

iejekaord - uq,a
 i÷ka - l|
 l=re÷ - fmd=;" uq,a yd fld<
 me`.sß - fld<
 fiar - fld<
 hqle,smagia - fld<
 lrdnqkeá - mqIam fldgia
 frdai $iukamsÉp - u,a
 f,uka$foys - M,
 idÈlald - îc
 i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKh lrk m%Odk l%u fol kï yqud, wdijkfhka
i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKh
 ødjl ksiaidrKh u.ska i.kaO f;,a ,nd .ekSu'

 úoHd.drfha iq,nj Ndú; jk wï,

yhsfv%dlaf,daßla wï,h
 i,a*shqßla wï,h
 khsá%la wï,h

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 9

  wï,hla hkq c,Sh ødjKfha § yhsv%cka whk ^H+& uqod yßk ridhksl ixfhda.hla"
wï,hla kï fõ'

Wod ( HCl wï, ødjKhl §

HCl (aq)  H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

 m%n, wï, hkq c,Sh ødjKfha § mQ¾K whkSlrKhg ,lafjñka H+ whk uqod yßk
wï," m%n, wï, fõ'

 ÿn, wï, hkq c,Sh ødjKfha § Nd.slj whkSlrKh fjñka H+ whk uqod yßk wï,"
ÿn, wï, fõ'

 ÿn, wï, i|yd ksoiqka weisála wï,h [CH3COOH]

 ldfndksla wï,h (H2CO3)
 fmdiafmdßla wï,h (H3PO4)

 wï,j, fN!;sl .=K

wdfõKsl jQ weUq,a rihla we;' c,fha Èh fõ'
 c,Sh ødjKfha § H+ whk uqod yÍ'
 úoHq;a Odrdjla ikakhkh lrhs'
 wï,j, c,Sh ødjKh ks,a ,sÜuia r;= meyehg yrjhs'
 pH w.h 7g jvd wvq h'

 wï,j, ridhksl .=K

;kql wï," il%sh;d fY%aKsfha yhsv%cka ,l=Kq lr we;s ;ekg by<ska msysá f,day ^Mg jeks&
iu. m%;sl%shd lr f,dayfha ,jKh yd yhsv%cka jdhqj idohs'
 úoHd.drfha § le,aishï ldnfkag j,g ;kql yhsfv%dlaf,daßla wï,h tl;= lsÍfuka
ldnkavfhdlaihsâ ksmojk ,È'
wï, ldnfkag$nhsldnfkag iu. m%;sl%shdfjka ldnkavfhdlaihsâ ksmoùu wï,hl
,dlaIKsl .=Khls'
 wï," Niau iu. m%;sl%shd lr ,jK yd c,h idohs' fuys oelafjk wï, Niau
m%;sl%shdfõ M, f,i fidaähï i,af*AÜ ,jKh ^Na2SO4& yd c,h iEfohs'

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 10

  wï, Ndú; jk wjia:d lsysmhla
yhsfv%dlaf,daßla wï,h
 jdfka NdKavj, u, bj;a lsßug'
 wdydr ;dlaIKfha § wiaÓuh fldgiaj,ska fc,áka idod .ekSug
 rdc wï,h ie§ug Ndú; lrhs' rdc wï,h hkq ms<Sfj,ska 1(3 wkqmd;hg ñY% l< idkaø
khsá%la wï, yd idkaø yhsfv%dlaf,daßla wï, ñY%Khls' rka" ma,eákï jeks f,day Èh
lsÍu i|yd rdc wï,h Ndú; flf¾'

 i,a*shqßla wï,h
 wefudakshï i,af*AÜ" á%m,a iqm¾fmdiafmaÜ jeks fmdfydr j¾. ksmoùu i|yd
 negß weisâ hkq" ;kql lrk ,o i,a*shqßla wï,hhs'
 idhï j¾." ma,diaála" laId,l ksmoùu i|yd
 idkaø i,a*shqßla wï,h úc,ldrlhla f,i
 jdhq úh<Su i|yd wod< jdhq idkaø i,a*shqßla wï,h yryd nqnq,kh flf¾'

 weisála wï,h
 wdydr ieliSfï È ^úkdlsß&
 rn¾ lsß uqoùu i|yd
 PdhdrEm mg, ksmoùfï §
 lvodis l¾udka;fha §
 fmaI l¾udka;fha § lD;%Su kQ,a ksmoùug

 Niauhla hkq c,Sh ødjKhl yhsfv%dlais,a ^OH-& whk idkaøKh by< kxjk ridhksl
ixfhda.hhs'
m%n, Niau hkq c,Sh ødjKfha mQ¾K f,i whkSlrKh jk Niauhhs'

 Niauj, fN!;sl .=K

,dlaIKsl ;s;a; rihla we;'
 w;ska iam¾Y l< úg inka jeks ,siaik .;shla oefka'
 c,Sh ødjKh úÿ,sh ikakhkh lrhs'
 r;= ,sÜuia ks,a meyehg yrjhs'
 pH w.h 7g jeä fõ'

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 11

  Niauj, ridhksl .=K
Niau" wï, iu. m%;sl%shd lr ,jK yd c,h idohs'
laIdr hkq c,fha fyd¢ka Èhjk Niau" laIdr kï fõ'
Wod ( fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ ^NaOH&
fmdgEishï yhsfv%dlaihsâ ^KOH&
wefudakshd ødjKh ^NH4OH&

 fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsv Niauh

 inka" lvodis" lD;%su fiau yd idhï j¾. ksmoùug'
 m%n, Niauhla f,i ridhkd.dr lghq;=j,§
 fmfg%da,shï ksIamdok msßmyÿ lsßfï §'

 ue.akSishï yhsfv%dlaihsâ Niauh

 Worfha wï, .;sh iukh lsßug m%;swï,hla f,i ue.akSishï yhsfv%dlaihsâ wj,ïnh
^ñ,ala T*a ue.akSishd& fhdod .kS'
 iSks l¾udkfha § WlameKs ixY=oaO lsÍug'

o¾Yl Ndú;fhka wï, - Niau y÷kd .ekSu

,sÜuia" msfkdama;e,Ska yd fu;s,a Tf¾kaâ wï, yd Niau iu. fmkajk j¾Khka

o¾Ylh wdï,sl Ndiañl

j¾Kh j¾Kh
,sÜuia r;= ks,a
msfkdama;e,ska wj¾K frdai
fu;s,a Tf¾kaâ r;= ly

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 12

,jK iEfok wdldr
yhsfv%dlaf,daßla wï,h" fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsv iu. m%;sl%shd lsßfuka fidaähï
laf,darhsâ iEfoa'
 yhsfv%dlaf,daßla wï,h" fmdgEishï yhsfv%dlihsâ iu. m%;sl%shd lsÍfuka fmdgEishï
laf,darhsv iEfoa'

 khsá%la wï,h" ue.akSishï yhsfv%dlaihsâ iu. m%;sl%shd lsÍfuka ue.akSishï khsfÜ%Ü

iEfoa'
,jKj, .=K
iaMálrEmS" >k ixfhda. fõ'
 fndfydauhla ,jK c,fha Èh fõ'
 by< ;dmdxl yd øjdxl we;'
fidaähï laf,darhsâ
 wdydr ms<sfh, lsÍfï § rildrlhla f,i
 wdydr l,a;nd .ekSfï § mßrlaIKldrlhla f,i
 laf,daÍka" yhsfv%dlaf,daßla wï,h jeks ridhksl ifhda. ksmoùug o" fidaähï
yhsfv%dlaihsâ ksmoùugo" fid,afõ l%ufhka fidaähï ldnfkaÜ ksmoùug o" ueá
NdKav .af,aia lsÍfï §" inka j¾. iE§fï § yd iï moï lsßfï § o Ndú; lrhs'

fldm¾ i,af*aÜ ,jKh (

 lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,§ È,Sr kdYlhla f,i
 ridhksl m%;sldrl iE§fï § ^fnkälaÜ yd f*a,sx ødjK&
 úoHq;a f,daydf,amkfha §
 idhï l¾udka;fha §

WodiSkslrKh

WodiSkslrKh hkq wï,hlska ksoyia jk H+ whk" Niauhlska ksoyia jk OH- whk iu.
iïnkaO ù" c, wKq iE§uhs'
H+ (aq) + H- (aq)  H2O (l)

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 13

wï, -Niau WodiSkslrK m%;sl%shd Ndú;fh fhok wjia:d ljf¾ o@
 wdudYfha we;s jk wï, .;sh WodiSk lsßu i|yd ñ,ala T*a ue.akSishd fyda tjeks
m%;swï,hla ^ÿ¾j, Niauhla& Ndú; flf¾'
 mfiys wdï,sl nj wvq lsÍug w¿" Èh .eiQ yqKq ^w¿yqKq& jeks Ndiañl øjH mig tl;=
flf¾'
 ó ueis oIag lsÍul § fõokdjla we;s jkafka iu ;=<g we;=¿ jk wdï,sl úI øjHhla
ksid h' oIag l< ia:dkfha fílka fidavd ^NaHCO3& jeks ÿ¾j, Ndiañl øjHhla
fh§fuka fõokdj wvq fõ'
 fonr úI NdIañl fj' ta ksid fonfrl= oIag l< ia:dkfha foys hqI " úkdlsr jeks ÿn,
;kql wï,hla wdf,am lsÍfuka úI .;sh iy fõokdj iukh lr.; yels h'

ridhksl m%;sl%shd wdY%s; ;dm úm¾hdi

odmodhl m%;sl%shd hkq ;dmh msg lrñka isÿjk ridhksl m%;sl%sh" ;dmodhl m%;sl%shd kï fõ'

 ;dmodhl m%;sl%shdjla jpk iólrKhla u.ska

m%;sl%shl  M, + ;dmh

 odmodhl m%;sl%shdjl § ;dmh msg ùug fya;=j

M, i;= Yla;sh" m%;sl%shl i;= Yla;shg jvd wvq ùuhs'

 ;dmodhl m%;sl%shdjla i|yd Yla;s igyk

;dmodhl m%;sl%shdjla i|yd WodyrK

Mg(s) + HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) + ^;dmh&

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 14

  ;dmdjfYdaIl m%;sl%shd hkq ;dmh wjfYdaIKH lrñka isÿjk m%;sl%shd fõ'

 ;dmdjfYdaIl m%;sl%shdkla jpk iólrKhla u.ska

;dmh + m%;sl%shl  M,

;dmdjfYdaIl m%;sl%shdj,l § ;dmh wjfYdaIKH ùug fya;=j

m%;sl%shl i;= Yla;shg jvd M, i;= Yla;sh jeä ùuhs'

;dmdjfYdaIl m%;sl%shdjla i|yd Yla;s uÜgï igyk

ridhksl m%;sl%shdjla wdY%s; ;dm úm¾hdih .Kkh lsßug iólrKhla bÈßm;a lrkak'
Q = mc

Q = m%;sl%shdfõ § yqjudre jQ ;dm mudKh

m = ;dm yqjudrej iïnkaO øjH ialkaOh ^ñY%Kfha ialkaOh&
= ñY%Kfha isÿ jQ WIaK;aj fjki ^Wmßu Yla;s&m%udKh - wdrïNl WIaK;ajh

úoHq;a ridhksl fldaI

úoHq;a ridhksl fldaIj,§ isÿjk Yla;s mßj¾;kh

ridhksl Yla;sh  úoHq;a Yla;sh

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 15

 úoHq;a úÉfþokh

úoHq;a úÉfPAokh hkq zzúoHq;h ikakhkh lrk ødjKhla$øjhla Tiafia úoHq;h .uka lsÍug
i,iajd isÿ lrkq ,nk ridhksl úm¾hdiZZ úoHq;a úÉfþokh kï fõ'

 úoHq;a úÉfþoH hkq úoHq;h ikakhkh lrk øj fyda ødjKhs'

 úoHq;a úÉfþoH i|yd WodyrK

whksl ifhda.j, c,Sh ødjK
Wod ( c,Sh fidaähï laf,darhsâ
c,Sh fldm¾ i,af*AÜ

 whksl ixfhda.j, ú,Sk nj

Wod ( r;a lsÍfuka øj njg m;a l< fidaähï laf,darhsâ ^ú,Sk fidaähï laf,darhsâ&

 wï, ødjK
Wod( c,Sh yhsfv%dlaf,dßla wï,h" c,Sh i,a*Shqßla wï,h

 Niau ødjK
Wod ( c,Sh fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ" yqkq Èhr

 úoHq;a wúÉfþoH hkq úoHq;h ikakhkh fkdlrk øj fyda ødjK" úoHq;a wúÉfþoH kï fõ'

 úoHq;a wúÉfþoH i|yd WodyrK ixY=oaO c,h ^wdi%e; c,h&

 ldnksl øj ^fmg%,a" N+ñf;,a" mermska" fylafiaka&

 úoHq;a úÉfþokfha § fhfok iïuq;Ska

1' ndysr úoHq;a iemhqfï ^negßfha& Ok w.%hg iïnkaO l< bf,lafg%dav h" Ok
bf,lafg%davh jk w;r RK w.%hg iïnkaO l< bf,lafg%davh RK bf,lafg%davh fõ'

2' ødjKfha$øjfha wvx.= Ok whk" RK bf,lafg%davh fj;g o RK whk" Ok

bf,lafg%davh fj;g o wdl¾IKh fõ'

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 16

3' RK bf,alfg%davh fj; .uka lrk Ok whk" bf,lafg%dak ,nd f.k TlaisyrKh
fõ' ødjKh ;=< Ok whk j¾. lsysmhla we;s kï" idudkHfhka TlaisyrKh ùug
jvd;a keUqre jkafka il%sh;d fY%aKsfha my<ska we;s uQ,øjH idok legdhkhs' ^Ok
whkhs&

4' RK bf,lafg%davh wi, TlaisyrK w¾O m%;sl%shdjla isÿ jk ksid" RK bf,lafg%davh

lef;davh fõ'

5' ødjKfha we;s wekdhk ^RK whk& Ok bf,lafg%davh fj; .uka lr bf,lafg%dak uqod
yÍ' tkï TlaislrKh fõ'
Wod ( ødjKfha we;s Cl- whk bf,lafg%dak msg lr Cl2 wKq njg m;a fõ'
2Cl- (aq)  Cl2 (g) +2e

6' Ok bf,lafg%davh wi, TlaislrKhla isÿjk ksid" Ok bf,alfg%davh" wefkdavh fõ'

7' wefkdavh f,i f,dayhla ^ma,eákï yer& Ndú; lf<a kï" RK whk TlaislrKh ùu
fjkqjg" f,day mrudKQ bf,alfg%dak msg lrñka TlaislrKh fõ'
Wod ( wefkdavh ߧ l+rla kï Ok bf,alfg%davh wi,
Ag(s)  Ag+ (aq) + e
hk TlaislrK m%;sl%shdj isÿ fõ'

úoHq;a úÉfþokfha ld¾ñl Ndú;

 f,day ksiaidrKh lsÍu
Wod (
 ú,Sk fidaähï laf,darhsâ úoHq;a úÉfþokh lsÍfuka fidaähï f,dayh ,nd .ekSu'
 fndlaihsÜ u.ska we¨ñkshï f,dayh ,nd .ekSu'

 f,day msßisÿ lsÍu

Wod
 fldm¾ wvx.= Lksvj,ska fldm¾ ksmojd .ekSfï § m<uqj ,efnk ;U wixY=oaO fõ'
úoHq;a úÉfþok l%uhlska fuu ;U msßisÿ lr .efka'

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 17

  úoHq;a f,daydf,amkh
hï jia;=jla u; f,dayhla wdf,am lsÍu
Wod ߧ wdNrK u; rka wdf,am lsÍu'
 jdfka u; ksl,a fyda fl%dañhï wdf,am lsÍu
ld¾ñlj fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ ksIamdokh ^m%dÖr fldaI l%uh&

 fidaähï f,dayh ld¾ñlj ksmojkafka

ldnka bf,lafg%dav fhdod ú,Sk fidaähï laf,darhsâ úoHq;a úÉfþokfha § isÿ jk bf,lafg%dav
m%;sl%shd

fuys § lef;davh wi, my; m%;sl%shdj isÿ fõ'

Na+(l) + e  Na(1) - (1)

wefkdavh wi, isÿjk m%;sl%shdj my; oelafõ'

2Cl-(l)  Cl2 (g) + 2e - (2)

iuia; úoHq;a úÉfþok m%;sl%shdj

2Na+(l) +2Cl- (l)  2Na(s) + Cl2 (g)

ld¾ñlj" úYd, mßudKfhka fidaähï ksmoùug by; m%;sl%shdj Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,efí' fï
i|yd my; wdldrfha úfYaI úoHq;a úÉfþok fldaIhla Ndú; flf¾' fuu fldaIh vjqkaia
fldaIh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 18

wuqøjH f,i ú,Sk fidaähï laf,darhsâ Ndú; fõ' >k fidaähï laf,darhâj, ú,Sk jk
WIaK;ajh 8400C muK by< WIaK;ajhls' fidaähï laf,darhsâj, 40]la muK le,aishï
laf,darhsâ tl;= lsÍfuka ñY%Kh ú,Sk jk WIaK;ajh 6000C olajd wvqlr .efka'

wefkdavfha § iEfok laf,daÍka jdhqj" lef;davfha § iEfok fidaähï iu. .egqfKd;a

fidaähï yd laf,darka m%;sl%hd lr kej; fidaähï laf,darhsâ iEfokq we;'

 fuh je<elaùu i|yd Ndú; lr we;s Wml%uh

wefkdavh yd lef;davh jdfka oe,a m%dÖrhlska fjka lr we;' tu.ska fï fidaähï yd
laf,daÍka tlsfkl m%;sl%shd ùu je<fla'
 fidaähïj, m%fhdack
 ly meye;s wdf,dalhla ,ndfok fidaähï jdIam ,dïmq i|yd fhdod .efka'
 kHIaál Yla;sh ksmojk n,d.drj, kHIaál m%;sldrlj, isis,kldrlhla f,i øj
fidaähï Ndú; fõ'
 úoHd.drj, mÍlaIK lghq;= i|yd wjYH fõ'

 laf,daÍkaj, m%fhdack
 mdkSh c,fha we;s nelaàßhd úkdY lsÍug c,h ;=<ska laf,daÍka jdhqj nqnq<kh flf¾'
 lvodis m,ama" frÈ ms<s wdÈh úrxckh lsÍug ^j¾Kh bj;a lsÍug& fhdod .efka'
 yhsfv%dlaf,daßla wï,h ksmojd .ekSu i|yd laf,daÍka jdhqj' yhsv%cka jdhqj iu.
m%;sl%shd lrjkq ,efí'
 PVC jeks ma,diaála j¾. ksmoùug Ndú; fõ'

úoHq;a f,daydf,amkh
úoHq;a úÉfþkh fhdod .ksñka hï mDIaGhla u; ;=kS f,day ia;rhla wdf,amkh lsÍuhs'

úoHq;a f,daydf,amkfha § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq

wdf,amkh l< hq;= jia;=j lef;davh f,i fhdod .; hq;= h'
 wdf,amkh i|yd Ndú;d lrk f,dayfha ,jK ødjKhla úoHq;a úÉfþokh f,i Ndú;
l< hq;= h'
 wefkdavh" wdf,amkh lrk f,dayfhka iEÿkq ;yvqjla$oKavla úh hq;= h'

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 19

  .=Kd;aul núka by< wdf,amkhla we;s lsÍu i|yd úoHq;a úÉfþoHfha idkaøKh wvq
úh hq;= h' túg m%;sl%shdfõ iS>%;dj wvq jk ksid fyd¢ka wdf,amkh isÿ fõ'

f,day úLdokh
f,day úLdokh hkq jd;hg ksrdjhK ù ;sìh § f,dayj, f,dayuh Èiakh wvq ùu" mDIaG r¿
úu" j¾Kh fjkia ùu jeks úúO úm¾hdij,g ,laùu f,day úLdokh kï fõ'

u, ne£u hkq jd;hg ksrdjrKh jQ hlv fyda jdfka úLdokhg ,laùu" u, ne£u kï fõ'

yhsfv%dldnk

yhsfv%dldnk hkq ldnka yd yhsv%cka muKla wvx.= jk ixfhda.hs'

yhsfv%dldnk jHqyh mokï lr .ksñka j¾.SlrK

we,aflak
 we,alSk
 we,alhsk

we,aflak hkq ldnka mrudKq yd ldnka mrudKq w;r tal nkaOk muKla mj;sk
yhsfv%dldnk fõ'

ir,u yhsfv%dldnkh
fuf;aka [CH4]
H
|
H-C-H
|
H

we,aflakj, fmdÿ iQ;%h CnH2n+2

^n = ixfhda.fha wKqjl wvx.= ldnka mrudKq .Kk&

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 20

ldnka mrudKQ .Kk 1 isg 5 olajd jk we,aflakj, iQ;% yd tu we,aflakj, kdu olajkak'

 CH4 - fuf;aka
 C2H6 - tf;aka
 C3H8 - fm%dfmaka
 C4H10 - ìhqfÜka
 C5H12 - fmkafÜka

tu we,aflakj, jHqy iQ;% bÈßm;a lrkak'

we,alSk hkq ldnka yd ldnka w;r oaú;aj nkaOk tlla fyda jeä .Kkla mj;sk yhsfv%dldnkhs'

ir,u we,alSkh t;Ska [C2H4]

nyqwjhjl

nyqwjhjl hkq l=vd wKq /ila tlsfkl iïnkaO ù iEfok úYd, nyqwjhjl kï fõ'
nyqwjhjlj, idfmalaI wKql ialkaO b;d úYd, fõ'

talwjhjl hkq nyqwjhúl ks¾udKh ù we;s l=vd wKq" talwjhjl kï fõ'

mqkrdj¾;k tall hkq nyqwjhjlfha wvx.= uQ,sl jHqy tall" mqkrdj¾;k tall kï fõ'

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 21

iajdNdúl nyqwjhjl hkq iajNdúl mßirfha wvx.= nyqwjhjlhs'
Wod( fm%daàka, msIaGh, fi,shqf,daia, iajNdúl rn¾, DNA, RNA

lD;%Su nyqwjhúl hkq uksid úiska lD;%suj ixYaf,aIKh lrkq ,nk nyqwjhúlhs'
Wod ( fmd,s;Ska, fmd,sjhkhs,a laf,darhsâ, fmd,siaghsßka, fíla,hsÜ, fmd,stiag¾,khsf,daka,
fgß,Ska

fmd,s;Ska fyj;a fmd,st;Ska nyqwjhùlrKh jkafka t;Skaj, oaú;aj nkaOkfhka tla

nkaOkhla ì|jeà" t;Ska wKq oyia .Kkla tlsfkl iu. iïnkaO ùu fuys § isÿ fõ'

fuhska woyia jkafka t;Ska wKq n ixLHdjla tlsfkl iu. iïnkaO ù - CH2 - CH2
mqkrdj¾;k tall n .Kkla iys; fmd,s;Ska wKqjla ks¾udKh ù we;s njhs'

fmd,st;Skaj, nyqwjhúlh" mqkrdj¾;k tallh yd talwjhjlh we| olajkak'

fmd,sjhk,sha laf,darhsâ ^PVC& fyj;a fmd,slaf,dafrdt;Skaj,

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 22

fmd,sfÜÜrd*a¨fjdfrdt;Ska fyj;a fg*af,dkaj,

fmd,s;Ska
úfYaI .=K
 úoHq;a mßjdrl ùu
 c, frdaOl ùu
 jdhq frdaOl ùu
 ieye,a¨ nj
 wd;;sj,g Tfrd;a;= §u
 l,a mej;au

Ndú;
 ma,diaála fnda;,a ksmoùu
 fi,a,ï NdKav ksmoùu
 fmd,s;Ska mg, ksmoùu
 fmd,s;Ska u¨ ksmoùu
 li, n÷ka ksmoùu
 oDV ma,diaála fl¢ ksmoùu

fmd,sjhkhs,a laf,darhsâ ^PVC&

úfYaI .=K
 .skakg m%;sfrdaë ùu
 úoHq;a mßjdrl ùu
 c, frdaOl ùu
 ieye,a¨ ùu

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 23

Ndú;
 jeys mS,s ksmoùu
 c, k< ksmoùu
 fldkaähqÜ ng ksmoùu
 kefjkiq¨ mhsmam ksmoùu

fg*af,daka
úfYaI .=K
 ;dmhg Tfrd;a;= §u
 úoHq;a mßjdrl ù

Ndú;
 wdydr msiSug fhdod .kakd fkdwef,k n÷ka ksmoùu
 ysu im;a;= ksmoùu

jHqyh u; mokïj nyqwjhjl j¾. l< yels wdldrh l=ula o@

rn¾ j,alhskia lsßu hkq rn¾ i,a*¾ iu. m%;sl%shd lrjd" rn¾j, f¾Çh odu w;ri ,a*¾
u.ska yria nkaOk we;s lsßuhs' tys§
1' rn¾j, m%;Hia: .=Kh wvq fõ'
2' rn¾j, odVNdjh jeä fõ'

j,alhskia lrk ,o rn¾j, Ndú;

 gh¾ ksmoùu
 áhqí ksmoùu
 negß wdjrK ksmoúu

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 24

nyqwjhjlj, jeo.;alu iajdNdúl øjHj,g wdfoaY l< yels h'
 ñ, wvq h'
 ´kEu j¾Khlska .ekaúh yels h'
 úúO yevhkag ksmoúh yels h'

nyqwjhjlj,ska isÿjk ydks

 fmd,s;Ska jeks lD;%u
s nyqwjhjl ffcj Ndckhg ,la fkdjk ksid"
mßirfha tla/ia ùu'
 lD;%su nyqwjhjl oykfhka úI jdhq msg ùu'

Amal Nishantha- short note Page 25