2020 – THEORY

ÿiai%dú;dj
[𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦]

ÿiai%dú;djh keu;s .;s.=Kh øj yd jdhqj, wvx.=j we;' tkï" .,dhk ;r,j, fuu .;s.=Kh
oel.; yel'
.,dhk ;r, wdldr follska ye`Èkaúh yel'

01' wkdl+, ;r, m%jdyh (𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘)

;r, wxY= tlla miqmi tlla wkqms<sfj,ska ksYaÑ; f¾Ld Tiafia .,dhhs kï' th wkdl+, m%jdyhls'
tneúka ikaiqka m%jdyh wkdl+, fõ'
wkdl+, m%jdyhl ;r, wxY= jvd wvq m%fõ.j,ska p,kh fõ'
m%jdyh jk ;r,hl i,lk ,o ,laIhla miqlrk iEu ;r, wxY=jlu m%fõ.h tlu w.h kï tu
m%jdyh wkdl+, m%jdyhls' fuys§ i,lk ,laIfha§ ;r,fha mSvkh yd >k;ajho ld,h iu`. ksh;j
mj;S'
wkdl+, m%jdyh my; wdldrhg fldgia follg fjka l< yel'
i. taldldr m%jdyh

𝑉1 𝑉2

𝑉1 = 𝑉2

fuys iEu yrialvlau ;r< m%fõ.h iudk fõ'

ii. taldldr fkdjk m%jdyh

𝑉1 𝑉2

fuys i,lk yrialv wkqj ;r< m%jdy fõ.h fjkia fõ'

 wkdl+, m%jdyhl§ ;r, wxY=jla .uka .kakd m:h" wkdl+, f¾Ldjla f,i ye`Èkafõ'
 wkdl+, f¾Ldjlg hï ,laIhl§ we`È iam¾Ylfha ÈYdfjka t;ek§ m%fõ.fha ÈYdj ,efí'
 wkdl+, f¾Ld lsisúgl;a tlsfkl fþokh fkdfõ'

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 2020 – THEORY
02' wdl+, ;r, m%jdyh (𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘)

;r, wxY+ lsisu ms<sfj,la fkdue;sj iiïNdùj úúO ÈYdjg úúO m%fõ. j,ska .,dhhs kï" th
wdl+, m%jdyhls' tkï le,ô,sldÍ m%jdyh wdl+, fõ'
tys ;r, wxY=j, m%fõ.h ;rula jeäh' wu;r pd,l Yla;shla we;'

wjê m%fõ.h
;r,hlg wkdl+,j .,d hdyels Wmßu m%fõ.h" wjê m%fõ.h f,i y`ÿkajkq ,efí'

.f`.a I .f`.a
H
by, G my,
F
P1 fE P2
D
C
B
A

.,dhk ;r, m%jdyhla ^.`.la& i,ld n,uq' .f`.ys m;=,g iudka;rj øj ia:rj,g fnod fjka lr
.ksuq' .f`.ys my, mSvkhg jvd by, mSvkh jeäfõ'

𝐴 kï øj ia:rh .f`.ys m;=, keu;s r¿ mDIagh f;;alr we;s neúka" .f`.ys by,ska mSvkhla
we;sl<o 𝐴 øj ia:rh .f`.a m;=< fukau ksYap,j mj;S' 𝐵 kï øj ia:rhg fomiska we;af;a t;rï
>¾IKhla fkdue;a øjia:r folls' tuksid by<ska we;slrk mSvkh u`.ska 𝐵 øj ia:rh uo fõ.hlska
bÈßhg .,d hhs' 𝐶 øj ia:rh we;af;a fõ.hla we;s 𝐵 kï ia:rh u;hs' tuksid .f`.a by,ska we;slrk
mSvkh ksid 𝐶 øj ia:rh 𝐵g;a jvd jeä fõ.hlska .uka lrhs' fï wdldrhg l%ufhka by< hk úg
øj ia:rj, fõ.h jeäfõ' jeäu fõ.hla we;af;a u;=msg we;s øj ia:rhgh'
.f`.a m;=<g ,ïNl f¾Ldjl isg tla tla øj ia:rfha m%fõ.hg iudkqmd;sl jk mßÈ B;, ks¾udKh
l<fyd;a tajdfha ysia yryd hk f¾Ldj ir, f¾Ldjla f,i ,efí kï" fuh wkdl+, m%jdyhls'
wkdl+, m%jdyhl øj ia:r w;r idfmalaI p,s;hla we;'
tu idfmalI p,s;h je<flk wdldrhg tla øj ia:rhlska wfkla øj ia:rh u; iam¾Y mDIagh Èf.a
l%shdlrk m%;sfrdaO n,h ÿiai%dú;d n,h f,i y`ÿkajkq ,efí'

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 2020 – THEORY
;sria ;yvqjla u; isÿjk wdia;Íh m%jdyhla is,sksvrdldr k,hl isÿjk wdia;Íh m%jdyhla

iDcqfldaKdi%
;r, ia:r

>k ì;a;sh

fõ. jHdma;sh fõ. jHdma;sh

^fla;=l yev;s& ^mrdj,sh yev;s&

m%jdyh jk ;r,hl ;r, ia;r w;r yg.kakd >¾IK n, ÿiai%dú;d n, f,i kï lrhs'
fuu ÿiai%dú;d n, ;r, ia;r w;r mj;sk idfmalaI p,s;h wju lsÍug W;aiyd orhs'
øj yd jdhq j¾. foflau ÿiai%dú;d n, yg.kS' øj ;=< yg.kakd ÿiai%dú;d n, jdhq ;=<
ÿiai%dú;d n, j,g jvd m%n,h'
ÿiAi%dú;djh jeä ;r, ;=< >k jia;= my<g .uka lrkqfha wvq fõ.hlsks'

ksjqgka iólrKh

𝜹𝒅
𝑨
𝑽 + 𝜹𝑽
𝑭 𝑽

.,dhk ;r, m%jdyhl hdnoj msysgk øj ia:r folla rEmfha oelafõ' tajdfha m%fõ. ms<sfj,ska 𝑉 yd
𝑉 + 𝛿𝑉 fõ' øj ia:r fol w;r >klu 𝛿𝑑 fõ' øj ia:r fol iam¾Y ù ;sfnk fmdÿ j¾.M,h" 𝐴
fõ' tla øj ia:rhlska wfkla øj ia:rh u; l%shdlrk m%;sfrdaO n,h 𝐹 fõ'

øj ia:r fol w;r m%fõ. wkql%uKh = m%fõ. fjki $ Wi

𝑉+𝛿𝑉−𝑉 𝛿𝑉
= = 𝛿𝑑
𝛿𝑑

𝐹
tall lafIa;%M,hla yryd l%shdlrk ÿiai%dú;d n,h = 𝐴
^iam¾YSh mSvkh&

tall lafIa;%M,hla yryd l%shdlrk m%;sfrdaO n,h ^iam¾YSh mSvkh& ∝ m%fõ. wkql%uKh
𝐹 𝛿𝑉
∝
𝐴 𝛿𝑑

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 2020 – THEORY
𝐹 𝛿𝑉
= 𝜂
𝐴 𝛿𝑑

𝜹𝑽
𝑭 = 𝜼𝑨
𝜹𝒅

fuys iudkqmd;sl ksh;h (𝜂) tu ;r,fhys ÿiai%dú;d ix.=Klh f,i ye`Èkafõ'

𝐹
𝜂=
𝛿𝑉
𝐴( )
𝛿𝑑

𝜼ys w¾:oelaùu
;r, ia:r folla w;r idfmalaI p,s;hla we;súg tla ia:rhlska wfkla ia:rfha tall laFIA;%M,hla
yryd tall m%fõ. wkql%uKhla we;s m%foaYhl§ l%shdlrk m%;sfrdaO n,h ÿiAi%dú;d ix.=Klh f,i
w¾: oelafõ'

ÿiai%dù udOHhla ;=<ska jefgk f.da,Sh wxY=jla u; l%shdlrk ÿiai%dù n,h

𝑭
𝒂
𝒗
𝜼

ÿiai%dù;d ix.=Klh 𝜂 jk udOHhla ;=<ska wrh 𝑎 jk f.da,Sh wxY=jla 𝑣 fõ.hlska .uka lrhs' túg
tu f.da,Sh wxY=j u; l%shdlrk ÿiai%dú;d n,h 𝐹 kï"
ÿiai%dú;d n,h flfrys n,mdk idOl"

1. wxY=fõ wrh (𝑎)

2. øjfha ÿiai%dú;d ix.=Klh (𝜂)
3. wxY=fõ m%fõ.h (𝑣)

𝐹 ∝ 𝑎𝑥
𝐹 ∝ 𝑎𝑥 𝜂𝑦 𝑣 𝑧
𝐹 ∝ 𝜂𝑦
𝐹 ∝ 𝑣𝑧

𝐹 = 𝑘 𝑎 𝑥 𝜂 𝑦 𝑣 𝑧 − − − −(1)
fuys 𝑘 hkq udk fkdue;s ksh;hls'
𝐹 udk = [𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 ]
𝑎 udk = [𝐿]
𝜂 udk = [𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 ]
𝑣 udk = [𝐿𝑇 −1 ]

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 2020 – THEORY
^1& ys udk wdfoaYfhka"
[𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 ] = [𝐿]𝑥 [𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 ]𝑦 [𝐿𝑇 −1 ] 𝑧

𝑀 udk => 1 = 𝑦
𝐿 udk => 1 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧
𝑇 udk => −2 = −𝑦 − 2
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 1

^1& ys wdfoaYfhka" 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑎𝜂𝑣

fuys 𝑘 = 6𝜋 nj mÍlaIKd;aulj fidhd.; yel'

𝑭 = 𝟔𝝅𝒂𝜼𝒗 ^iafgdlaia iólrKh&

ÿiai%dù udOHhla ;=<ska .uka lrk f.da,Sh wxY=jl p,s;h

𝒖
𝑭
𝒂
𝝆
𝜼, 𝝈

𝒎𝒈

ÿiai%dú;d ix.=Klh 𝜂 iy >k;ajh 𝜎 jk ÿiai%dù udOHhla ;=<ska wrh 𝑎 iy >k;ajh 𝜌 jk f.da,Sh

wxY=jla my<g .uka lrkafka hehs is;uq' fuu f.da,Sh wxY+j u; n, ;=kla l%shd flf¾'
4
1. ↓ f.da,Sh wxY=fõ nr (𝑚𝑔) = 𝜋𝑎3 𝜌𝑔
3
4 3
2. ↑ Wvql=re f;rmqu (𝑢) = 𝜋𝑎 𝜎𝑔
3
3. ↑ ÿiai%dú;d n,h (𝐹) = 6𝜋𝑎𝜂𝑣

f.da,hg ↓ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

𝑚𝑔 − 𝑢 − 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑓
4 3 4 4
𝜋𝑎 𝜌𝑔 − 𝜋𝑎3 𝜎𝑔 − 6𝜋𝑎𝜂𝑣 = ( 𝜋𝑎3 𝜌𝑔) 𝑓 − − − −(𝐴)
3 3 3
ÿiai%dù udOH ;=<ska my<g .uka lrk f.da,Sh wxY=jg wdrïNfha§ ;ajrKhla mj;Shehs .ksuq'
tuksid th my,g .uka lrkqfha jeäjk m%fõ.hlsks'
túg by; iólrKh wkqj f.da,Sh wxY=fõ nr iy Wvql=re f;rmqu ksh;j mej;=ko m%fõ.h l%ufhka
jeäùu;a iu`. ÿiai%dú;d n,h l%ufhka jeäfõ'
túg isriaj my<g we;s wiu;=,s; n,h wvqfõ' my<g we;s ;ajrKho ta;a iu`.u wvqfõ'

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 2020 – THEORY
;ajrKh wvq jqjo m%fõ.h ;ju;a jeäjk neúka ÿiai%dú;d n,h jeäfõ' my,g we;s wiu;=,s; n,h
l%ufhka wvqfõ' tuksid ;ajrKho wvqfõ'
fï wkqj f.da,Sh wxY=j ÿiai%dù udOHh ;=,ska my,g .uka lrkqfha l%ufhka wvqjk ;aj rKhlsks'
fuf,i ;ajrKh wvq fjñka .uka lr lsishï fudfyd;l§ ;ajrKh Y=kH fõ' t;eka mgka f.da,Sh
wxY=j ,nd.;a ksh; m%fõ.fhka .uka lrhs'
fuu ksh; m%fõ.h wdka; m%fõ.h f,i ye`oskafõ'

wdka; m%fõ.h (𝑻𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚)

ÿiai%dù udOHhla ;=,ska .uka lrk f.da,sh wxY=jla u; l%shdlrk wiu;=,s; n,h Y=kH jQ úg th
,nd.kakd ksh; m%fõ.h wdka; m%fõ.h f,i ye`Èkafõ'

wdka; m%fõ.h ,nd.;a miq 𝑓 = 0

4 3 4
𝜋𝑎 𝜌𝑔 − 𝜋𝑎3 𝜌𝑔 − 6𝜋𝑎𝜂𝑣𝑇 = 0
3 3
(÷ 6𝜋𝑎𝜂)

𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒈(𝝆−𝝈)
𝒗𝑻 =
𝟗𝜼

fuu wdka; m%fõ.h i`oyd jk iólrKh jkqfha ÿiai%dù udOHhla ;=,ska my,g jefgk >k f.da,Sh
jia;+ka i`oydh'

𝒖 𝒖
𝑭 𝑭
𝝆 𝝆
𝑽𝑻 𝑽𝑻
𝝈 𝝈
𝒎𝒈 𝒎𝒈

𝜌 > 𝜎 úg 𝜌 < 𝜎 úg

2𝑎2 𝑔(𝜌 − 𝜎) 2𝑎2 𝑔(𝜎 − 𝜌)

𝑣𝑇 = 𝑣𝑇 =
9𝜂 9𝜂

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 2020 – THEORY
;ajrKh

m%fõ.h

𝑽𝑻

úia:dmkh

𝑽𝑻
werfUk
úia:dmkh

𝒕
𝑽𝑻 werfUk ld,h

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 2020 – THEORY
.eg¨j
wrh 𝑎 yd >k;ajh 𝜌 jk >k f.da,hla" >k;ajh 𝜎 yd ÿiai%dú;d ix.=Klh 𝜂 jk udOHhla ;=<g
ksYap,;djfhka uqodyÍ' f.da,fhys Wmßu ;ajrKh mj;sk ia:dkh yd Wmßu ;ajrKfha w.h
fidhkak' ( 𝜌 > 𝜎)

úi`ÿu

>k f.da,hg ↓ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

𝑚𝑔 − 𝑢 − 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑓
4 3 4
𝜋𝑎 𝜌𝑔 − 𝜋𝑎3 𝜎𝑔 − 6𝜋𝑎𝜂𝑣 = 𝑚𝑓
3 3
f.da,h uqod yßk wjia:dfõ§ 𝑣 = 0 fõ'

tfia jkafka 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 jk úg 𝐹 ÿiai%dù wju jk ksidh'

4 3 4 4
𝜋𝑎 𝜌𝑔 − 𝜋𝑎3 𝜎𝑔 − 0 = 𝜋𝑎3 𝜌𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥
3 3 3
4 3
(÷ 𝜋𝑎 𝜌)
3
𝜎
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 − ) 𝑔
𝜌

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 2020 – THEORY
wkjr; wkdl+, m%jdy i`oyd fmdhsfi,a iólrKh
𝒗, 𝒕
𝒂
𝑷𝟏 𝜼 𝑷𝟐

𝒍
wNHka;r wrh 𝑎 jk È. 𝑙 jk flaIsl k,hla ;=,ska ÿiai%dú;d ix.=Klh 𝜂 jk øjhla .,d hhs' tu
øjh 𝑃1 mSvkh hgf;a we;=,aù 𝑃2 mSvkh hgf;a msgù hhs' 𝑡 kï ld,hl§ .,dhk øj mßudj v
fõ'
𝑣
øjh .,k mßud iS.%;djh ( 𝑡 ) flfrys n,mdk idOl

I. k,fha wNHka;r wrh (𝑎)

II. øjfha ÿiai%dú;d ix.=Klh (𝜂)
𝑃
III. mSvk wKql%uKh ( 𝑙 )
𝑣
𝛼 𝑎𝑥
𝑡
𝑣 𝑣 𝑃
𝛼 𝜂𝑦 𝛼 𝑎 𝑥 𝜂 𝑦 ( 𝑙 )𝑧
𝑡 𝑡
𝑣 𝑃
𝛼 ( )𝑧
𝑡 𝑙

𝑣 𝑃
= 𝑘𝑎 𝑥 𝜂 𝑦 ( 𝑙 )𝑧 − − − −(1)
𝑡

fuys 𝑘 hkq udk fkdue;s ksh;hls'

𝑣
udk = [𝐿3 𝑇 −1 ]
𝑡

𝑎 udk = [𝐿]
𝜂 udk = [𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 ]
𝑃
udk = [𝑀𝐿−2 𝑇 −2 ]
𝑙

(1) ys udk wdfoaYfhka"

[𝐿3 𝑇 −1 ] = [𝐿] 𝑥 [𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 ]𝑦 [𝑀𝐿−2 𝑇 −2 ] 𝑧

𝑀 udk => 0 = 𝑦 + 𝑧
𝐿 udk => 3 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧
𝑀 udk => −1 = −𝑦 − 2𝑧
𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = −1, 𝑧 = 1

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(1) ys wdfoaYfhka"
𝑣 𝑃
= 𝑘𝑎4 𝜂−1 ( )1
𝑡 𝑙
𝜋
fuys 𝑘 = nj mÍlaIKd;aulj fidhdf.k we;'
8

𝑣 𝜋 𝑎4 𝑃
=
𝑡 8 𝜂𝑙

fmdhsfi,a iólrKh j,x.qjk ;;ajhka"

I. k,h mgq k,hla ^flaIsl& úh hq;=h'
II. k,h ;sria úh hq;=h'
III. iDcq k,hla úh hq;=h'
IV. øjh wkdl+,j .,d hd hq;=h'
V. wkjr; m%jdyhla úh hq;=h'
VI. øjh iucd;Sh úh hq;=h'

 ÿiai%dù fkdjk øjhla k,hla ;=,ska .,d hdug mSvk wka;rhla ;sîu wjYH fkdfõ'
 kuq;a m%;sfrdaOhla ;=,ska úoHq;a Odrdj .uka lrkafka úNjh jeä ;ek isg úNjh wvq
;ekla olajd f,ih'
 ÿiai%dù øjfha jQ k,h ;=,ska .uka lrkafka mSvkh jeä ;ekl isg mSvkh wvq ;ekla
olajdh'

𝒉 𝒉𝟏 𝒉𝟐
𝒉𝟑

ሬሬԦ
𝑸 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟑 ሬሬԦ
𝑸 ሬሬԦ
𝑸 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟑 ሬሬԦ
𝑸

(𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝟑 ) (𝒉𝟏 > 𝒉𝟐 > 𝒉𝟑 )

ÿiai%dù fkdjk øjhla (𝑷𝟏 > 𝑷𝟏 > 𝑷𝟏 )
ÿiai%dù øjhla

10 | P a g e Lahiru Maldeniya
 2020 – THEORY
Odrd úoHq;h ;dmh ÿiai%dú;dj

𝑄 𝑄 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 𝑣 𝜋𝑎4 Δ𝑃
( )=𝐼 ( ) = 𝑘𝐴 ( ) ( )= ( )
𝑡 𝑡 𝑑 𝑡 8𝜂 𝑙
𝑄 (𝑣1 − 𝑣2 ) 𝑄 (𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) 𝑣 (𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )
( )= ( )= ( )=
𝑡 𝑅 𝑡 (𝑑⁄𝑘𝐴) 𝑡 8𝜂𝑙
wdfrdamK úoHq;a ( ⁄𝜋𝑎4 )
.uka lsÍfï m%;sfrdaOh ;dmh .uka ;dm ÿiai%dù
iS.%;djh lsÍfï iS.%;djh m%;sfrdaOh m%;sfrdaOh
x x x x x x
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝜃𝟏 ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑄⁄ 𝜃𝟐 ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
𝒗
𝑰 𝒕 ⁄𝒕
x x x x x x
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
𝑽𝟏 > 𝑽𝟐 𝜃𝟏 > 𝜃𝟐 𝑷𝟏 > 𝑷𝟐

11 | P a g e Lahiru Maldeniya