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The Disasters Darwinism Brought to

Humanity

By

HARUN YAHYA

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Ae¤h¡c-
¡c- H He Hj H ®j¡¢je

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a¡−cl j−a a¡l¡ HL¢V ab¡L¢ba fË¡L«¢aL J ®~h‘¡¢eL BC−el BJa¡u H ph ¢e¢hÑQ¡−l Ll−Rz
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a«a£u AdÉ¡u

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¢hhaÑeh¡−cl ®O¡l hZÑh¡c£ a¡¢šÆL, Henry Fairfield Osborn a¡l The Evoluation of
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®fËle L−l−Re, ®pC HLC j¡e¤−ol n¡l£¢lL c§hÑma¡ S¢ea L¡l−e a¡−L My¡Q¡u f¤−l Sepj−r ®qu
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Ota Benga Hl p¡−b j¡e¢hL BQlZ Ll¡l SeÉ HL¢V B−hc−el i¡o¡ ¢Rm ¢ejÀl©fx
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h¡e−ll My¡Q¡ ®b−L j¤š² L−l AeÉ ®L¡b¡u f¡W¡−e qu ''

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H ph ¢LR¤l ®no qu Ota Benga Hl BaÈqaÉ¡l j¡dÉ−jz ¢L¿º HM¡−eJ HLSe p¡d¡le
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Hhw Hl üf−r ¢jbÉ¡ fËj¡e J ašÆ EfØq¡fe L−lz a¡l¡ A‘a¡hnax Lh£l¡ …e¡−q (jq¡ f¡f/
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a«a£u AdÉ¡u

X¡lECeh¡c J gÉ¡p£h¡−cl p¡−b Ni£l osk¿»j§mL Bya¡a

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¢eqa quz

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fËL«af−r X¡lECe a¡l f¤Ù¹−Ll HL¢V AdÉ¡−u The Difficulties on Theory ¢n−l¡e¡−j
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1. AUSTRALOPITHECUS
2. HOMO HABILIES

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3. HOMO ERECTUS
4. HOMO SAPIENS
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NËqe−k¡NÉ fËÙ¹¡he¡ q−a f¡−l ?
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nëC ®q¡L e¡ −Le, j¢Ù¹×L ¢L¿º pÇf§ZÑl©−f ¢exnë z ah¤J a£rÈ nëJ j¢Ù¹
j¢Ù¹×L h¤T−a f¡−l z
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Bh¡l ¢i−sl j−dÉ ph dl−el ®N¡mj¡−ml BJu¡S nËhe L−l b¡−Le z k¢c H pju Bfe¡l
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fË¢a¢hð h¡ R¢h N−hoe¡l jaC j§m në al‰ k¡ pªSe J f¤ex pªSe ¢L pñh a¡ ¢e−u
hR−ll fl hRl N−hoe¡ Ll¡ q−u−R z HlC gmn˦¢a−a ®~al£ Ll¡ q−u−R në lrL/NËqe k¿»
(Sound Recorder)) k¡−a j§m në al‰ ¢hnÄÙa
¹ ¡l p¡−b ®lLXÑ Ll¡ k¡u z Hph Lm¡−L±nm J

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q¡S¡l q¡S¡l C¢”¢eu¡l
C¢”¢eu¡l J ¢h−no‘−cl N−hoe¡ J fË−Qø¡ p−šÅJ j¡eh nËhe k¿» ab¡ L−ZÑ¢¾cÐ−ul
eÉ¡u Øfø, a£rÈ në NËqe k¿» j¡e¤o BS fkÑ¿¹ ®~al£ Ll−a prj qu¢ez fª¢bh£l phÑ−nËù
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dl−el Hiss Hiss në qu z AbQ j¡eh ®c−ql Lm¡ ®L±n−ml j¡dÉ−j k¡ pª¢ø h¡ NËqe Ll¡
qu a¡ AaÉ¿¹ p§rÈ J Øfø z j¡eh£u LZÑ LMeJ Hiss Hiss BJu¡S pð¢ma ®L¡e në al‰
NËqe L−l e¡ −kje e¡¢L HI-FI në NËqe fË¢œ²u¡u q−u b¡−L z j¡eh S¡¢al pª¢ø ®b−L AcÉ¡h¢d
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f§ZÑ¡‰ J pgm k¿» ®~al£ Ll−a prj qu e¡C z

j¢Ù¹−×Ll AiÉ¿¹l ®b−L ®c−M J ö−e x ®L¡eÚ ®p Se

®p ®L¡e Se ¢k¢e j¡eh j¢Ù¹


j¢Ù¹−×Ll j−dÉ AhÙÛ¡e L−l j¤‡ q−u N¡e J f¡¢Ml Lm-
Lm-L¡L¢m
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¢k¢e j¡eh j¢Ù¹−×L LMeJ fË¢a¢hð h¡ R¢h, në, Nå pð¢ma Electro-chemical al‰ ¢qp¡−h
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HC jq¡ ®Qae¡ q−µR Bõ¡qa¡m¡ LaѪL pªø BaÈ¡ z HC BaÈ¡l ®cM¡, öe¡ J Nå Ae¤ih
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j¢Ù¹−×LlJ clL¡l qu e¡z
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Bm B¢je pÇf−LÑ ¢Q¿¹¡ J N−hoe¡ Ll−he ay¡−L iu Ll−he z ay¡l L¡−R BnËu fË¡bÑe¡ Ll−he,
ay¡l L¡−R BnËu fË¡bÑe¡ Ll−he, p−hÑ¡f¢l öd¤ a¡−LC i¡mh¡p−he z ¢k¢e HC pjNË ¢hnÄhËr¡ä−L
N¡t AåL¡l, L−uL ®p¢¾V¢jV¡l r¥â, ¢œj¡¢œL, l¢‰e R¡u¡Oe, B−m¡L‹Æm L¡W¡−j¡l j−dÉ h¾c£ h¡
pwL¥¢Qa L−l pª¢ø L−l−Rez

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HLSe hÙh
º ¡c£l ¢hn¡Ä p

Efk¤Ñš² B−m¡Qe¡, fkÑ¡−m¡Qe¡l j¡dÉ−j Bjl¡ fkÑ−hre Llm¡j ®k, ¢hhaÑeh¡−cl ašÅ
®M¡m¡M¤¢mi¡−h
mi¡−h ®~h‘¡¢eL abÉ J Ef¡−šl p¡−b pwOoÑn£m ab¡ i¥m h¡ ¢i¢šq£e z fª¢bh£−a fË¡−Zl
Evp pÇf−LÑ H jah¡−cl c¡h£ ¢h‘¡−el ¢hQ¡−l ¢i¢šq£e z fË¡Z pª¢ø fË¢œ²u¡u ®k ¢hhaÑeh¡c£
fÜ¢al c¡h£ H jah¡−c Ll¡ q−u−R a¡ h¡Ù¹h pÇja eu z S£h¡nÈ ®lLXÑ Ae¤k¡u£ ®L¡e
A¿¹ha£ÑL¡m£e fË¡Z£l på¡e
på¡e f¡Ju¡ k¡u e¡C z H L¡l−Z ¢hhaÑeh¡c A®~h‘¡¢eL ¢qp¡−h cnÑe SNa
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¢h‘¡−el SNa ®b−L Afp¡le Ll¡ q−u−R ¢hhaÑeh¡c j−XmJ Hl j−dÉ A¿¹iÑš
§ ² z
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Hje¢L ¢LR¤ pwMÉL ¢hhaÑeh¡−cl pj¡−m¡Qe¡−L ¢h‘¡−el Efl Bœ²je ¢qp¡−hJ A¢i¢qa L−l
b¡−Le z ¢L¿º ®Le? Hl L¡lZ q−µR ¢LR¤ pwMÉL ®m¡−Ll L¡−R ¢hhaÑeh¡c HL¢V Af¢lq¡kÑ ®Ny¡s¡¢j
k¡ fË¡u dj£Ñu ¢hnÄ¡−pl ja L¡kÑLl z Hph jqm AaÉ¿¹ ®S¡−l−n¡−l hÙºh¡−c ¢hnÄ¡p£ q−u
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b¡−Le a¡l¡ fËL¡−nÉC a¡ ®O¡oe¡ L−le z
q¡i¡XÑ CE¢ei¡¢pÑ¢Vl ¢hMÉ¡a Geneticist Richard Lewontin ¢k¢e HLSe ¢hhaÑeh¡c£,
¢a¢e ¢e−S−L fËb−j HLSe
HLSe hÙºh¡c£ ¢Q¿¹¡¢hc Hhw f−l HLSe ¢h‘¡e£ ¢qp¡−h f¢lQu ¢c−a fR¾c
L−le, ¢a¢e E−õM L−l−Re x
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pÇf−LÑ) öd¤ hÙºh¡c£ hÉ¡MÉ¡C fËc¡e Ll−h, a¡ ®p ka c¤−‘Ñu, üaxØg§aÑ ‘¡e ¢h−l¡d£ h¡ p§œ ¢hq£e
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In£ h¡Z£ h¡ jah¡c−L ®L¡eœ²−jC NËqZ Ll−a f¡¢le¡ z
H ®b−L fËj¡¢Za qu ®k X¡lECeh¡c k¡ AaÉ¿¹ ®Ny¡s¡ HL¢V jah¡c hÙºh¡c£ cnÑe−L S£¢ha
h¡ hy¡¢Q−u l¡M¡l SeÉ HC jah¡c−L ¢V¢L−u l¡M¡ q−µR z HC Aå cnÑe h¡ jah¡c hÙº R¡s¡ AeÉ
¢LR¤l A¢Ù¹aÄ ü£L¡l L−le¡ z H L¡l−ZC HV¡ ¢hnÄ¡p Ll¡ qu ®k, fË¡Z, ®Qae¡ J üš¡¢hq£e hÙº
fª¢bh£−a fË¡Z pª¢ø L−l−R z H jah¡c d¡le¡ L−l ®k, fª¢bh£−a hph¡pla mr mr fËS¡¢a-
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j¡R, ¢Sl¡g, h¡O, ®f¡L¡-
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q−u−R-AbÑ¡v
¢hc¤Év J hª¢øf¡a ®b−L pª¢ø z H dl−el
dl−el ¢Q¿¹¡d¡l¡ h¡ d¡le¡ fËL«af−r p¡d¡lZ h¤¢Ü J ®~h‘¡¢eL
¢Q¿¹¡d¡l¡l ¢hfl£a z AbQ X¡lECeh¡c£l¡ H jah¡c−L HMeJ A−ål ja ByL−s ®l−M−Re L¡lZ
a¡l¡ ¢Q¿¹¡l ®r−œ fË−hn Ll−a ®L¡e In£ h¡ B¢d−i±¢aL ®L¡e hÉ¡MÉ¡ NËqZ Ll−a BNËq£ eu z

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k¢c ®Lq hÙºh¡c£ HL ®f−n cª¢øi‰£ f¢laÉ¡N L−l fª¢bh£l fË¡Z SN−al ¢c−L ®M¡m¡ j−e
mr L−le, ¢a¢e A¢a AhnÉC fËL«a paÉ Ae¤d¡he Ll−a prj q−he ®k, SN−al pjÙ¹ fË¡Z£
®pC jq¡ n¢š²n¡m£, jq¡‘¡e£ J flj fË‘¡j−ul pª¢ø z ¢a¢eC ®pC pËø¡ ¢k¢e n§eÉ ®b−L HC ¢hn¡m
¢hnÄ hËrÈ¡ä pª¢ø L−l−Re, ¢k¢e fË−aÉL fË¡Z£l eLn¡,
eLn¡, BL¡l, BL«¢a, fËL«¢a phÑ¡‰ p¤¾cli¡−h pª¢ø
L−l−Re z

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