Differential Equations

Lecture notes

Bernoulli Equations(TYPE VII)

- This section aims to distinguish Bernoulli equations from other linear forms of differential equations; and
transform equations in Bernoulli into linear to solve the equations.

Bernoulli Equation is a generalized case of the linear form. Bernoulli contains a certain expression in terms of the
dependent variable which makes it distinct from the linear form.

dy
+ P ( x ) y = ynQ ( x )
dx
The expression y n, in terms of dependent variable, is what makes it distinct from the linear form. So multiplying both
sides of the Bernoulli equation by y−n gives.
dy
{ dx }
+ P ( x ) y= y n Q ( x ) y−n
dy
y−n + P ( x ) y −n+1=Q ( x )
dx

−n +1 dz
Let y =z ; then dz=(−n+ 1 ) y −n dy ,∨ y−n dy=
1−n

1 dz
Substituting gives: + P ( x ) z=Q ( x ) , multiply the equation by (1-n),
( 1−n ) dx

dz
+ P ( x ) z (1−n ) =(1−n)Q ( x ) , thus the equation becomes linear in z.
dx

Integrating factor formula.

I (x , y )=e ∫ P( x)dx

Examples

dy
1. − y=xy 2
dx

Solution: { dydx − y=xy } y1 , gives

2
2

dy
y−2 − y−1=x
dx

Let y−1=z , thendz=− y−2 dy ,∨−dz= y−2 dy

Dan
 Differential Equations
Lecture notes

−dz dz
Substituting, −z=x ,∨ + z=−x , linear∈z
dx dx

P ( x ) =1; Q ( x )=−x

Apply the formula I ( x )=e ∫ P ( x ) dx =e ∫ dx =e ∫ dx =e x

Multiply to the given eq. { dzdx + z=−x }e x

{ dz + zdx=− xdx } e x , gives

e x dz +e x zdx =−e x xdx, by inspection we could arrange this equation into

e x d z +e x z dx=−e x xdx , d (e x z)=−e x xdx

∫ d ( e x z )=− ∫ e x xdx ,

Where ∫ e x xdx , integration by parts

We put expressions u=x ∫ dv=e x dx
du=dx v=e x

∫ d ( e x z )=− { xe x −∫ e x dx }

e x z=−{ xe x −e x } +c , since z= y −1

e x y−1=− { xe x −e x } +c ,∨¿ y−1=−x+1+ c e− x answer

dy
2. − y=xy 5
dx

Solution: { dydx − y=xy } y1 , gi ves

5
5

dy
y−5 − y−4 =x
dx

−4 −5 −dz
Let y =z ,then dz=−4 y dy ,∨ = y−5 dy
4

−1 dz dz
Substituting, −z =x ,∨ +4 z =−4 x , linear∈z
4 dx dx

P ( x ) =4 ; Q ( x )=−4 x

Dan
 Differential Equations
Lecture notes

Apply the formula I ( x )=e ∫ P ( x ) dx =e 4 ∫ dx =e 4 ∫ dx =e4 x

Multiply to the given eq. { dzdx +4 z =−4 x }e 4x

{ dz + 4 zdx=−4 xdx } e4 x , gives

e 4 x dz +e 4 x 4 zdx=−4 e 4 x xdx , by inspection we could arrange this equation into

e 4 x dz + 4 e 4 x z dx=−4 e 4 x xdx , d (e 4 x z)=−4 e 4 x xdx

∫ d(e 4 x z)=−4 ∫ e4 x xdx

Where ∫ e4 x xdx , integration by parts
We put expressions u=x ∫ dv=e 4 x dx
1 4x
du=dx v= e
4

1 4x 1 4x
4x
∫ d ( e z )=−4 { 4
xe − ∫ e dx
4 }
1 4x 1 4x
4x
{
e z=−4 xe − e +c , since z= y −4
4 16 }
1 1
{ 4 }
−4
4
−4 x
e 4 x y −4=− xe 4 x − e4 x + c ,∨¿ y =−x + +c e answer

dy
3. + y = y 2 sinx
dx

Solution: { dydx + y= y sinx } y1 , gives

2
−2

dy −1
y−2 + y =x
dx

Let y−1=z , thendz=− y−2 dy ,∨−dz= y−2 dy

−dz dz
Substituting, + z =sin x ,∨ −z=−sin x , linear∈ z
dx dx

P ( x ) =1; Q ( x )=−sin x

Apply the formula I ( x )=e ∫ P ( x ) dx =e− ∫ dx=e−x

dz
Multiply to the given eq. {
dx
−z=−sinx e−x }
Dan
 Differential Equations
Lecture notes

{ dz−zdx =−sin xdx } e−x , gives

e− x d z−e− x zdx=−e−x sin xdx , by inspection we could arrange this equation into

e− x d z+(−e− x z dx)=−e−x sinxdx , d (e−x z )=−e− x sinxdx

∫ d(e−x z )=− ∫ e−x sinxdx  Equation 1

Where ∫ e−x sinxdx ,integration by parts
We put expressions u=sinx ∫ dv=e−x dx
du=cosxdx v=−e− x

∫ e−x sinxdx=−e−x sinx+ ∫ ( e− x ) cosxdx

Another expressions, Let u=cosx ∫ dv=e−x dx

du=−sinxdx v=−e− x
∫ e−x sinxdx=−e−x sinx+ {−e− x cosx −∫ (−e−x ) (−sinxdx ) }
∫ e−x sinxdx=−e−x sinx−e− x cosx−∫ e− x sinxdx
2 ∫ e− x sinxdx=−e−x sinx−e−x cosx
2 ∫ e− x sinxdx=−e−x (sinx +cos x )
−e−x
∫ e−x sinxdx=¿ (sinx +cos x)
2
From equation 1
∫ d(e−x z )=− ∫ e−x sinxdx
−e−x (
−x
e z=− { 2 }
sinx+cos x ) + c

−x e−x
e z= (sinx +cos x)+ c, since z ¿ y −1
2
− x −1 e− x (
e y = sinx+ cos x )+ c , answer
2

Exercises:

dy
1.) x + y=x 2 y 2
dx

dy
2.) x +6 y=3 x y 4 /3
dx

3.)2 x3 y ' = y ( y 2 +3 x 2 )

4.) xdy− ydx −x y 3 dx−x y 3 lnx dx=0

Dan
 Differential Equations
Lecture notes

dy 1 1
5.) + y= ¿
dx 3 3

Dan