All these parameters fall within the limits of appli- lated allowable of 17,500 psi (for Section VIII,
III, Divi-
cability of the equations proposed here. The resulting
stresses are given by:
Membrane uv = 5.10 x 7,200 = 36,700 psi
Surface uv = 7.06 x 7,200 = 50,800 psi
Membrane un = 6.81 X 5, 760 = 39,200 psi
Surface un = 14.67 X 5, 760 = 84,500 psi
As expected, the addition of pad plate has reduced the
stresses at the junction to more reasonable values.
But these values are still rather high, indicating that,
even though Code requirements have been met, some
locally high stresses can be expected.
It is generally assumed that, for the method of
analysis employed to develop the design equations
proposed here, membrane stresses are local primary
and the surface stresses are primary plus secondary.
As such, the ASME Code allowables for membrane
and surface stresses would be 1.5 times and 3 times
the basic tabulated Code allowables. Using such
limits for design, however, may result in significant
conservatism for certain cases. The membrane stresses
may include some secondary effects and, for vessels
which are not subject to cyclic operation, a limit on
secondary stresses may not be needed. The only time
that self limiting secondary stresses may be of a
concern is when such stresses are cyclic.
For a Section VIII, Division 1, vessel, the tabulated
stress allowable at ambient temperature for SA516-70
material is 17,500 psi. This indicates that the limits
suggested in the preceding paragraph cannot be met
for this vessel. However, if the operation is known to
be non-cyclic (small number of cycles over the life of
the structure), not having met these allowables may
not necessarily be a problem. To assure that primary
bending stresses (needed to meet equilibrium at the
junction) are not excessive, such stresses shall be
checked by a method similar to that of Ref. 5.
The method will be used, with the exception that
effective sections along the vessel shell and nozzle will
be assumed as ..jRT and {rt, for both membrane and
bending stresses (as used by Chicago Bridge & Iron
Company). The question that arises in this case is
whether ,fiiT should be based on the thickness of the
shell (0.5 in.) or the combined thickness of shell and
pad (1.0 in).
Again, some engineering judgement will have to be
exercised. It is suggested that as long as the width of
the pad exceeds ,fifi';, then the limit of effective
section can be based on T;. In this case, the 24 in.
width of the pad considerably exceeds J6o x 1 = 7. 75
in.; therefore, the limit of effective area along the
vessel shell will be assumed as 7. 75 in. from outside of
nozzle neck. The calculated stresses on this basis are:
Membrane = 24,560 psi
Membrane plus bending = 56,540 psi
The membrane stress exceeds the suggested tabu-
24 WRC Bulletin 368
sion 1) and the membrane plus bending stress exceeds
the suggested 1% times that basic allowable. This is
further indication of the inadequacy of this detail.
Adequate material has not been provided close enough
to the junction.
Example No. 3
To further reduce the stresses of Example 2, the
thickness of the 24 in. wide pad will be increased to 1
in. The parameters for this case will be:
D = 120 in. T = 1.5 in Did= 2.5 d![i5T = 3.58
Material SA516-70 Joint efficiency= 1.0
Corrosion allowance = 0
DIT = 80 d/t = 96 Did= 2.5 d![i5T = 3.58
Sis= 4,800/5,760 = 0.83 tiT= .333
All these parameters fall within the limits of applica-
bility of the equations proposed here. The use of Eqs.
1 thru 4 results in the following stresses:
Membrane u" = 5.33 x 4,800 = 25,600 psi
Surface uv = 6.85 X 4,800 = 32,800 psi
Membrane un = 5.02 X 5,760 = 28,900 psi
Surface un = 10.78 X 5, 760 = 62,100 psi
The calculated maximum membrane stress on the
vessel is within the Code allowable for local primary
membrane of 1.5 x 17,500 = 26,250 psi (for Section
VIII, Division 1). However, the maximum membrane
stress in the nozzle still exceeds this value. Likewise,
maximum surface stress on the vessel is within the
Code limit of 3 x 17,500 = 52,500, whereas the
maximum surface stress on the nozzle exceeds this
value. This indicates that not enough reinforcing has
been provided on the nozzle side of the junction. If
local membrane and secondary bending stresses in
the nozzle are of concern, or if a more balanced design
is desired, the nozzle wall thickness will have to be
increased.
For comparison purposes, stresses based on method
of Ref. 5, with effective sections of /iii
and {rt will
also be calculated. Since the pad width of 24 in.
exceeds the value of J60x1.5 = 9.49 in. (and is not
less than d/2), the effective section along vessel shell
will be assumed as 9.49 in. from the outside of nozzle
neck. On that basis, the calculated stresses are:
Membrane = 15,400 psi
Membrane plus bending = 38,360 psi
As expected, the calculated value of membrane stress
is within the suggested allowable of 17,500 psi. The
membrane plus bending stress, however, is still more
than the desired value of 1.5 x 17,500. This, again,
can be remedied by slightly increasing the thickness
of the nozzle neck. As a matter of fact, for keeping