Running Head: Self-Driving Autonomous Vehicles

TOPIC: SELF DRIVING AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES (LIDAR)

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Self-Driving Autonomous Vehicles

Introduction

Self-driving cars (hereafter referred to as self-driving cars) are gradually being

introduced into the business world from the science room, and they have sparked customer

interest in emerging technologies based on mobility [1]. Driverless cars have played an

important role in the future technological development and progress of automobiles.

However, increasing the production of self-employed people requires consideration of

multiple factors, including environmental impacts and other ethical considerations [1].

Counter argument Thesis:

Lidar and Multi-Lidar technology has many advantages, including efficiency,

dependency, and high accuracy. This is a perfect choice for the self-driving car market.

Except for Tesla, many autonomous vehicle developers use LiDAR for vehicles [3]. The

technology is quite expensive because the cheapest sensor on the market is $ 4,000. For a car

to successfully put LIDAR into full use, it must have multiple sensors covering its

surroundings [3]. Another limitation is that it is difficult for LiDAR and multi-LiDAR to

operate too much on a car. The technology and other equipment integrated with the car must

be rugged, and why maintaining reliability is critical because they must withstand all potholes

and temperature changes [1]. The device must also work continuously for several years.

Deploying other technologies, such as audiovisual and visual, makes people's jobs easier.

Another disadvantage is that LiDAR sensors must be completely dependent on weather

conditions [2].

Lidar and multi-lidar will help and improve autonomous cars

Based on the operating environment and the availability of new technologies,

unmanned systems have several possible autonomous control and processing options. These

controls are evident in the surrounding commercial towns [1]. Self-driving cars are cars
Self-Driving Autonomous Vehicles

driven by 21st-century drivers. Self-driving cars operate by using LIDAR, vision, AD or

radar [4]. These are ready-made options for cars. Lidar is hardware that unlocks self-driving

cars for people. Lidar operates like a reader but emits infrared lasers instead of sending radio

waves. These leases are invisible to the human eye, and they measure the distance required

by a car to heat anything nearby [2]. This process was done more than five million times in a

second, and the results were compared in a way that points to clouds working in the actual

map world, providing detailed information on the identified movements [2]. Once an object is

identified, it can be passed through a card computer and then predicts how the object will

behave and how the car should be driven. Self-driving cars use other notable sensors, such as

radar and cameras [3]. However, all senses cannot be compared with laser vision. The

technology has proven to be reliable and can also provide a digital revolution by providing a

detailed translation of 2D images, which requires machine learning capabilities and translates

them into 3D understanding. In contrast, the data provided by lidar is in the form of direct

measurements and is computer-friendly [4].

Tesla MUST opted to eschew the use of LIDAR.

LIDAR sensing technology has also existed for decades, especially for mapping the

surrounding environment [1]. This technique provides another visual effect. Primitive laser

scanners have also been pushed towards the development of autonomous vehicles. In addition

to its lack of resilience associated with LIDAR, it has other limitations [5].

Reasons for why Lidar would help the Autonomous cars

For 3D autonomous cars, LiDAR sensors is frequently critical to the vehicle's

capability to sense the environment. Typically, these sensors use multiple laser beams to scan

the environment to gather all the information about the range, also the intensity of object

reflections [1].

LiDAR and multi lidar – eyes of the autonomous vehicles 

Self-Driving Autonomous Vehicles

A spinning device is installed above the self-driving car. However, in some cases, it is

situated on the hood. The device is a LIDAR and acts like an eye for autonomous vehicles. It

gives them a 360-degree area and helps them drive safely [8].

The resulting light reflection is then used to produce a 3D viewpoint cloud. The

onboard computer records the reflection points of each laser and converts this rapidly updated

point cloud into fully animated 3D representation [5]. Creating a 3D representation by

calculating the light speed also the distance covered by it helps to determine the location of

the vehicle and other nearby objects. 3D means monitoring the distance of other vehicles

passing to other vehicles in front of the monitor and it helps command the braking system to

slow or stop the vehicle. It can also speed up vehicles when the road is clear [6].
Self-Driving Autonomous Vehicles

Costs of Lidar and Multi-Lidar

For example, a company that sells lidar has lower prices, including a 16-laser "ice

hockey" model, which sold for $4,000 last year. Few companies also have solid-state models.

The company expects it to end up costing less than $ 1,000 on the car [7]. However, these

lidars cannot provide high-end rotary 64 and 128 laser models. Few flagships 64 lidar units

are reportedly priced at $ 75,000 [2].

LIDAR AND Multi-Lidar technology detects pedestrians and cars

LIDAR enables a self-driving car (or any robot) to observe the world with a few

special superpowers: Continuous 360-degree visibility-Imagine if your human eye always

allows you to observe into all directions [1]. Extremely accurate deepness information –

Imagine if you could know the exact distance of an object relative to you (accuracy ± 2cm)

instead of guessing Depend on the radar used in vehicles the range may vary greatly [1]. If it

were to complement the lidar, it could overlap a lot, but it was made more to identify other

cars and bigger obstacles. People's radar signals are almost unrecognizable, but chances are

they will at least show up to confirm what the lidar identified [4].

Tesla should pick Lidar even though its more expensive because

There is a stronger choice between LIDAR and RADAR remote sensing, which outlines the

two and determines the advantages of each system. RADAR uses antennas to send radio

signals, but LIDAR equipment has dedicated optics and lasers for receiving and sending.

When the detection distance is more important than the actual appearance of the object, radar

is obviously more convenient. For example, in the air, a large flying object is likely to be an

airplane, so it is important to detect it as soon as possible to avoid collisions.

On the other hand, during the journey, it is very important to recognize whether the object is

a pedestrian, a car or a wall. This recognition will enable the system to use onboard software
Self-Driving Autonomous Vehicles

to predict motion without having to focus on objects that are more than 500m away. These

characteristics make the device with a light working principle the winner of LIDAR and

RADAR autonomous driving.

LIDAR must be chosen because

LiDAR capabilities have been developed so that some autonomous systems use

multiple spinning LiDAR’s to collect all the data surrounding the vehicles for these multiple

LiDAR systems. However, the position of the sensor determines the thickness of the joint

point cloud [6]. Use the MAVS to generate huge amounts of categorized LiDAR data which

might be used to evaluate neural networks used to process the LiDAR data into vehicles. The

trained network is evaluated and its performance indicators can be used to summarize the

overall performance of the radar pose. Data generation and evaluation are performed

repeatedly to perform parameter analysis on the effectiveness of many LiDAR poses into the

Multi-LiDAR system [4]. Imitations are often an effective method to assess the effects of

several LiDAR placements, which are based on the performance of neurological networks,

used to procedure the data and the point cloud density in the region of interest [7].

Short and long-range optical cameras. 

Both lidar and multilidar essential for locating shapes, but not 0well for reading the

signs, guessing out what colors are, etc. For visible light cameras, this is a job with complex

computer vision algorithms that run on the image in real-time [3]. The camera on the vehicle

monitors the indication modes, which indicate the braked vehicle (sudden red light), traffic

lights, people crossing the road, etc [6]. Especially at the front end of any car, multiple

positions and types of cameras will be used to obtain a full picture of the car driving scene.
Self-Driving Autonomous Vehicles

Legal approaches of Lidar and multi-lidar

Srikanth Saripalli, a professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas

A & M University, explained in Dialogue that autonomous vehicle accidents are usually

caused by sensor errors or software errors [8]. The first problem is technical: the detection of

light and ranging (LIDAR) sensor cannot detect any obstacles in the fog, the camera needs

the correct light, and the radar is not always accurate. Sensor technology remains to continue

to evolve, but self-driving cars still need a lot of work to drive securely in cold, snow, and

other detrimental situations [2]. Inaccurate sensors can lead to system errors that are unlikely

to cause the driver to fall. According to a preliminary report by the National Transportation

Safety Board (NTSB), in the event of an Uber accident, sensors identify Herzberg as a

pedestrian, a vehicle, and lastly "expectations for future driving paths" Make a difference

"bikes. The chaos caused a fatal delay-just 1.3seconds before the impact; the Lidar software

indicated that emergency braking was needed [8]. Lawmakers have begun making the

decisions [2]. State governments scrambled to take part in the first-ever self-driving vehicle

test to attract profitable tech companies, job opportunities, and an innovative and friendly

reputation. At present, state-level laws and administrative orders are scattered and regulate

autonomous vehicles [3]. Various laws complicate testing and eventual widespread adoption,

and driverless cars are likely to require a completely exclusive set of protection regulations.

Outside the United States, more specific discussions have taken place. It also discussed

whether consumers should have a final choice in audio-visual beliefs [3]. Last fall, the

researchers at the EU(European University) Institute suggested implementing a "moral

knob," the so-called "moral knob," where consumers make software's ethical decisions as

altruistic (preferred to third parties), fair (and equally important) [1]. If an unavoidable

accident occurs, egoism should be adopted (priority is given to all passengers in the vehicle).
Self-Driving Autonomous Vehicles

Although their approach must still be problematic (the roads where each car puts the safety of

its passengers first) may pose greater risks, it does reflect the public opinion [4]. In a

sequence of investigations, researchers found that individuals have a utilitarian ethical view

of self-driving cars in the case of unavoidable accidents, self-driving cars should minimize

human casualties-but they are not keen to ride autonomous Cars may value the lives of many

others [5].

Conclusion

In conclusion research on autonomous systems has also brought rapid developments

and reduced the number of other computers available at a low-cost requiring computing

technology [2]. The most commonly used computing technologies in self-driving cars is lidar.

In addition Tesla must socially and legally accepting these free driving methods, safety and

reliability must also be considered [3]. Environmental conditions and perspectives must be

taken into account; otherwise, various strong integrations will lead to demand for further

development in this field [4]. As self-driving technology has been tested as well as

developed, and autonomous driving technology is increasingly being driven around us, this

challenge summarizes future ethical challenges [7]. The public wants as many people as

possible to be safe, but that does not mean sacrificing their security or the protection of their

loved ones. Although, if people give their lives to sensors and software, they need to make

good ethical decisions to ensure that deaths like Herzberg's will inevitably occur on the

journey to a safer path [6].

Self-Driving Autonomous Vehicles

References

T. Simonite, "Self-Driving Cars’ Spinning-Laser Problem", 2017. Available:

https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603885/autonomous-cars-lidar-sensors/. [Accessed 30

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V. LIDAR, "Velodyne Lidar Debuts Alpha Prime, the Most Advanced Lidar Sensor on the

Market", 2019. Available: https://velodynelidar.com/press-release/velodyne-lidar-debuts-

alpha-prime-the-most-advanced-lidar-sensor-on-the-market/. [Accessed 30 March 2020].

V. LiDAR, "Velodyne LiDAR launches lidar sensor for autonomous vehicles", 2019.

Available: https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/news/velodyne-lidar-sensor-autonomous-

vehicles/. [Accessed 30 March 2020].

C. Tableau, "Lidar: a new self-driving vehicle for introducing optics to broader engineering

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optics/10.1117/12.2523863.full?SSO=1. [Accessed 30 March 2020].

H. Yun, T. Kim, and T. Park, "Speed-Bump Detection for Autonomous Vehicles by Lidar

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S. Royo and M. Ballesta-Garcia, "An Overview of Lidar Imaging Systems for Autonomous

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