54 Chapter  4.

1 : Probability

Chapter 4.1 Probability

 †h me †jL‡Ki eB †_‡K cÖ‡kœi aiY †h mv‡ji cixÿvq

AsK/w_Dwi †bqv n‡q‡Q: G‡m‡Q

ej msµvšÍ AsK 2008, 2013, 2015, 2016

 Abdul Aziz (Class XI-XII)
 Abdul Aziz (7e) Zvm msµvšÍ AsK 2012
 NU Questions (up to 2017) Ab¨vb¨ 2016, 2017 (Acc)

m¤¢vebv (Probability): †Kvb GKwU NUbv NU‡e wK NU‡e bv †m m¤ú‡K©

mywbw`©ó cÖZ¨vkvi cwigvc‡K m¤¢vebv e‡j|

No . of favourable cases AbyK‚j NUbvi msL¨v

 Probability , P(A) ¿ =
No. of total cases †gvU NUbvi msL¨v

 m¤¢vebvi †hvM/mgwó ZË¡ (Theorem of Total Probability): K‡qKwU weKí I ci¯úi

ewR©Z NUbvmg~n NUvi m¤¢vebv n‡jv H me NUbv¸‡jv c„_K c„_Kfv‡e NUvi m¤
¢vebvi †hvMdj| G‡KB m¤¢vebvi †hvM ZË¡ e‡j|
D`vniY: GKwU wbi‡cÿ PvKwZi GKcv‡k 1 Ges Ab¨cv‡k 0 wj‡L wb‡ÿc Ki‡j 1 ev 0
1
cvIqvi m¤¢vebv wbwðZ| †Kvb GK c„ô Dc‡i DVvi m¤¢vebv , Ges Aci c„ô bv
2
1
DVvi m¤¢vebv | G‡ÿ‡Î 1 †jLv c„ô DVv ev 0 †jLv c„ôv bv DVv n‡jv `ywU weKí
2
NUbv| Giƒc weKí ev ci¯úi ewR©Z NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv n‡jv H `ywU NUbv c„_K
1 1
c„_Kfv‡e NUvi m¤¢vebvi †hvMdj| A_©vr 1 ev 0 DVvi m¤¢vebv n‡jv + =1
2 2
Avevi, GKwU ev‡· 6wU mv`v, 7wU jvj Ges 9wU Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q| ev· n‡Z 1wU ej
ˆ`ePwqZfv‡e DVv‡bv n‡jv| ejwU mv`v ev jvj nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
ev‡· †gvU ej =6+7+9=22wU
6 7
GKwU mv`v ej cvIqvi m¤¢vebv ¿ ; GKwU jvj ej cvIqvi m¤¢vebv ¿
22 22
6 7 13
myZivs 1wU mv`v ev 1wU jvj ej cvIqvi m¤¢vebv ¿ + =
22 22 22
 m¤¢vebvi ¸Y/†hŠwMK ZË¡ (Theorem of Compound Probability): †Kvb GKwU
cixÿ‡Y `ywU ¯^vaxb NUbv ev `ywU Aaxb NUbv GK‡Î NUvi m¤¢vebv G‡`i ¯^ ¯^
m¤¢vebvi ¸Yd‡ji mgvb| G‡KB m¤¢vebvi ¸Y ZË¡ e‡j|
 Business Statistics 55

D`vniY: GKwU ev‡· 5wU jvj ej Ges 7wU mv`v ej Av‡Q| ev· n‡Z ˆ`ePwqZfv‡e
2wU ej DVv‡bv n‡j ej 2wUi mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
ev‡· †gvU ej 5+7= 12wU| Gi g‡a¨ 5wU jvj Ges 7wU mv`v| cÖ_g †Póvq 1wU mv`v ej
7
cvIqvi m¤¢vebv n‡jv | wØZxq cÖ‡Póvq ejv DVv‡bvi mgq Avgiv Rvwb †h,
12
ev·wU‡Z 11wU ej i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gev‡ii ejwU jvj n‡j ev·wU‡Z 4wU jvj Ges 7wU mv`v ej
i‡q‡Q| Avevi cÖ_g ejwU mv`v n‡j ev·wU‡Z 5wU jvj Ges 6wU mv`v ej _vK‡e|
6
Avevi ejwU mv`v G kZ©vax‡b 2q ejwU mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv | Zvn‡j NUbv
11
7 6 7
`ywU hyMcr NUvi m¤¢vebv A_©vr 2wU mv`v ej DVvi m¤¢vebv P= × =
12 11 22
Combination (mgv‡ek) Gi mvnv‡h¨ mgvavbt ej 2wU mv`v nIqvi m¤
7C 7
¢vebv, P=
2
=
12C 22 2

cÖ‡kœ D‡jøwLZ NUbvmg~‡ni (events) g‡a¨ OR (ev, A_ev) _vK‡j m¤

¢vebvi †hvM ZË¡ Abyhvqx mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Help Box
cÖ‡kœ D‡jøwLZ NUbvmg~‡ni (events) g‡a¨ And (Ges) _vK‡j ¸Y
ZË¡ Abyhvqx mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡e|

n! n c =n c 3 !=3× 2× 1 0 !=1
nc = r n−r
r
r ! ( n−r ) ! n c =1
0
n c =1
n
n c =n
1

ej welqK AsKt Combination (nCr) Gi mvnv‡h¨ m¤¢vebv wbY©‡qi m~Î:

wbw`©ó is‡qi e‡ji msL¨v C D‡ËvwjZ e‡ji msL¨v
P(A) ¿
†gvU e‡ji msL¨v C D‡ËvwjZ e‡ji msL¨v

D`vniYt GKwU ev‡· 7 wU jvj I 3 wU mv`v ej Av‡Q| GLv‡b †gvU ej (7+3)=10 wU|
GLb hw` 2 wU ej D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq, Zvn‡j ej `ywUi mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv n‡e
wb¤œiƒct
(K ˆ`ePwqZfv‡e D‡Ëvjb Ki‡j (balls are drawn at random) 3c 3
) P= 2
= =0.067
10c 45
2

(L cyb¯’vcb bv K‡i D‡Ëvjb Ki‡j (balls are drawn without 3c 2c

) replacement) P= 1
× =0.067
1

10c 9 c
1 1
56 Chapter  4.1 : Probability

(M cyb¯’vcb K‡i D‡Ëvjb Ki‡j (balls are drawn with 3c 3c

) replacement) P= ×1
=0.09 1

10c 10c 1 1

Avevi ej `ywUi mv`v ev jvj nIqvi m¤¢vebv [m¤¢vebvi †hvM ZË¡]

(N ˆ`ePwqZfv‡e D‡Ëvjb Ki‡j (balls are drawn at
) random)
ej `ywUi jvj ev mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv = (jvj nIqvi 7c 3c
m¤¢vebv+ mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv) P= 2
+ 2
=0.533
10c 2
10c 2

Chapter Exercise : Part B and C 4.1

3
Problem-1 [NU 2nd year 2016 (Acc)] If A and B are two independent events and P ( A )= ,
5
2
P ( B )= , find P( A ∩ B) and P( A ∪ B).
3

 ej msµvšÍ AsK 
Problem-2 : A bag contains 6 red and 4 black balls. A ball is drawn at random. Find the
probability that the ball is: (a) Red; (b) Black; (c) Red or Black;
SOL: Q-2:
Given Red Balls =6
,
Black balls =4
 Business Statistics 57

Total balls =10

6c 6 4c 4
Req. (a): P (1 red ball) = = =0.60 ;
1
Req. (b): P (1 black ball) = = =0.40 1

10c 10 1
10c 10 1

6c 4c1 6 4 1
Req. (c): P (1 red or 1 black ball) = + = + =1.
10c 10c 10 10
1 1

Problem-3 : A bag contains 10 Blue and 5 Green balls. A ball is drawn at random. Find the
probability that the ball is: (a) Blue; (b) Green; (c) Blue or Green. [Ans: (a) 0.6; (b) 0.4; (c) 1]

Problem-4 : A bag contains 20 red and 10 black balls. 2 balls are drawn at random. Find the
probability that the balls are: (a) Both Red; (b) Both Black;
SOL: Q-4:
Given Red Balls = 20
,
Black balls = 10
Total balls =30
20c 10c
Req. (a): P (2 red ball) = =0.44 ; Req. (b): P (2 black ball) =
2
=0.1034 2

30c 2
30c 2

Problem-5 : A bag contains 6 Yellow and 9 Green balls. 2 balls are drawn at random. Find the
probability that the balls are: (a) Both Yellow; (b) Both Green. [Ans: (a) 0.143; (b) 0.343]

Problem-6 : A bag contains 10 red and 15 black balls. 2 balls are drawn at random. Find the
probability that the balls are of: (a) Same colours; (b) Different colours.

SOL: Q-6:
Given Red Balls = 10
,
Black balls = 15
Total balls =25

10c 15c 10c ×15 c

Req. (a): P (2 red or 2 black) =
2
+ =0.5 ; 2
Req. (b): P (1 red and 1 black) =
1 1
=0.5
25c 25c
2 2
25c 2

Problem-7 : A bag contains 20 White and 30 Green balls. 2 balls are drawn at random. Find the
probability that the balls are of: (a) Same colours; (b) Different colours. [Ans: (a) 0.51; (b) 0.49]
58 Chapter  4.1 : Probability

Problem-8: A bag contains 4 white, 3 black and 5 red balls. A ball is drawn at random. Find the
probability that the ball is:
(a) White; (b) Black; (c) Red; (d) White or Black; (e) Black or Red; (f) White or Black or Red.

SOL: Q-8:
Given White balls =4
,
Black Balls =3
Red Balls =5
Total =12
(a) Probability of getting a White ball 4c 4
P(1¿ball)= 1
= =0.333
12c 1
12
(b) Probability of getting a Black ball 3c 3
P(1¿ball)= 1
= =0.250
12c 12 1

(c) Probability of getting a Red ball 5c 5

P(1¿ball)= 1
= =0.417
12c 12 1

(d) Probability of getting a white or a black 4c 3c

ball P(1¿¿ 1¿ball)= + 1
=0.583 1

12c 12c 1 1

(e) Probability of getting a black or a red ball 3c 5c

P(1¿¿ 1¿ball)= + 1
=0.667 1

12c 12c 1 1

(f) Probability of getting a white or a black or 4c 3c 5c

a red ball P(1¿¿ 1¿¿ 1¿ball)= + + 1
=1 1 1

12c 12 c 12c 1 1 1

Problem-9: A box contains 3 red, 5 green and 7 black balls. A ball is drawn at random. Find the
probability that the ball is:
(a) Red; (b) Green; (c) Black; (d) Red or Green; (e) Green or Black; (f) Red or Green or
Black..
[Ans: (a) 0.2; (b) 0.33; (c) 0.47; (d) 0.53; (e) 0.8; (f) 0.1]

Problem-10: A bag contains 4 white, 3 black and 5 red balls. A ball is drawn at random. What is
the probability of getting a white or red ball at random in a single draw?
Given White balls =4
,
Black balls =3
 Business Statistics 59

Red Balls =5
Total balls =12
4c 5c
P(1¿¿ 1¿ball)= 1
+ 1
=0.75
12c 1
12c 1

Problem-11: A pot contains 6 red and 4 white balls. Two balls are drawn at random. Find the
probability that 2 balls are (i) Same colour; (ii) Different colour.
Given Red Balls =6
,
White balls =4
Total balls =10

Req. (i): Probability of getting 2 balls are same colour [ej `ywU jvj A_ev ej `ywU mv`v]
6c 2
4c 2
P (2 red or 2 white) = + =0.467
10c 2
10c 2

Req. (ii): Probability of getting 2 balls are different colours [ej؇qi g‡a¨ 1wU jvj I 1wU mv`v]
6c × 4 c1 1
P (1 red and 1 white) = =0.533
10c 2

Problem-12: A bag contains 7 red balls and 5 white balls. 4 balls are drawn at random. What is the
probability that (i) all of them are red; (ii) two of them are red and two white?
[Ans: (i) 0.0707; (ii) 0.4242]

Problem-13: A pot contains 3 white, 4 red and 5 blue balls. 3 balls are drawn at random from the
box. Find the probability that balls are (i) Same colour; (ii) Different colour.
[Ans: (i) 0.0682; (ii) 0.2727]

Problem-14: A box contains 3 red, 4 black and 5 white balls. 2 balls are drawn at random from
the box. Determine the probability that 2 balls are (i) Same colour; (ii) Different colour.
[Ans: (i) 0.288; (ii) 0.712]
60 Chapter  4.1 : Probability

Problem-15 [NU 2013, 2016] A bag contains 7 red, 12 white and 4 green balls. What is the
probability that:
(i) 3 balls drawn are all white; and
(ii) 3 balls drawn are one of each colour.
SOL: Q-15:
Given Red Balls =7
,
White balls = 12
Green balls =4
Total balls =23

12c 220
3
Req. (i): P (3 white balls) = = =0.125
23c 1771
3

Req. (ii): Probability of getting 3 balls one of each colour:

7c ×12 c × 4c 336
=0.19 .
1
P (1 red and 1 white and 1 green) = 1 1
=
23c 3
1771

Problem-16: A bag contains 5 Blue, 10 white and 15 black balls. What is the probability that:
(i) 3 balls drawn are all blue; and [Ans: 0.0025]
(ii) 3 balls drawn are one of each colour. [Ans: 0.185]

Problem-17: A bag contains 10 Blue, 6 white and 4 red balls. What is the probability that:
(i) 3 balls drawn are all blue; and [Ans: 0.1053]
(ii) 3 balls drawn are one of each colour. [Ans: 0.211]

Problem-18 [NU 2008] A bag contains 6 red and 4 white balls. Three balls are drawn at random.
What is the probability that:
(i) All of them are red;
(ii) None of them is red;
(iii) Two of them are red and one is white.

SOL: Q-18:
Given Red Balls =6
,
White balls =4
Total balls =10
 Business Statistics 61

6c 3 20
Req. (i): P (3 red balls) = = =0.167
10c 120 3

4c 4 3
Req. (ii): P (no red that is 3 white ball) = = =0.033
10c 120 3

6c 4c 15 4 60
2 1
Req. (iii):P (2 red and 1 white) = = = =0.50
10c 120 120
3

Problem-19: A bag contains 10 black and 12 white balls. Three balls are drawn at random. What is
the probability that:
(i) All of them are black; [Ans: 0.0.77]
(ii) None of them is black; [Ans: 0.143]
(iii) Two of them are black and one is white. [Ans: 0.351]

Problem-20 A box contains 12 red and 8 white balls. Three balls are drawn at random. What is the
probability that:
(i) All of them are white; [Ans: 0.049]
(ii) None of them is white; [Ans: 0.193]
(iii) Two of them are white and one is red. [Ans: 0.295]

Problem-21 [NU 2nd year 2007, 2016 (Acc)] Five men in a company of 25 are graduates [25 Rb
Kg©xi g‡a¨ 5 Rb MÖ¨vRy‡qU]. If 3 men are selected out of 25 at random, what is the
probability that they are all graduates? What is the probability that at least one graduate?
SOL: Q-21:
Given, Total men = 25; Number of graduates = 5
5c 3 10
Req. (i): Probability of getting 3 graduates, P (3 graduates) = = =0.0043
25c 3
2300

Req. (ii): Probability of getting at least 1 graduates:

Out of 3 men, at least 1 graduate are selected in the following way:
Event Graduates (05) Non-graduates (20)
A 1 2
B 2 1
C 3 0
5c 20c 5190
∴ P (A) = 1 2
= =¿ 0.413
25 c 3
2300
5c 20c 1020
∴ P (B) = 2
= 1
=¿0.087
25 c 2300
3
62 Chapter  4.1 : Probability

5c 20 c 10 1
∴ P (C) = 3
= 0
=¿0.004
25 c3
2300

∴Probability of getting at least 1 graduate: 0.413+0.087+0.004 = 0.504

Problem-22: 10 men in a company of 40 are graduates . If 3 men are selected out of 40 at random,
what is the probability that they are all graduates? What is the probability that at least one
graduate? [40 Rb Kg©xi g‡a¨ 10 Rb MÖ¨vRy‡qU| hw` ˆ`ePwqZfv‡e 3 Rb wbe©vPb Kiv nq
Zvn‡j mK‡ji MÖ¨vRy‡qU nevi m¤¢ebv KZ? Kgc‡ÿ GKR‡bi MÖ¨vRy‡qU nevi m¤¢vebv
KZ?] [Ans: (i) 0.0121; (ii) 0.589]

Problem-23: 6 men in a company of 30 are graduates. If 2 men are selected out of 30 at random,
what is the probability that they are all graduates? What is the probability that at least one
graduate? [Ans: (i) 0.0345; (ii) 0.3655]

Problem-24 [NU 2nd year 2017 (Acc)] An industry has 10 male and 7 female workers. 5 workers
selected at random. Find the probability of getting 3 female workers at least?

Problem-25 [NU 1999] A bag contains 5 apple and 3 oranges. 3 fruits are selected at random
without replacement. Find the probability of getting:
(a) 2 apples and an orange;
(b) At least an apple.

SOL: Q-25:
Given, Number of apples = 5; Number of oranges = 3. ∴Total fruits= 5+3=8
Req. (i): Probability of getting 2 apples and an orange, P (2 apples and 1 orange) =
5c ×3 c
2 1 10 ×3
= =0.536
8c 3
56
Req. (ii): Probability of getting at least an apple:
Out of 3 fruits, at least an apple is taken in the following way:
Event Apples (05) Orange (03)
A 1 2
B 2 1
C 3 0
 Business Statistics 63

5c 3c 53
∴ P (A) = 1 2
= =¿ 0.268
8c 3
56
5c 3c 103
∴ P (B) = 2
= 1
=¿0.536
8c 3
56
5c 3 c 101
∴ P (C) = 3
= 0
=¿0.179
8c 3
56

∴Probability of getting at least an apple: 0.268+0.536+0.179= 0.983

Problem-26: A bag contains 10 mangoes and 6 bananas. 3 fruits are selected at random without
replacement. Find the probability of getting:
(a) 2 mangoes and an banana; [Ans: 0.4821]
(b) At least a mango. [Ans: 0.9643]

Problem-27: A bag contains 12 mangoes and 8 bananas. 4 fruits are selected at random without
replacement. Find the probability of getting:
(a) 2 mangoes and 2 bananas; [Ans: 0.3814]
(b) At least a banana. [Ans: 0.8978]

Problem-28 [NU 2006 (Acc)] Two bags contained 12 white, 7 red, 11 black and 7 white, 10 red,
13 black balls respectively. One ball is drawn at random from each bag. What is the probability
that--
(i) Both balls are of white colour;
(ii) Both balls are of the same colour.

SOL: Q-28:
1st Bag 2nd Bag
White balls =12 White balls =07
Red balls =07 Red balls =10
Black balls =11 Black balls =13
Total =30 Total =30
64 Chapter  4.1 : Probability

12c 7c
Req (i): Probabilities of both balls are white: × 1 1
=¿ 0.4000.233=0.093
30c 30c 1 1

Req (ii): Probabilities of both balls are of same colour,

P (2 white or 2 red or 2 black) =
12c 7c 7c 10c 11c 13 c
( 1
×
30c 30c
1
1
+ ×
)(
30c 30c
1
+1
×
30 c 30 c
1
1

)( 1
=0.093+0.078+0.159=0.33
1 1
1

1
)
Problem-29: Two bags contained 8 white, 12 red, 15 black and 5 white, 10 red, 20 black balls
respectively. One ball is drawn at random from each bag. What is the probability that--
(i) Both balls are of white colour; [Ans: 0.0327]
(ii) Both balls are of the same colour. [Ans: 0.0356]

Problem-30: Two bags contained 4 green, 10 white, 6 blue and 5 green, 8 white, 7 blue balls
respectively. One ball is drawn at random from each bag. What is the probability that--
(i) Both balls are of blue colour; [Ans: 0.105]
(ii) Both balls are of the same colour. [Ans: 0.355]
Problem-31 [NU P-3 (Acc)- 2000] There are 20 balls in a bag. 12 are white and rest are black.
Three balls are drawn. What is the probability to get: (i) All white; (ii) 2 black and 1 white; (iii)
No white; (iv) 1 black and 2 white? [Ans: (i) 0.1930; (ii) 0.2947; (iii) 0.0491; (iv) 0.4632]

Problem-32 [NU P-3 (Acc)-2002] There are 5 red and 8 white balls in a box. 4 balls are
successively drawn from the box. What is the probability that 4 balls would be white or red, if (i)
drawing the first ball is replaced before drawing the second ball, and (ii) drawing the first ball is
not replaced before drawing the second ball?
SOL: Q-32:
Given Red Balls =5
,
White balls =8
Total balls =13

Req (i): Probabilities of 4 balls would be white or red with replacement:

8c 8c 8c 8c 5c 5c 5c 5c
P ( 4 ¿¿ 4¿ balls )=
( ×
1
× ×
13c 13c 13c 13c
1
1
+ × ×
1
×
13c 13c 13c 13c
1 1
1
=¿ 0.1653
1
)( 1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
)
 Business Statistics 65

Req (ii): Probabilities of 4 balls would be white or red without replacement:

8c 7c 6c 5c 5c 4c 3c 2c
P ( 4 ¿¿ 4¿ balls )=
( 1
× ×1
×
13c 12c 11 c 10 c
1 1
1
+ × ×
1
×
13c 12c 11 c 10c
1 1
)( 1
=¿ 0.1049
1
1

1
1

1
1

1
)

Problem-33 [NU 2nd year- 2015 (Acc)] There are 5 red and 4 white balls in a bag. One ball is
drawn from the bag. What is the probability that it is either red or white?

Problem-34 [NU 2nd year- 2015 (Acc)] There are 5 white and 7 red balls in a bag. Two balls are
drawn such that a ball is drawn and replaced. What is the probability that a white ball and a red ball
are drawn in that order? What would be the probability if the balls drawn were not put back into the
bag? [Ans: (i) 0.2431; (ii) 0.2652]

Problem-35 [NU 2nd year- 2015 (Finance)] A bag contains 5 blue, 4 red, and 3 black balls. One
ball is drawn from the bag. Find the probability: (i) one black or blue; (ii) not a red ball.
[Ans: (i) 0.667; (ii) 0.667]

Problem-36 [NU P-3 2002 (Mgt)] There are 10 red and 7 white balls in a box. What are the
probabilities of getting at least 3 red balls if 5 balls are drawn from the box at random.
SOL: Q-36:
Out of 5 balls, at least 3 red balls are taken in the following way:
Event Red (10) White (7)
A 3 2
B 4 1
C 5 0
[Try yourself]

 KvW©/ Zvm msµvšÍ AsK 

66 Chapter  4.1 : Probability

Basic Concept about Cards  Zvm msµvšÍ aviYv:

Ace
(†U°v) Queen
= 4 wU = 4 wU
Total Cards in a pack (ivYx)
c¨v‡K‡U †gvU = 52
Zvm wU King Jack
= 4 wU = 4 wU
(ivRv) (†Mvjvg)
cÖ‡Z¨K †kÖwYi 2 †_‡K 10 ch©šÍ b¤^ihy³ 9
wU K‡i KvW©

jvj Zvm = 26  = 13 wU Diamond (iæBZb)

wU
Red Cards  = 13 wU Heart (niZb)

Kv‡jv Zvm = 26  = 13 wU Club (wPovZb)

wU
Black Cards  = 13 wU Spade (B¯‹veb)

Problem-37: A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
an Ace. (52 wU Zv‡mi GK c¨v‡KU †_‡K GKwU Zvm DVv‡bv n‡jv| ZvmwU †U°v nIqvi
m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki|) [Ans: 0.077]

Problem-38: A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a
spade. [Ans: 0.25]

Problem-39: A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a
black card. [Ans: 0.50]
Problem-40: A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
a/an (i) Ace; (ii) Spade; (iii) Hearts; (iv) King. (52 wU Zv‡mi GK c¨v‡KU †_‡K GKwU
Zvm DVv‡bv n‡jv| ZvmwU (i) †U°v; (ii) B¯‹veb; (iii) niZb; (iv) ivRv nIqvi m¤
¢vebv wbY©q Ki|)
[Ans: (i) 0.077; (ii) 0.25; (iii) 0.25; (iv) .077]

Problem-41: A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a/an (i)
Black; (ii) Red; (iii) Diamond; (iv) Club. [Ans: (i) 0.50; (ii) 0.50; (iii) 0.25; (iv) .25]

Problem-42: A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that the
card is black or king. (52 wU Zv‡mi GK c¨v‡KU †_‡K GKwU Zvm ˆ`efv‡e DVv‡bv n‡jv|
 Business Statistics 67

ZvmwU Kv‡jv ev ivRv nIqvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Ki|) [Ans: 0.577]

SOL: Q-42:
Total Cards = 52; Number of black cards = 26; Number of kings = 4;
26c 4c 2c
∴ Probability of a card being black or king = 1
+¿ 1
− =¿1

52c
1
52c 52c1 1

26 4 2 28
+ − = =0.539
52 52 52 52
[Black Card-Gi g‡a¨ 2wU King Av‡Q| ZvB Zv we‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q]

Problem-43: A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that the
card is red or aces. [Ans: 0.577]

Problem-44: [NU P-3 (Mgt)-2001] From a packet of cards, one card is selected at random. What
is the probability that the card is a spade or a queen? [Ans: 0.1538]

Problem-45: 4 cards are taken at random from a packet. What is the probability of getting at
least three aces. (GK c¨v‡KU Zvm †_‡K ˆ`efv‡e 4wU Zvm †bqv n‡j Kgc‡ÿ 3wU †U°v
cvevi m¤¢vebv KZ?) [Ans: .00071]

SOL: Q-45:
Total Cards = 52; Number of aces = 4; Number of cards other than aces (524)=48

Out of 4 cards, at least 3 aces can be taken in the following way:

Event Aces (04) Others Cards (48)
A 3 1
B 4 0

4 c 48 c 4 48
∴ P (A) = 3 1
= =¿ 0.0007092
52c 4
270725
4 c 48c 11
∴ P (B) = 4
= 0
=¿ 0.0000037
52c 270725
4

Probability of getting at least 3 aces = 0.0007092+0.0000037 = .00071

Problem-46: 3 cards are taken at random from a packet. What is the probability of getting at least
two aces. (GK c¨v‡KU Zvm †_‡K ˆ`efv‡e 3wU Zvm †bqv n‡j Kgc‡ÿ 2wU †U°v cvevi
m¤¢vebv KZ?) [Ans: .00071]
SOL: Q-46: Out of 3 cards, at least 2 aces can be taken in the following way:
Event Aces (04) Others Cards (48)
A 2 1
B 3 0
68 Chapter  4.1 : Probability

[Try yourself]

Problem-47 [NU 2012] 4 cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards without replacement. Find the
probability of getting 3 aces.

SOL: Q-47:
Total Cards = 52; Number of aces = 4
4c 4
∴ Probability of getting 3 aces = 3
= =0.000014775 .
52c 4
270725

Problem-48: 3 cards drawn from a pack of 52 cards without replacement. Find the probability of
getting 2 aces.

Problem-49: 4 cards drawn from a pack of 52 cards without replacement. Find the probability of
getting 3 aces. [Ans: 0.000148]

Problem-50 [NU 1999] A card is randomly drawn from 52 cards. What is the probability of a card
being a king or spade?
SOL: Q-50:
Total Cards = 52; Number of kings = 4; Number of spade =13

4c 13c 1c
∴ Probability of a card being a king or spade = 1
+¿ −1
=¿1

52c 1
52c 52c
1 1

4 13 1 16
+ − = =0.308
52 52 52 52
[Spade-Gi g‡a¨ 1wU King Av‡Q| ZvB Zv we‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q]

Problem-51 : A card is randomly drawn from 52 cards. What is the probability of a card being a
Ace or spade? [Ans: 0.3077]

Problem-52 : A card is randomly drawn from 52 cards. What is the probability of a card being a
queen or club? [Ans: 0.3077]
 Business Statistics 69

Problem-53 [NU 1999] There are 26 red and 26 black cards in a packet. If 5 cards are drawn at
random, find the probability of getting at least 3 red cards.

SOL: Q-53:
Probability of getting at least 3 red cards:
Out of 5 cards, at least 3 red card is taken in the following way:
Event Red Cards (26) Black Cards (26)
A 3 2
B 4 1
C 5 0
26c × 26c
∴ P (A) = 3 2
=0.325
52c 5

26c ×26 c
∴ P (B) = 4 1
=¿0.145
52c 5

26c × 26c 5 × 3
∴ P (C) = 5
=0
=¿ 0.025
52c 5
56
∴Probability of getting at least an apple: 0.325+0.145+0.025= 0.495

Problem-54 There are 26 red and 26 black cards in a packet. If 4 cards are drawn at random, find
the probability of getting at least 2 black cards. [Ans: 0.695]

Problem-55: 2 cards are taken from a packet of 52 cards. Find the probability of the following:
(a) First will be ace of hearts and other will be any kings except heart.
(b) Both spade cards.
(c) Both are two different colours such as black and red.

SOL: Q-55:
1c
1 1
Req. (a) Probability of getting ace of heart, P (1 ace of heart) = =
52c 52 1

3c 3 1
Probability of getting any king except heart, P (1 king except heart) = ¿
51 c 51 1

1 3 1
∴P (1 ace and 1 king) = × =
52 51 884

13c 2
Req. (b) Probability of getting both spade cards, P (2 spade) = =0.059
52c
2
70 Chapter  4.1 : Probability

26c × 26c
1 1
Req. (c) Probabilities of two different colour cards, P (1 black and 1 red) = =0.5098
52c2

Problem-56: 2 cards are taken from a packet of 52 cards. Find the probability of the following:
(a) First will be king of spade and other will be any aces except spade. [Ans: 0.00113]
(b) Both diamond cards. [Ans: 0.059]
(c) Both are two different colours such as black and white. [Ans: 0.5098]

wiwhK wb‡q `ywðšÍv Ki‡eb bv

AvjøvnB GKgvÎ wiwhK`vZv| wZwb wb‡Ri Ici GUv eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i
wb‡q‡Qb †h, wZwb Zuvi ev›`v‡`i Rb¨ †h wiwhK wba©vwiZ K‡i †i‡L‡Qb,
Zv Zv‡`i Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q w`‡eb|

cweÎ KziAvbyj Kvix‡g G m¤ú‡K© my¯úófv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q-

 Òf‚-c„‡ô wePiYKvix Ggb †KvbI cÖvYx †bB, hvi wiwhK Avjøvn wbR
`vwq‡Z¡ iv‡Lbwb| wZwb Zv‡`i ¯’vqx wVKvbvI Rv‡bb Ges mvgwqK
wVKvbvI| me wKQzB my¯úó wKZv‡e wjwce× Av‡Q|Ó (m~iv û` :
AvqvZ 6)

 ÒAvjøvn gvby‡li Rb¨ †h `qvi fvÛvi Ly‡j †`b Zv †iva Kivi †KD †bB| Avi
wZwb hv eÜ K‡ib, Ggb †KD †bB †h Zvici Zv Ly‡j w`‡Z cv‡i| wZwbB
ÿgZvi gvwjK, †nKg‡ZiI gvwjK|

 †n gvbyl! Avjøvn †Zvgv‡`i cÖwZ †h †bqvgZ el©Y K‡i‡Qb Zv ¯§iY Ki|

Avjøvn Qvov Avi †Kvb Lv‡jK [m„wóKZ©v] Av‡Q wK, †h Avmgvb I
hgxb †_‡K †Zvgv‡`i wiwhK `vb K‡ib? wZwb Qvov †Kvb gvey` †bB|
myZivs †Zvgiv wec_Mvgx n‡q †Kvb w`‡K hv”Q?Ó (m~iv dvwZi :
AvqvZ 2-3)

†h‡nZz mgMÖ m„wóKz‡ji wiwhK AvjøvnB w`‡q _v‡Kb, ZvB wiwh‡Ki Rb¨
gvbyl‡K †Zvlv‡gv` Kiv A_©nxb| A‡b¨i †_‡K wb‡Ri wiwhK cvIqvi Rb¨ Zvi
mvg‡b wb‡R‡K bxPz Kiv †evKvgx Qvov Avi wKQz n‡Z cv‡i bv|

m~Î: W. Av‡qh Avj-Kvibx, nZvk n‡eb bv (2015), (XvKv: gvKZvevZzj †niv), c„ôv: 176-
177
 Business Statistics 71

Picture-1: Rolling Dice and its six outcomes

Picture-2: Coin: Head and Tail

T
otal Aces = 4; Total Queens = 4; Total Kings = 4; Total Jack =4