46 Chapter  3.

2 : Moment, Skewness & Kurtosis

Chapter 3.2 Moment, Skewness & Kurtosis

 †h me †jL‡Ki eB †_‡K cÖ‡kœi aiY †h mv‡ji cixÿvq G‡m‡Q

AsK/w_Dwi †bqv n‡q‡Q:

Moment 2011, 2016 (MRK)

 Gupta & Gupta (18e)
 T.V. Varalakshmi & Others Skewness 2013, 2015, 2016, 2016+2017 (Acc)
 Md. Abdul Aziz (5e)
Kurtosis 2016 (Acc, MRK), 2017 (Acc)
 NU Questions (up to 2017)

Moment, Skewness & Kurtosis m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK aviYv

†K›`ªxq cÖeYZv I we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb GKwU wb‡ek‡bi MVb
I cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© †Kvb aviYv cvIqv hvq bv| wb‡ek‡bi MVb I
cÖK…wZ cwigv‡ci DrK…ó cwigvc n‡jv ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv|
ew¼gZvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb wb‡ekb abvZ¥K bv FYvZ¥K Zv cwigvc Kiv
hvq| GQvovI MYmsL¨v †iLvwU Wv‡b ev ev‡g †Kvb w`‡K we¯Í„Z Zv
Rvbv hvq| m~uPvjZv wb‡ek‡bi MYmsL¨v †iLv (Frequency Curve)
KZUzKz Zxÿè Zv cwigvc K‡i| Avi ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv cwigv‡ci gva¨g
n‡jv cwiNvZ|
 cwiNvZ (Moment): MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZ
wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡ek‡bi Mo ev AbywgZ Mo †_‡K Ab¨vb¨
msL¨v¸‡jvi e¨eav‡bi wewfbœ Nv‡Zi mgwó‡K †gvU c`msL¨v Øviv fvM
K‡i †h gvb¸wj cvIqv hvq, Zv‡`i‡K cwiNvZ e‡j|
 ew¼gZv (Skewness): †Kvb MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi mylgZvi AfveB n‡”Q
ew¼gZv A_©vr Ab¨ K_vq †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi mylg Ae¯’v †_‡K wePy¨wZ
Ae¯’v‡K ew¼gZv e‡j| D‡jøL¨, GKwU mylg wb‡ek‡bi Mo, ga¨gv I
cÖPzi‡Ki gvb ci¯úi mgvb nq|
 m~PuvjZv (Kurtosis): cwiwgZ †iLvi Zzjbvq †Kvb MYmsL¨v †iLvi DPz
wbPzi gvÎv‡K m~uPvjZv e‡j| MYmsL¨v †iLvi MVb cÖK…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i
m~PujZv‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
K) AwZ m~Puvj (Leptokurtic);
L) ga¨g m~Puvj (Mesokurtic);
M) AbwZ m~Puvj (Platykurtic)

Mean< Median <Mode

Mean = Median = Mode Mean > Median >Mode

Symmetrical Positively Skewed Negatively Skewed

 Business Statistics 47

AwZ m~Puvj
(Leptokurtic)
ga¨g m~Puvj
(Mesokurtic)

AbwZ m~Puvj
(Platykurtic)

 1. Measures of Moments about mean (Central Moment):

For ungrouped data For grouped data

μ1 ∑ (x− x́ ) μ1 ∑ f ( x −x́)
¿ ¿
N N
μ2 ∑ ( x− x́ )2 μ2 ∑ f ( x − x́)2
¿ ¿
N N
μ3 ∑ (x− x́ )3 μ3 ∑ f ( x − x́)3
¿ ¿
N N
μ4 ∑ (x− x́ )4 μ4 ∑ f (x − x́)4
¿ ¿
N N

 2. Measures of Moments arbitrary origin (Raw Moment)

For ungrouped data For grouped data with class
μ1' ∑ (x− A) ∑d μ1' ∑ fd ×c
¿ ¿ ¿
N N N
μ2' ∑ (x− A)2 ∑ d2 μ2' ∑ f d2 × c2
¿ ¿ ¿
N N N
' 3 3 '
μ3 ∑ ( x− A) ∑d μ3 ∑ f d3
¿ ¿ ¿ × c3
N N N
μ4 ' ∑ (x− A)4 ∑ d4 μ4 ' ∑ f d 4 ×c 4
¿ ¿ ¿
N N N
m− A
Here ,d = ; c=class interval; m=mid value
c

 3. Relationship between Raw Moments and Central moments:

48 Chapter  3.2 : Moment, Skewness & Kurtosis

μ1 μ1' −μ1' =0
2
μ2 μ2' −¿ ( μ 1' )
3
μ3 μ3' −3 μ1' μ2' +2 ( μ 1' )
2 ' 4
μ4 μ4 ' −4 μ1' μ 3' +6 ( μ 1' ) μ2 −3 ( μ 1' )

 μ is a Greek letter, pronounced as ‘ Mu’ [ wgD ]

 γ is a Greek letter, pronounced as ‘ Gamma’ [ Mvgv ]

 4. Karl Pearson’s co-efficient of Skewness

Method Rules Explanation
1 Co-efficient of Skewness Mean−Mode
σ
2 Co-efficient of Skewness 3( X́ −Median) If mode is ill-defined
σ

 5. Measures of Skewness based on Moments:

Method Rules Explanation
Skewness based on Moments μ 32 β 1 Gi gvb memgqB
β 1= 3 Positive nq| ZvB
μ2
Skewness wbY©‡q γ 1
Karl Pearson’s Co-efficient of Skewness μ3 e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|1
γ 1= 3
√μ 2

γ is a Greek letter, pronounced as ‘ Gamma’ [ Mvgv ] .

 6. Measures of Kurtosis:
Method Rules
Kurtosis (mvaviYZ ( i )bs m~ÎwUB ( ii ) γ 2=β 2−3
μ4
e¨envi nq) ( i ) β 2=
μ22

1
"It is advisable to use γ 1as a measure of skewness." [Gupta & Gupta (18e), p. 190]
 Business Statistics 49

Skewness Kurtosis
Value Comments Value Comments
γ 1= positive value Distribution is positively skewed β 2> 3 Distribution is
leptokurtic

γ 1=negative value Distribution is negatively skewed β 2=3 Distribution is

mesokurtic

β 2< 3 Distribution is
platykurtic
[Comment: Since the value of γ 1 is positive, the distribution is positively skewed.

Comment: Since the value of β 2 is less than 3, the distribution is platykurtic.]

Chapter Exercise : Part B and C 3.2

Problem -1 [BBA Hons 2nd Year 2011, 2015 (MRK)] Calculate the first four moments
about mean from the age of five labours: Age (in years): 25, 27, 30, 31, 33.

Calculation of Moments
Age( x) ( x−x́ ) ( x−x́ )2 ( x−x́ )3 ( x−x́ )4
25 -4.2 17.64 -74.088 311.1696
27 -2.2 4.84 -10.648 23.4256
30 0.8 0.64 0.512 0.4096
31 1.8 3.24 5.832 10.4976
33 3.8 14.44 54.872 208.5136
∑ x =¿ ¿ ∑ ( x− x́ ) = ∑ ( x− x́ )2 = ∑ ( x− x́ )3 = ∑ ( x− x́ ) 4 =
146 0 40.8 -23.52 554.016

 Arithmetic Mean, x́=

∑ x = 146 =29.2
N 5

 First four Moment about Mean [Central Moment]:

μ1
¿
∑ (x− x́ )¿ 0 ¿0
N 5
μ2 ∑ ( x− x́ )¿2 40.8 ¿ 8.16
¿ 5
N
50 Chapter  3.2 : Moment, Skewness & Kurtosis

μ3 ∑ (x− x́ )¿3 −23.52 ¿−4.70

¿ 5
N
μ4 ∑ (x− x́ )¿4 554.016 ¿ 110.80
¿ 5
N

Problem -2: Determine the first four moments about mean from the age of
five workers:

Age (in years): 20, 22, 24, 28, 30

Ans: μ2=¿ 13.7 μ3=¿ 8.06; μ4 =¿ 285.7

6; 5.

Problem-3: Calculate the first four moments about mean from the age of five
students:

Age (in years): 25, 20, 18, 15, 14

Ans: μ2=¿ 15.4 μ3=¿ 33.41 μ4 =¿ 482.5

4; ; 0

Problem -4 [NU 2nd Year 2015 (Finance)] Calculate the first four moments from the
following data:
Age (in years): 15, 17, 20, 21, 23.

Ans: μ2=¿ 8.16 μ3=¿ 4.7; μ4 =¿ 110.8

; 0

Problem-5: Calculate the first four moments about mean from the following
information:-

Population in 2 3 4 5 6 7
family
Number of family 200 300 400 150 100 50

Calculation of Moments
x f fx ( x−x́ ) f ( x− x́ ) f ( x− x́ )2 f ( x− x́ )3 f ( x− x́ )4
 Business Statistics 51

2 200 400 -1.833 -366.667 672.222 -1232.407 2259.414

3 300 900 -0.833 -250.000 208.333 -173.611 144.676
4 400 1600 0.167 66.667 11.111 1.852 0.309
5 150 750 1.167 175.000 204.167 238.194 277.894
6 100 600 2.167 216.667 469.444 1017.130 2203.781
7 50 350 3.167 158.333 501.389 1587.731 5027.816

N=¿ ∑ fx=¿ ¿ ∑ f ( x−x́ ) ∑ f ( x−x́ )2 ∑ f ( x−x́ )3 ∑ f ( x−x́ )4

= = = =
1200 4600 0 2066.667 1438.889 9913.889

 Arithmetic Mean, x́=

∑ fx = 4600 =3.833
N 1200

 First four Moment about Mean [Central Moment]:

μ1
¿
∑ f ( x −x́)¿ 0 ¿0
N N
μ2 ∑ f ( x − x́)2¿ 2066.667 ¿ 1.72
¿ 1200
N
μ3 ∑ f ( x − x́)3¿ 1438.889 ¿ 1.20
¿ 1200
N
μ4 ∑ f ( x − x́)4¿ 9913.889 ¿ 8.26
¿ 1200
N

Problem-6: Calculate the first four moments about mean from the following
information:-

Population in 2 3 4 5 6 7
family
Number of family 210 300 350 100 70 40

2 3 4

Hints: N=¿ ∑ fx=¿ ¿ ∑ f (=x−x́ ) ∑ f (=x−x́ ) ∑ f (=x−x́ ) ∑ f (=x−x́ )

1070 3920 0.000 1758.879 1576.068 9032.747

Problem: 7 [NU 2nd Year 2016 (Acc)] Calculate the skewness and kurtosis from the
following information and comment on the result:-

Population in 2 3 4 5 6 7
family
52 Chapter  3.2 : Moment, Skewness & Kurtosis

Number of family 250 310 400 200 120 75

Hints: N=¿ ∑ fx=¿ ¿ ∑ f ( x−x́ ) = ∑ f ( x−x́ )2 = ∑ f ( x−x́ )3 = ∑ f ( x−x́ )4 =

1355 5275 0 2649.483 1727.233 13062.113

We know, We know,
Karl Pearson’s Co-efficient of Skewness, μ4 9.64 9.64
μ3 Kurtosis, β 2= ¿ = =2.51
1.96 3.8416
2 2
γ 1= μ2
3
√μ 2
1.27 1.27
¿ = =.46
√1.96 3 2.744

Comment: Since the value of γ 1 is positive, the Comment: Since the value of β 2 is less than 3, the
distribution is positively skewed. distribution is platykurtic.

Problem-8: Calculate the skewness and kurtosis from the following

information and comment on the result:-

Population in 2 3 4 5 6
family
Number of family 200 300 400 260 100

Hints: N=¿ ∑ fx=¿ ¿ ∑ f ( x−x́ ) ∑ f ( x−x́ )2 ∑ f ( x−x́ )3 ∑ f ( x−x́ )4

= = = =

1260 4800 0 1714.286 148.299 5098.154

Problem: 9 [NU 2nd Year 2017 (Acc)] Table for wages of 240 workers are given
below:-
Wages (Tk.) 10001200 12001400 14001600 16001800 18002000 20002200 22002400 24002600
No. of Workers 12 18 35 42 50 45 30 8

Required:
(i) Calculate co-efficient of skewness.
(ii) Comment on the result.

Problem-10: Calculate skewness from the following data and comment on

the result:
 Business Statistics 53

Daily income (Tk) 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100

No. of employees 8 12 10 6 4

Problem-11: Calculate skewness from the following data and comment on

the result:
Monthly income 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
(Tk)
No. of employees 4 12 13 5 6

Problem: 12 [NU 2000] Calculate skewness from the following data and
comment on the result:
Monthly income 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
(Tk)
No. of employees 13 12 6 5 4

Problem-13: Calculate skewness from the following data and comment on

the result:
Monthly income 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
(Tk)
No. of employees 6 14 8 7 15

Problem: 14 [BBA Hons 2nd Year 2013] In a moderately skewed frequency

distribution, the mean is Tk 15 and the median is Tk 14. If the co-efficient of
variation is 30%, find the Pearsonian co-efficient of skewness. [ hints:
σ =4.5 ; Sk : 0.667]

Problem-15: In a moderately skewed frequency distribution, the mean is Tk

30 and the median is Tk 25. If the co-efficient of variation is 20%, find the
Pearsonian co-efficient of skewness.
[ hints: Sk : 0.2.5]

Problem: 16 [BBA Hons 2nd Year 2015 (Special)] In a moderately skewed

frequency distribution, the mean is Tk 17 and the median is Tk 15. If the co-
efficient of variation is 30%, find out the co-efficient of skewness. [ hints:
Sk :1.17 ]
54 Chapter  3.2 : Moment, Skewness & Kurtosis

Problem-17: In a moderately skewed frequency distribution, the mean is Tk

20 and the median is Tk 18. If the co-efficient of variation is 25%, find out the
co-efficient of skewness.
[ hints: Sk :1.2]

Problem: 18 [NU 2nd Year 2016 (Acc)] Find out the co-efficient of variation of a
frequency distribution, given that its mean is 125, mode is 130 and Karl
Pearson's co-efficient of skewness is 0.25. [ hints: CV =16 ]

Problem: 19 [NU 2nd Year 2015 (MRK)] For the distribution, Mean=60, Median
= 70 and co-efficient of Sk = 0.5. Find the Mode and CV.

Problem-20: Find out the co-efficient of variation of a frequency distribution,

given that its mean is 100, mode is 120 and Karl Pearson's co-efficient of
skewness is 0.20. [ hints: CV =100 % ]

Problem: 21 [Gupta & Gupta (18e), p. 194] For a moderately skewed

frequency distribution, the arithmetic mean is 100, co-efficient of variation is
35 and Pearson’s co-efficient of skewness is 0.2. Find the mode and median.

Problem: 22 [NU 3rd Year 2016] For a group of 20 items ∑ x =1452,

2
∑ x =144280 , and mode = 63.7, find the Pearson’s co-efficient of skewness.
[ hints: Sk=0.202]

Problem: 23 For a group of 6 items ∑ x =15 , ∑ x 2=55 , and mode = 3, find

the Pearson’s co-efficient of skewness. [ hints: Sk=−0.29 ]

Problem: 24 [NU 2nd Year 2016 (MRK; same as Gupta & Gupta (18 e), p. 191]
The first four moments of a distribution about the value 5 are 2, 20, 40, and 50
 Business Statistics 55

respectively. Obtain the first four central moments, β 1 , and β 2. Comment on the
skewness and kurtosis of the distribution.

Problem- 25: The first four moments of a distribution about the value 10 are
4, 40, 80, and 100 respectively. Obtain the first four central moments, β 1 , and
β 2. Comment on the skewness and kurtosis of the distribution.

Problem: 26 [NU 2nd Year 2017 (Acc)] The first four moments are 0, 7.1, 36.2
and 408.7 respectively. Calculate skewness and kurtosis and comment on the
results.