Kinematics 2D

LECTURE 1
Introduction To Projectile Motion
 Introduction To 2D Motion

Y Y

y2
y1

X X
x1 x2

We will now discuss motion in which 2 Dimensions are changing

 Introduction To Projectile Motion
Y

g g

g g

Projectile motion is experienced by an

object or particle (a projectile) that is
thrown near the Earth's surface and
moves along a curved path under the
action of gravity only
This curved path was shown by Galileo
to be a Parabola.
This curved path was shown by Galileo
to be a Parabola.
 Important Motion Parameters in a Projectile
Unknown Parameters
u Velocity at any time t
Maximum Height H
Horizontal Range R
θ Time of Flight T
Equation of Trajectory

➔ Point of projection P
➔ Initial velocity (u)
➔ Angle of projectile θ
 Method to Analyse 2 Dimensional Motion
Motion in 2 Dimensions is basically combination of TWO 1-Dimensional
motions.
VISUALIZE Projectile Motion
Observe the Velocity in X & Y Directions
 Method to Analyse 2 Dimensional Motion
To analyse motion in 2 Dimensions, we can break all motion parameters
along X & Y

Projectile is basically, combination of 2 linear Motions happening

simultaneously i.e. We can do it easily with the knowledge of Motion in 1
Dimension and Vector Resolution.
Analysis of Projectile
 Analysis of Projectile
We resolve all vector quantities (u, a, s) in 2 mutually perpendicular
directions (X and Y).

θ
X
 Analysis of Projectile
We resolve all vector quantities (u, a, s) in 2 mutually perpendicular
directions (X and Y).
Y
uy =u sin θ

u
u

θ
θ
uX=u cos θ
X

x y

ux = u cos θ uy = u sin θ
ax = 0 ay = -g

x = Disp. in X y = Disp. in Y
 Analysis of Projectile
Y

u
uy= u sinθ

g
θ
ux= u cosθ X
 Analysis of Projectile

x y Y
v
ux = u cos θ uy = u sin θ θ1

ax = 0 ay = -g u sin θ u

x = Disp. in X y = Disp. in Y θ
X
u cos θ
vx = v cos θ1 vy = v sin θ1
Time of Flight of Projectile
 Time of Flight of Projectile
Y

u sin θ u

θ
u cos θ X

x y

ux = u cos θ uy = u sin θ
ax = 0 ay = -g

x = Disp. in X y = Disp. in Y
 Time of Flight of Projectile
Y
S = ut + ½ at2
∴ Sy = (u sin θ) T - 1 gT2 u sin θ
2
∴ 0 = u (sin θ) T - 1 gT2 θ
2
u cos θ X
1
∴ gT2 = u (sin θ) T
2

2u sin θ
∴ T= g
 Time of Flight of Projectile

u sin θ

θ
u cos θ X

Time of ascend (ta) = Time of descend (td)

u sin θ
t a = td = g
Maximum Height Of Projectile
 Maximum Height Of Projectile

u sin θ u H

θ
u cos θ X

x y

ux = u cos θ uy = u sin θ
ax = 0 ay = -g

x = Disp. in X y = Disp. in Y
 Maximum Height Of Projectile
Y u2 sin2θ
∴ H =
2g
u sin θ u H

θ
u cos θ X

At maximum height

Vy = 0 We know that,
y = +H vy2 = uy2 + 2ayy
uy =u sin θ
ay = -g ∴ 0 = (u sin θ )2 – 2gH
u2 sin2θ = 2gH
Horizontal Range of Projectile

R
 Maximum Height Of Projectile
It is the MAX distance covered by the projectile in Horizontal direction for
it’s time of flight (T)

Y x y

ux = u cos θ uy = u sin θ
u sin θ u
ax = 0 ay = -g
θ
u cos θ x = Disp. in X y = Disp. in Y
X
R
Horizontal Range of Projectile
It is the MAX distance covered by the projectile in Horizontal direction for
it’s time of flight (T)
Y

x y
u sin θ u
ux = u cos θ uy = u sin θ

θ ax = 0 ay = -g
u cos θ X
R x = Disp. in X y = Disp. in Y
x = uxt + 1 axt2
At t = T 2
x=R 1
⇒ R = u cos θ (T) + (0) T2
2
2u sinθ R = u2 ( sin2θ )
R = u cos θ g
g
Analysis of Maximum Range Of Projectile
Let us analyze the range of a projectile
Y

u2 (sin2θ)
R= u
g u sin θ

θ
u cos θ X
R
Horizontal Range (R)
R = u2 ( sin2θ )
g
From above equation, we Let’s find the maximum
can say that for a given “u”, height reached for this angle
R is maximum when
2
sin 2θ = 1 1
u2 √2 u2
i.e. 2θ = 900, θ = 450 H = =
2g 4g
Hence, maximum horizontal range is
Rmax
Rmax = u ,when θ = 450
2
∴H= when θ = 450
g 4
H = u sin θ
2 2
Horizontal range is 4 times
2g
maximum height
Let us analyze the range of a projectile

u2 (sin2θ)
R
g
=
sin 2θ = sin(180o – 2θ)

Range of projectile is same for any two angles, θ and (900 - θ) projected with
same velocity.
Let us analyze the range of a projectile

Range of projectile is same for any two angles, θ and (900 - θ) projected with
same velocity.
R/H Trick
Examples of Ground to Ground Projectile
Example A gun fires two bullets at 300 and 600 with the horizontal.
They have the same Range! The ratio of maximum heights
for the two bullets is:

A. 0

B.

C.

D.
 Example A gun fires two bullets at 600 and 300 with the horizontal.
They have the same Range! The ratio of maximum heights
for the two bullets is:
Solution: Y
uB B
uA A
R = u2 ( sin2θ )
g 600
300 P
Both have the same X
range sin 600 = sin 1200

(uA)2 sin 2(300) (uB)2 sin 2(600)

⇒ g = g

uA = uB
Solution:

Maximum height of A (HA) Y

uB B
(uA)2 sin2 (300) uA A
HA =
2g
600
30 P
Maximum height of B (HB) 0
X
(uB)2 sin2 (600)
HB =
2g 2
1
HA sin2(300) 2
⇒ = = (u)2 sin2 θ
HB sin2(600) √3 2 H= 2g
2
HA 1
⇒ =
HB 3
Example A bullet fired from a gun can have a Maximum range of
40m. Determine the velocity of projection and the maximum
height attained by the bullet if the bullet is fired for
maximum range.
A. 5m
B. 10 m
C. 15 m
D. 20 m
 Example A bullet fired from a gun can have a Maximum range of
40m. Determine the velocity of projection and the maximum
height attained by the bullet if the bullet is fired for
maximum range.
Solution:

R max = 40 m, θ = 450, g = 10 m/s2

u2
Rmax = = 40 m
g

∴ u2 = 40 × 10

∴ u = √400

∴ u = 20 m/s
 Solution:

For maximum height

R max = 40 m, θ = 450, g = 10 m/s2, u = 20 m/s

u2 sin 2 θ
H =
2g

400× sin2 450

∴H =
2 × 10
1 2
400
∴H =
20

∴ H = 10 m
Example A body is thrown with a velocity of 49 m/s at an angle of
300 with the horizontal. Find :
g = 9.8 m/s2
I. Time of flight
II. Horizontal range
III. Maximum height
IV. Direction of velocity after 2.5 secs
Y

θ
X
 Example A body is thrown with a velocity of 49 m/s at an angle of
300 with the horizontal. Find :
g = 9.8 m/s2
I. Time of flight
II. Horizontal range
III. Maximum height
IV. Direction of velocity after 2.5 secs

Solution:
u = 49 m/s, θ = 300 g = 9.8 m/s2

Time of flight 2u sin θ

T = g 98 × 0.5
∴ T =
9.8

2 × 49 × sin 300 ∴ T = 5s
∴ T =
9.8
 Example A body is thrown with a velocity of 49 m/s at an angle of
300 with the horizontal. Find :
g = 9.8 m/s2
I. Time of flight
II. Horizontal range
III. Maximum height
IV. Direction of velocity after 2.5 secs

Solution:
u = 49 m/s, θ = 300 g = 9.8 m/s2

Horizontal u2 sin 2θ
R = g
Range
49 × 49 × sin (2 × 300) ∴ R = 5 x 49 x sin 600
∴ R=
9.8
R =212.17 m
 Example A body is thrown with a velocity of 49 m/s at an angle of
300 with the horizontal. Find :
g = 9.8 m/s2
I. Time of flight y
II. Horizontal range
III. Maximum height
u
IV. Direction of velocity after 2.5 secs
300
Solution: x
O
u = 49 m/s, θ = 300 g = 9.8 m/s2

For Maximum height

u2 sin2 θ 49 × 49 × sin2 300
H = ∴ H =
2g ∴ H = 30.625 m
2 × 9.8
5 1 2
∴ H = 49 × ×
2 2
 Example A body is thrown with a velocity of 49 m/s at an angle of
300 with the horizontal. Find :
g = 9.8 m/s2
I. Time of flight
II. Horizontal range
y
III. Maximum height
IV. Direction of velocity after 2.5 secs
u
Solution:
300
u = 49 m/s, θ = 300 g = 9.8 m/s2 O x
After
T = 2.5
5 sec the body will be at maximum height
Therefore, It contains only horizontal velocity
v = u cos 30o

v = 49 × 3 ; v = 42.43 m/s
√
2
Example on Maximum Height and Range Of Projectile
Example Find the angle of projection of a projectile at which
it’s horizontal range is twice it’s maximum height
A. tan–1 (1)
B. tan–1 (1.5)
C. tan–1 (2)
D. tan–1 (2.5)
 Example Find the angle of projection of a projectile at which
it’s horizontal range is twice it’s maximum height

Solution:
R = 2H
u2 sin 2θ u2 sin 2θ
R = And H =
g 2g
u2 sin 2 θ u2 sin 2 θ
∴ g = 2
2g
∴ Sin 2θ = sin2 θ
∴ 2 sin θ cos θ = sin2 θ
∴ 2 = tan θ
∴ θ = tan–1 (2) ∴θ = 630 26’
Example Find the time after which the velocity vector will make an
angle of 370 with the horizontal.

A. t = 0.15 sec
B. t = 0.25 sec
10 m/s sec
C. t = 0.35 sec
D. t = 0.45 sec
530
Kinematics 2D
LECTURE 2
This curved path was shown by Galileo
to be a Parabola.
 Important Motion Parameters in a Projectile
Unknown Parameters
u Velocity at any time t
Maximum Height H
Horizontal Range R
θ Time of Flight T
Equation of Trajectory

➔ Point of projection P
➔ Initial velocity (u)
➔ Angle of projectile θ
 Method to Analyse 2 Dimensional Motion
Motion in 2 Dimensions is basically combination of TWO 1-Dimensional
motions.
VISUALIZE Projectile Motion
Analysis of Maximum Range Of Projectile
Let us analyze the range of a projectile

Range of projectile is same for any two angles, θ and (900 - θ) projected
with same velocity.
R/H Trick
Examples of Ground to Ground Projectile
Example Find the time after which the velocity vector will make an
angle of 370 with the horizontal.
A. t = 0.15 sec
B. t = 0.25 sec
C. t = 0.35 sec
D. t = 0.45 sec

10 m/s

530
Example A projectile can have the same range R for two angles of
projection. If t1 and t2 be the times of flight in the two cases,
then their product is proportional to Rn. The value of n is:

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
 Example A projectile can have the same range R for two angles of
projection. If t1 and t2 be the times of flight in the two cases,
then their product is proportional to Rn. The value of n is:

Solution: A projectile has same range for angles θ and (90 – θ)

2u sinθ
For angle θ t1 =
g
2u sin(90o – θ)
For angle (90 – θ) t2 =
g
2u cosθ
t2 =
g
2u sin θ 2u cos θ
⇒ t1t2 =
g g
Solution:
2u sin θ 2u cos θ
⇒ t1t2 = t1t2 ∝ R1
g g

2 u2(2 sin θ cos θ ) sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ

= g
g
2 u2 sin 2θ
=
g g

u2 sin 2θ
R = g

2R
⇒ t1t2 = g
⇒n=1
Variation of Range and Height with u & θ
 ➔ u is kept constant
➔ θ is increased
Y

θ
X
Variation of Range and Height with u and θ
➔ u is kept constant u2sin2θ For constant u
➔ θ is increased R = g R ∝ sin 2θ
Y u
u2sin2θ For constant u
H = 2g
u u H ∝ sin2θ
u

θ4
θ3
θ2
θ1
X1 X
O(0,0)
X3 X2
X4
 Variation of Range and Height with u and θ
➔ u is kept constant
➔ θ is increased u2sin2θ u2sin2θ
Y R = g H = 2g
u
u
u
We can observe that,
θ3 As θ increases,
θ2 Hmax increases
θ1
Range first increases then
O(0,0) X1 X
decreases
X3 X2 Rmax for θ = 450 and as θ
increases,

R increases from θ = 00 to 450

R decreases from θ = 450 to θ =
900
➔ θ is kept constant
➔ u is increased
Variation of Range and Height with u and θ
Y
u3 ➔ θ is kept constant
➔ u is increased

u2 y3 u2sin2θ For constant θ

R = g R ∝ u2
u1 y2 u2sin2θ For constant θ
H = 2g H ∝ u2
y1
θ

X
Variation of Range and Height with u and θ
Y ➔ θ is kept constant
u3 ➔ u is increased

u2 y3

u1 y2

y1
θ

X
We can observe that,
★ As u increases, Range of projectile also increases
★ As u increases, Maximum Height of projectile increases
Variation of Range and Height with Air Friction
Equation Of Trajectory
Equation of Trajectory
Y
(x , y)

u sin θ u

θ
u cos θ X

x y

ux = u cos θ uy = u sin θ
ax = 0 ay = -g

x = Disp. in X y = Disp. in Y
Equation of Trajectory
Y
x y
(x , y)
ux = u cos θ uy = u sin θ
u sin θ u
y ax = 0 ay = -g
θ
u cos θ X
x = Disp. in X y = Disp. in Y
x

1
x = uxt + axt2 1
2 y = uyt + ayt2
1 2
x = u cos θ t + (0) t2 1
2 y = (u sin θ) t + (– g) t2
x = (u cos θ ) t 2
x 1
t = y =(u sin θ) t - g t2
u cos θ 2
Equation of Trajectory
1
x = uxt + axt2 1
2 y = uyt + ayt2
1 2
x = u cos θ t + (0) t2 1
2 y = (u sin θ) t + (– g) t2
x = (u cos θ ) t 2

x 1
t = y =(u sin θ) t - g t2
u cos θ 2

x 1 x 2
y = u sinθ – g
u cos θ 2 u cosθ

1 g x2
y = x tanθ –
2 u2 cos2θ
Equation of Trajectory
Y
(x , y)

u sin θ u 1 g x2
y y = x tanθ –
2 u2 cos2θ
θ
u cos θ X

Equation of trajectory is of the form y = ax – bx2

The equation represents a parabola.

1 g
where a = tanθ b= 2 u2 cos2θ

Thus, trajectory of the projectile is parabolic in nature.

Equation of Trajectory
Y (R/2, H) Equation of trajectory y = ax – bx2

θ
(R, 0)
(0, 0) X
 Example A particle is projected obliquely into air with velocity of 98
m/s at an angle of elevation of 300. Write down its equation
of motion. g = 9.8 m/s2
Y

θ
X
 Example A particle is projected obliquely into air with velocity of 98
m/s at an angle of elevation of 300. Write down its equation
of motion. g = 9.8 m/s2

Solution: u = 98 m/s , θ = 300 , g = 9.8 m/s2

Equation of a projectile is given by
1 gx2
y = x tan θ –
2 (u2 cos2 θ)
1 gx2
y = x tan 30 –
2 (u2 cos2 30)
x 9.8 x2
∴ y = –
√3 3
2 98 × 98 ×
4
x x
y= 1 –
√3 490 √3
Example An aeroplane is flying horizontally at height of 500 m with a
velocity of 50 m/s. An object is released from the
aeroplane. How far from the location will the object land
and after what time ? g = 10 m/s2
 Example An aeroplane is flying horizontally at height of 500 m with a
velocity of 50 m/s. An object is released from the
aeroplane. How far from the location will the object land
and after what time ? g = 10 m/s2
Solution:

Analyzing motion in Analyzing motion in

vertical direction Horizontal direction
1 1
– H = uyt – 2 gt2 R = uxt + 2 axt2
1
– 500 = 0 – × 10 t2 = 50 × 10 + 0
2
100 = t2 R = 500 m

t = 10 sec
Kinematics 2D
LECTURE 3
Equation Of Trajectory
Equation of Trajectory y = x tanθ –
1 g x2
2 u2 cos2θ
Y
(x , y)

u sin θ u
y
θ
u cos θ X

Equation of trajectory is of the form y = ax – bx2

The equation represents a parabola.

1 g
where a = tanθ b= 2 u2 cos2θ

Thus, trajectory of the projectile is parabolic in nature.

Example An aeroplane is flying horizontally at height of 500 m with a
velocity of 50 m/s. An object is released from the
aeroplane. How far from the location will the object land
and after what time ? g = 10 m/s2
 Example An aeroplane is flying horizontally at height of 500 m with a
velocity of 50 m/s. An object is released from the
aeroplane. How far from the location will the object land
and after what time ? g = 10 m/s2
Solution:

Analyzing motion in Analyzing motion in

vertical direction Horizontal direction
1 1
– H = uyt – 2 gt2 R = uxt + 2 axt2
1
– 500 = 0 – × 10 t2 = 50 × 10 + 0
2
100 = t2 R = 500 m

t = 10 sec
Time of Flight & Range

H
Example Consider a 10m high wall AB at a distance of 20√3m. With
what minimum velocity should the ball be projected such that
it goes over the wall? take θ =300
g = 10 m/s2
A.
Y
B. B
C.
D. u 10 m
300
P
A X
 Example Consider a 10m high wall AB at a distance of 20√ 3m. With
what minimum velocity should the ball be projected such
that it goes over the wall? take θ =300
g = 10 m/s2
Solution:
gx2 Y
y = x tan θ – B
u2cos2 θ 2
10 20 √ 3
10 = 20 √ 3 tan 30 – u 10 m
2 × u2 cos2 30
1 10 × 20 √ 3 × 20 √ 3 300
P
10 = 20 √ 3 × – A
√3 √3 2 X
2 × u2 ×
2

10 × 200 × 4 8000
10 = 20 – = 10 u = 20 √2 m/s
u2 u2
 Example
2 guns situated on the top of a high hill fire a shot each at
some interval of time with the same speed 5√3 m/s. One
gun fires horizontally and other fires upwards at an angle
of 600 with the horizontal. The shots collide in air at point P
I. The time interval between the firing g = 10 m/s2
II. The coordinates of the point P, taking top of the
hill as the origin
u
60 u
(0,0) 0

P(x, y)
•
 t=0
X X t=t0
u
60 u
(0,0) 0
Y (0,0) Y

• P(x, y) • P(x, y)
t=T t=T
Solution: As both are starting from same point and are colliding, their
X and Y displacements are equal. (but in different time span )

B
u u sin600 +ve
600 u
u
A +ve
600 u cos600
P( x, y )

Particle A Particle B
X axis Y axis X axis Y axis
ux,A= u uy,A = 0 ux,B= uy,B =
ax,A = 0 ax,B = 0
Sx,A = x Sx,B = x
time = tA time = tB
 Solution:

For same displacement in X direction 15

⇒ –5(tA)2 = (2tA) – 5(2tA)2
1 1 2
uxA (tA) + axA (tA)2 = uxB (tB) + axB (tB)2
2 2 ⇒ 15(tA)2 = 15tA
u
⇒ u tA = t ⇒ tB = 2tA ⇒ tA = 1 sec ⇒ tB = 2 sec
2 B

For same displacement in Y direction

1 1
uyA (tA) + ayA (tA)2 = UyB (tB) + ayB (tB)2
2 2

⇒ –
1
g(tA)2 = √ 3
u(tB) –
1
g(tB)2
2 2 2
15
⇒ –5(tA)2= tB – 5(tB)2
2
 Solution:

Difference in time of shot firing X axis Y axis

⇒ t = tB – tA =2–1 ux,A= u uy,A = 0

⇒ t = 1 sec ax,A = 0

Displacement in X dir Sx,A = x

1
⇒ Sx , A = ux , A(tA) +
2 √
ax , A (tA)2 = 5 3 (1)

⇒ x = 5 3m√
Displacement in Y dir
1 1
⇒ Sy , A = uy , A(tA) + ay , A (tA)2 = – (10)12
2 2
⇒ y = –5 m
Example A particle moves in 2-D motion such that its position
depends on time as
x = 4t2 + 2t + 3
y = 5t + 7
Find the velocity of particle at t = 2 sec.

A.
B.
C.
D.
 Example A particle moves in 2-D motion such that its position
depends on time as
x = 4t2 + 2t + 3
y = 5t + 7
Find the velocity of particle at t = 2 sec.

Solution:
dx dy
vx = = 8t + 2 vy = = 5
dt dt at t = 2 sec
vx = 18 m/s vy = 5 m/s
∧ ∧
⇒ V = (18 i + 5 j) m/s
Example A particle starts along Y in such a way that its velocity along
Y-direction remains constant at 2m/s has an acceleration ax
= (3t + 2)m/s2 in x direction. Find the velocity vector of
particle at t = 2 sec.
∧ ∧
A. v = 2 i + 10 j
B. ∧ ∧
v = 10 i + 2 j
C. ∧ ∧
D. v = 10 i - 2 j
∧ ∧
v = 10 j - 2 i
 Example A particle starts along Y in such a way that its velocity along
Y-direction remains constant at 2m/s has an acceleration
ax = (3t + 2)m/s2 in x direction. Find the velocity vector of
particle at t = 2 sec.

Solution: ux = 0 uy = 2
ax = 3t + 2 ay = 0
dvx
⇒ = 3t + 2 vy = 2
dt
vx 2
⇒
0
∫ ∫
dvx = (3t + 2) dt
0
3(2)2
⇒ vx = + 2(2)
2
∧ ∧
⇒ vx = 10 ⇒ v = 10 i + 2 j
Example A ball is thrown from point P of an incline, with u = 10√3 m/s
and it strikes the other incline perpendicularly
Find:
I. Velocity of striking (v) v
II. Time of flight
u
A. 10 m/s, 2 sec.

B. 2 m/s, 10 sec.
P
C. 5 m/s, 1 sec. h
D. 1 m/s, 5 sec. 300
600
 Example Find: B
I. Velocity of striking (v) A u v
II. Time of flight Q
P
h
300 600
O

Solution: Let us choose horizontal as X and vertical as Y

direction
B
u
A Q
600 30
0 v
P
30 60
0 0
 Solution: B
u
A Q
At point P 600 300
v
P
300 600
ux = u cos 600 =

At point Q

vx = v cos 300 = (v)

Since, ax = 0 ; ux = vx

⇒ v = 10 m/s
For the time of flight
B
At point P u
A Q
300
uy = u sin 600= P
600 v
300 600
At point Q
vy = –v sin 300 =

Since, ay = –g; vy = uy + ayt

⇒ –5 = 15 – (10)t

⇒ t = 2 sec
Projectile on an Incline
Projectile on an Inclined plane
Take the direction along the incline as X axis

Take the perpendicular to the incline surface as Y axis

Y
X
u I

α
O β
A
 X
u
Y

α β

X Y
 x y

ux = u cos (α-β) uy = u sin(α-β)

ax = - g sin β ay = - g cos β

Y X

β
∙
β

g sin β g g cos β
Time of flight for Projectile on an inclined plane
Time of flight for Projectile on an inclined plane
X

Y u

α β

x y

ux = u cos (α-β) uy = u sin(α-β)

ax = - g sin β ay = - g cos β
Time of flight for Projectile on an inclined plane

Using equation. Sy = 0

1
Sy = uy + ay t 2
t 2
1
0 = usin(α-β)T – gcosβT2
2

2u sin (α-β)
T =
g cosβ

x y
ux = u cos (α-β) uy = u sin(α-β)

ax = - g sin β ay = - g cos β
Range of Projectile on an Incline
Range of Projectile on an Incline
X
2u sin (α-β)
T =
g cosβ
Y u
x
ux = u cos (α-β)
α β
ax = - g sin β
Range of Projectile on an Incline
2u sin (α-β)
T =
g cosβ

ax = –g sin (β)

ux = u cos(α – β)

1
Sx = uxt + axt2
2
2
2usin(α–β) 2u sin(α–β)
S
⇒ x = u cos(α–β) ̶ 1 g(sinβ)
gcosβ 2 gcosβ

sin(α–β) sinβ [sin(α–β)]

= 2u cos(α–β) –
2
gcosβ cosβ
 Range of Projectile on an Incline
sin(α–β) sinβ[sin(α–β)]
= 2u2 cos(α–β) –
gcos cosβ
β
2u2 sin(α–β)
= cos(α-β) cosβ – sinβ[sin(α-β)]
gcos2β

2u2sin(α–β) (cosα)
Sx=
gcos2β
Example of Incline Projectile
Example A projectile is thrown with an initial velocity 10√2 m/s at an
angle of 450 with the incline. The incline is at an angle of 300
with the horizontal, find :
I. Time of flight.
II. Range on incline
 Example A projectile is thrown with an initial velocity 10√2 m/s at an
angle of 450 with the incline. The incline is at an angle of 300
with the horizontal, find :
I. Time of flight.
II. Range on incline

Solution:
ux = 10 uy = 10
ax = – 5 ay = –5√3

ux =
 450
uy = = 10 ay =

ax = = –5
g sin 300
g cos 300
300 g
Solution:

For time of Flight Sy = 0 ux = 1 uy = 1

0 0
1 ax = – 5 ay = –5√3
Sy = uy(t) + ay(t)2
2

⇒ 0 = 10(t)– (t) ⇒ t =
2

For range of incline

1
Sx = ux(t) + ax(t)2
2

⇒ R =

⇒ R =
Kinematics 2D
LECTURE 4

Relative Motion

10 m/s
20 m/s
Relative Motion
Observation of motion of a body w.r.t another moving body is known as
Relative Motion

Observer 1

60 m/s

2
100 m/s

V1
V2/1
V2
Relative Motion
Observation of motion of a body w.r.t another moving body is known as
Relative Motion

60 m/s

60 m 100 m/s

100 m
40 m
V1 = 60 m/s
V2/1= 40 m/s
V2= 100 m/s
s2/1
Relative Motion
Let 2 bodies A and B are moving in a straight line with velocities vA/G and
vB/G , respectively (w.r.t. ground).

A travels a displacement of vA/G(t) in time t secs

B travels a displacement of vB/G(t) in time t secs

SA/G
SA/G = VA/G t
VA/G

SA/B SB/G = VB/G t

VB/G

SB/G
Relative Motion
SA/G

VA/G SA/G = VA/G t

VB/G SA/B SB/G = VB/G t

SB/G

SA/B = SA/G – SB/G

SA/G – SB/G
VA/B = VA/B = VA/G – VB/G
t
Relative Motion
SA/G

VA/G

VB/G SA/B

SB/G

The equation can be applied vectorially for motion other than 1D as well.

Similarly ,
aA/B = aA/G – aB/G

vA/B = vA/G – vB/G

Example A train is travelling with a speed of 15m/s, and a man is walking
inside the train at 1.2 m/s in the direction of train. Find the
relative velocity of the man inside the train w.r.t ground.

A. 15.2 m/s
B. 16.2 m/s
1.2 m/s
C. 17.2 m/s
15 m/s
D. 18.2 m/s
 Example A train is travelling with a speed of 15m/s, and a man is
walking inside the train at 1.2 m/s in the direction of train.
Find the relative velocity of the man inside the train w.r.t an
observer on the ground.

Solution:

We know, VA/B = VA/G – VB/G VT/G = 15 m/s, VM/T = 1.2 m/s

VM/T = VM/G – VT/G

We need to find velocity of man w.r.t. ground

VM/G = VT/G + VM/T
= (15+1.2) m/s

VM/G = 16.2 m/s

Example If two bodies A and B are moving along same line in same
direction with velocities 3m/s and 4m/s respectively with
respect to ground. What will be velocity of A with respect to
B (VA/B) and velocity of B. With respect to A (VB/A) ?

A 3 m/s B 4 m/s

A. 1m/s, -1m/s
B. 7m/s, 1m/s
C. 1m/s, 7m/s
D. -1m/s, 1m/s
Example If two bodies A and B are moving along same line in same
direction with velocities 3m/s and 4m/s respectively with
respect to ground. What will be velocity of A with respect to
B (VA/B) and velocity of B. With respect to A (VB/A) ?

Solution: A 3m/s B 4m/s

Let right side be (+)ve x direction and

left side be (–)ve x direction.

+ ve
VA/G = 3m/s , VB/G = 4m/s
+ ve
Solution:

(i) Velocity of A w.r.t B (VA/B) VA/G = 3m/s

∴ VA/B = VA/ – VB/G = 3 – 4 = – 1 m/s
G VB/G = 4m/s
i.e Velocity of A with respect to B is 1 m/s in
leftward direction

(ii) Velocity of B w.r.t A (VB/A)

∴ VB,A = VB,G – VA, = 4 – 3

G
= 1 m/s

i.e Velocity of B with respect to A is 1

m/s
in rightward direction
Example If two bodies A and B are moving along same line in opposite
direction with velocities 3m/s and 4m/s respectively with
respect to ground. What will be velocity of A with respect to B
(VA/B) and velocity of B With respect to A (VB/A) ?

3 m/s 4 m/s
A B

A. 7m/s, -7m/s
B. 7m/s, 1m/s
C. 1m/s, 7m/s
D. -7m/s, 7m/s
 Example If two bodies A and B are moving along same line in opposite
direction with velocities 3m/s and 4m/s respectively with
respect to ground. What will be velocity of A with respect to B
(VA/B) and velocity of B With respect to A (VB/A) ?
Solution:

A 3m/s 4m/s B

Let right side be (+)ve x direction and

+ ve
left side be (–)ve x direction.
+ ve
VA/G = 3m/s , VB/G = -4m/s
 Solution:

(i) Velocity of A w.r.t B VA/G = 3m/s

(VA/B)
VA/B = VA/G – VB/G = (3) – (– 4) = + 7 m/s
VB/G = -4m/s

i.e Velocity of A with respect to B is 7 m/s in Rightward

direction
(ii) Velocity of B w.r.t A (VB/A)

VB/A = VB/G – VA/G = (– 4) – (3)

= – 7 m/s
i.e Velocity of B with respect to A is –7 m/s in Leftward direction
Example A thief is running away on a straight road at 9 m/s. A policeman
chases him at 10 m/s. If the policeman is 100m behind the thief
how long will it take for policeman to catch thief ?
A. 85 sec
B. 90 sec 10 m/s 9 m/s
C. 95 sec
D. 100 sec

100m
 Example A thief is running away on a straight road at 9 m/s. A
policeman chases him on a motorcycle at 10 m/s. If the
policeman is 100m behind the thief , how long will it take for
policeman to catch thief ?

Solution: Policeman Thief

VP = 10 m/s VT = 9 m/s
Velocity of police w.r.t thief
100 m
⇒ vP/T = vP – vT = 10 – 9= 1

Displacement travelled by police w.r.t thief

⇒ SP/T = 100
time to catch

SP/T 100
t = = ⇒ t = 100 sec
VP/T 1
Example A car travelling at 60 km/h overtakes another car travelling at
42 km/h. Assuming each car to be 5.0 m long,
find the time taken to overtake .
A. 1 sec
B. 2 sec 60 km/h 42 km/h
C. 3 sec
D. 4 sec

5m 5m
 Example A car travelling at 60 km/h overtakes another car travelling
at 42 km/h. Assuming each car to be 5.0 m long, find the
time taken to overtake .

Solution: 5m
A 42 km/hr

5m
B 60 km/hr

Car B has to travel 10m more relative to A

Solution:
5m
42 km/hr Car B has to travel 10m
A
5m more relative to A
B 60 km/hr
VA,G = 42 km/hr = 11.67 m/s

VB,G = 60 km/hr = 16.67 m/s

∴ VB,A = VB,G – VA,G = (16.67 – 11.67)
= 5 m/s
SB, = + 10 m
A
SBA 10
∴ t = = = 2 sec
VBA 5
Example In the situation shown in figure if both the balls are thrown
at same time, Find the time when balls will collide.
A. 1 sec A
B. 2 sec
C. 3 sec 20 m/s
D. 4 sec
100 m

30 m/s
B
 Example In the situation shown in figure if both the balls are thrown
at same time, Find the time when balls will collide.

Solution: A
VA/G = – 20, VB/G = 30
a A/G = – g, a B/G = –g 20 m/s
rA = 100, rB = 0
100 m
∴ VA/B = (–20) – (30) = ̶ 50

∴ a = (−g) – (−g) = 0
30 m/s
A/B
And, SA/B = –100 B
SA/B −100
∴ time = = = 2 sec
VA/B −50
Example Find the time of collision

72 m/s

370 300
A 50 m B
 Example Find the time of collision 60 m/s 72 m/s

370 300
Solution:
A 50 m B
Consider the motion w.r.t. B
The vertical components are cancelled
Analysing the horizontal components
(48 + 36√ 3 )t = 50

50
t = sec
48 + 36√ 3
Analysis of Projectile w.r.t. Another Projectile

u1
u2

G2
 Analysis of Projectile w.r.t. Another
Projectile
aAB = 0 vAB = constant

Projectile will always appear to be a straight line when observed from

other projectile

Collision condition will depend upon initial positions and initial velocities

u1
u2
θ
A B
Condition for Collision
 Line of Approach
Direction of Velocity of an object with respect to another object gives the
direction of line of approach with respect to the second object.

Remember the line of approach can change if there is some relative

acceleration, at some angle with relative Initial velocity

v
Rest
A
B Direction of Velocity of A was the direction
of path of A w.r.t B, when B was at rest
Condition for Collision

Line of Approach should be along line joining two particles and towards
each other

Case 1 v2

v1
v2 vr

v1
Case 2
v2 v1
v2
vr

v1
Second Case, collision will take place
Distance of Closest
Approach

v2
v1

a
Distance of Closest Approach

v2 vr

θ
v1 a

dshortest = a sin θ

Time = a cos θ
vr
 Example Identify whether 2 bodies will collide or not.
Also find the shortest distance b/w 2 Objects if they don’t
collide!

30m/s
40m/s

500 m
 Example Identify whether 2 bodies will collide or not.
Also find the shortest distance b/w 2 Objects if they don’t
Solution: collide!
Observing the motion of A wrt
B

50 ms-1
Since line of motion is not along AB,
therefore collision will not take place
30 ms-1 θ 40 ms-1
A
tan θ = 30 40 ms-1 B
40 500 m

sin θ = 30 Shortest Distance = 500 sin θ = 300 m

50
500 cos θ
cos θ = 40 Time Taken = =8s
50 50
Example Three particles A, B and C are situated at the vertices of an
equilateral triangle ABC of side d at at t = 0. Each of the
particles moves with constant speed v. A always has its
velocity along AB, B along BC and C along CA. At what time
will the particles meet each other?
v = 2 m/s
A. 1 sec d=3m
B. 2 sec
C. 3 sec
D. 4 sec
 Example Three particles A, B and C are situated at the vertices of an
equilateral triangle ABC of side d at at t = 0. Each of the
particles moves with constant speed v. A always has its
velocity along AB, B along BC and C along CA. At what time
will the particles meet each other?

Solution: The motion of the particles is roughly

sketched in figure (3-W15). By
symmetry they will meet at the
centroid O of the triangle. At any
instant the particles will form an
equilateral triangle ABC with the same
centroid O. Concentrate on the motion
of any one particle, say A. At any
instant its velocity makes angle 30° Figure (3-W15).
with AO .
 Example Three particles A, B and C are situated at the vertices of an
equilateral triangle ABC of side d at at t = 0. Each of the
particles moves with constant speed v. A always has its
velocity along AB, B along BC and C along CA. At what time
will the particles meet each other?

Solution: The component of this velocity along AO is v cos 30°.

This component is the rate of decrease of the distance
AO Initially,

Therefore, the time taken for AO to become

zero
 Example Three particles A, B and C are situated at the vertices of an
equilateral triangle ABC of side d at at t = 0. Each of the
particles moves with constant speed v. A always has its
velocity along AB, B along BC and C along CA. At what time
will the particles meet each other?
Alternative:
Solution:
Velocity of A is v along AB. The velocity of B is along BC. Its
component along BA is v cos 60° = v/2. Thus, the separation
AB decreases at the rate.

Since, this rate is constant, the time taken in reducing

the separation AB from d to zero is
Kinematics 2D
LECTURE 5
Rain Man Problems
Relative Motion
Condition for Collision
 Line of Approach
Direction of Velocity of an object with respect to another object gives the direction of
line of approach with respect to the second object.

Direction of Velocity of A was the direction

of path of A w.r.t B, when B was at rest
v rest

A
B

Remember the line of approach can change if there is some relative

acceleration, at some angle with relative Initial velocity
Condition for Collision

Line of Approach should be along line joining two particles and towards
each other

Case 1 v2

v1
v2 vr

v1
Case 2
v2 v1
v2
vr

v1
Second Case, collision will take place
Distance of Closest Approach

v2

v1

a
Distance of Closest Approach

v2 vr

θ
v1 a

dshortest = a sin θ

Time = a cos θ
vr
 Example Identify whether 2 bodies will collide or not.
Also find the shortest distance b/w 2 Objects if they don’t
collide!

30m/s
40m/s

500 m
 Example Identify whether 2 bodies will collide or not.
Also find the shortest distance b/w 2 Objects if they don’t collid
Solution: Observing the motion of A wrt B

50 ms-1
Since line of motion is not along AB,
therefore collision will not take place
30 ms-1 θ 40 ms-1
A
tan θ = 30 40 ms-1 B
40 500 m

sin θ = 30 Shortest Distance = 500 sin θ = 300 m

50
500 cos θ
cos θ = 40 Time Taken = =8s
50 50
Example Three particles A, B and C are situated at the vertices of an
equilateral triangle ABC of side d at at t = 0. Each of the
particles moves with constant speed v. A always has its
velocity along AB, B along BC and C along CA. At what time
will the particles meet each other?
v = 2 m/s
A. 1 sec d=3m
B. 2 sec
C. 3 sec
D. 4 sec
 Example Three particles A, B and C are situated at the vertices of an
equilateral triangle ABC of side d at at t = 0. Each of the
particles moves with constant speed v. A always has its
velocity along AB, B along BC and C along CA. At what time
will the particles meet each other?

Solution: The motion of the particles is roughly

sketched in figure (3-W15). By
symmetry they will meet at the
centroid O of the triangle. At any
instant the particles will form an
equilateral triangle ABC with the same
centroid O. Concentrate on the motion
of any one particle, say A. At any
instant its velocity makes angle 30° Figure (3-W15).
with AO .
 Example Three particles A, B and C are situated at the vertices of an
equilateral triangle ABC of side d at at t = 0. Each of the
particles moves with constant speed v. A always has its
velocity along AB, B along BC and C along CA. At what time
will the particles meet each other?

Solution: The component of this velocity along AO is v cos 30°.

This component is the rate of decrease of the distance
AO Initially,

Therefore, the time taken for AO to become zero

 Example Three particles A, B and C are situated at the vertices of an
equilateral triangle ABC of side d at at t = 0. Each of the
particles moves with constant speed v. A always has its
velocity along AB, B along BC and C along CA. At what time
will the particles meet each other?
Alternative:
Solution:
Velocity of A is v along AB. The velocity of B is along BC. Its
component along BA is v cos 60° = v/2. Thus, the
separation AB decreases at the rate.

Since, this rate is constant, the time taken in reducing

the separation AB from d to zero is
Rain Man Problems
Rain Fall Case
^ ^
Vr = x i – y j
^
Vm = xm i

Vr

Vm
Rain Fall Case
x – xm
^ ^
Vr = x i – y j
θ Vr/m
^
Vm = xm i
y
θ
Vr/ = (x – xm) ^i – y ^j
m

x – xm
tan θ =
y
Example Find angle with vertical which umbrella should be held if ,
Vr = 3 ^i – 4 ^j

A. Vm = 0
Example Find angle with vertical which umbrella should be held if ,
Vr = 3 ^i – 4 ^j
^
V = 3 i
B. m
Example Find angle with vertical which umbrella should be held if ,
Vr = 3 ^i – 4 ^j
^
C. Vm = – i
Example Find angle with vertical which umbrella should be held if ,
Vr = 3 ^i – 4 ^j
^
D. Vm = 6 i
 Example Find angle with vertical which umbrella should be held if ,
Vr = 3 ^i – 4 ^j
Vm = 0
A.

Solution: (A) Vrm = Vr – Vm

^ ^ 3
= 3i – 4j tan θ =
4
θ= 370

Umbrella should be held 370 in anti clock wise direction w.r.t vertical
 Example Find angle with vertical which umbrella should be held if ,
Vr = 3 ^i – 4 ^j

^
V = 3 i
B. m

Solution:
(B) Vrm = Vr – Vm
^ ^ ^ 0
= 3i – 4 j – (3i)
tan θ =
^ ^ 4
Vrm = 0i – 4 j
θ = 00
Umbrella should be held in vertical direction.
 Example Find angle with vertical which umbrella should be held if ,
Vr = 3 ^i – 4 ^j
θ
^
C. Vm = – i

Solution: (C) Vrm = Vr – Vm

^ ^ ^ 4
= 3i – 4 j – (– i)
tan θ =
^ ^ 4
Vrm = 4i – 4 j
θ = 450

Umbrella should be held 450 in anti clockwise direction w.r.t vertical

 Example Find angle with vertical which umbrella should be held if ,
Vr = 3 ^i – 4 ^j
^
D. Vm = 6 i

Solution: (D) Vrm = Vr – Vm

^ ^ ^ 3
= 3i – 4 j – 6 i
tan θ =
^ ^ 4
Vrm = – 3i – 4 j
θ = 370

Umbrella should be held 370 in clockwise direction w.r.t vertical

Example A man standing on a road has to hold his umbrella at 30°
with the vertical to keep the rain away. He throws the
umbrella and starts running at 10 km/h. He finds that the
raindrops are falling vertically with respect to him. Find
velocity of the rain with respect to (a) the road, (b) the
600 moving man.
 Example A man standing on a road has to hold his umbrella at 30°
with the vertical to keep the rain away. He throws the
umbrella and starts running at 10 km/h. He finds that the
raindrops are falling vertically with respect to him. Find
velocity of the rain with respect to (a) the road, (b) the
moving man.
Solution: Vr = V cos 60 i - V sin 60 j
600
Vm = 10 i
Vrm = V cos 60 i - V sin 60 j – 10 i
= (V cos 60 – 10) i – V sin 60 j
 Solution: For vertical direction the coefficient of i should be Zero

V cos 60 – 10 = 0 Vr = V cos 60 i – V sin 60 j

600
V cos 60 = 1 Vr = 20 cos 60 i - 20 sin 60 j
0
10
v = 1 = 20 m/s
Vr = 10 i – 10√ 3 j m /s
2
∧
Vrm = –V sin 60 j
∧
Vrm = –10 √ 3 j m / s
Example A man running at 8 km/h on a horizontal road finds the
rain falling vertically. He increases his speed to 12 km/h
and finds that the drops make angle 30° with the vertical.
Find the speed and direction of the rain with respect to
the road.
 Example A man running at 8 km/h on a horizontal road finds the
rain falling vertically. He increases his speed to 12 km/h
and finds that the drops make angle 30° with the vertical.
Find the speed and direction of the rain with respect to
the road.
Solution: Vr = x i – Y j
Vm1 = 8 i
Vrm = (x – 8)i – y j

For vertically downward

x–8=0
x = 8 m/s
 Solution:
It means rain
Vr = 8i– Yj
Vm2 = 12 i
Vrm2 = (8 i – 12 i) – y j
Vrm2 = – 4i – y j
4
tan θ =
y
1 4
=
√3 y

y = 4 √ 3 m/s

Vr = 8 i– 4√ 3 j
θu

v
 u
θ v
 Kinematics 2D
LECTURE 6
River Swimmer Problems
River - Swimmer Problem
→
VS/W = Velocity of Swimmer w.r.t water.
→
VW/G = Velocity of Water w.r.t ground.
→
VS/G = Velocity of Swimmer w.r.t ground.

Velocity equation

→ = → ̶ →
VS/W VS/G VW/G
→ = → →
⇒ VS/G VS/W + VW/G
V - Velocity of Swimmer w.r.t River
B
u - Velocity of River

V
d

θ
u

X Y
Analysis of River Swimmer Case
I. Condition, when the swimmer crosses the river in shortest period of time
II. Condition, when swimmer wants to reach point B i.e. At a point just
Opposite from where it started
B

V
d

θ u

A
I. Condition, when the swimmer crosses the river in shortest period
of time

B
u
V d
d
θ u

A
I. Condition, when the swimmer crosses the river in shortest period
of time
B
Crossing the river →
VS/
(VS)x = VW– VS/W sin θ W d
θ →
V
W
(VS)y = VS/W cos θ
A
Crossing velocity
(VS)y = VS/W cos θ

Analyse in Y Direction :-

Crossing time
Width of river
=
(t) Crossing velocity

d
t =
VS/W cos θ
I. Condition, when the swimmer crosses the river in shortest period
of time
B
Swimmer should try to swim exactly
Perpendicular to river current i.e. θ = 00
→
d VS/
d
t = W →
Vs/w V W

The Swimmer does not reach exactly at the opposite A

point B on the bank but reaches at the point C, which
is at a distance x from the point B.
→
V
W
Vw
x = Vw tmin = d
Vs/w →
VS/W →
VS
II. Condition, when swimmer wants to reach point B i.e. At a point just
Opposite from where it started
B

u
d

A
II. Condition, when swimmer wants to reach point B i.e. At a point just Opposite
from where it started
B
→
The swimmer should move in such a way VS/W
that the X – Component of Vs/g becomes zero d
θ →
V
Vw W

sin θ = A
Vs/w
→
V
The time taken to cross the river is W

d d
t = or t = →
V
Vs/w cos θ √ Vs/w2 – Vw2 → S
VS/W θ
River Swimmer Problem

Crossing the river

(VS/G)X = (VW) – (VS/W) sin θ (VS/G)y = (VW/G) cos θ

d
t =
VS/W cos θ C B
→
VS/W
The distance CB is called drift d

⇒ Drift = (VS/G)X t θ →
VW
d A
Drift = (VW – VS/W sin θ)
VS/w cos θ
River Swimmer Problem
d
t =
VS/W cos θ drift
B C
→
For crossing the river in minimum time VW

d d
t = → →
VS/W VS/G
VS/W
⇒ VS/W ⊥ VW/G A

We know ,

d VW d
Drift = (VW – VS/W sin θ) ⇒ Drift =
VS/w cos θ VS/W
River Swimmer Problem

For crossing the river in minimum distance

d
Drift = (VW – VS/W sin θ) = 0
VS/W cos θ

⇒ VW = VS/W (sin θ)

⇒ The swimmer should swim at an angle θ making with AB such that

VW/G
sin θ =
VS/w
Examples River Swimmer Case
Example A river (width = 100 m) is flowing from west to east at a speed of
5 m/min. A man on one bank of the river is capable of swimming
at 10 m/min. Find the DRIFT if the time taken to cross the river is
shortest.

A. 20 m B

B. 30 m
d
C. 40 m
D. 50 m
A
 Example A river (width 100 m) is flowing from west to east at a speed
of 5 m/min. A man on one bank of the river is capable of
swimming at 10 m/min, Find the shortest time, he takes to
cross the river and drift.

Solution: Velocity of water w.r.t ground (vw/G) = 5

VW/G
Velocity of man w.r.t water (vs/w) = 10
VS/W d
Time to cross the river (t)
width
t =
crossing velocity

⇒ t = d = 100 crossing velocity = Vs/w

VS/W 10
⇒ t = 10 min
For shortest time, man should
Swim directly across the river
 Solution:

VW/G
For drift of the man
VS/W d

(Velocity along direction of river) ( time)

Drift =
⇒ drift = V w/G (t) = 5 (10)

⇒ drift = 50 m

Velocity along river is only due to the river flow

 ∧ ∧
Example A boat is moving with velocity 3 i + 4 j w.r.t ground. the water in
the river is flowing with a velocity -3 ∧i - 4 ∧
j w.r.t ground the
Relative velocity of the boat w.r.t water is:
∧ ∧
A. (8 i + 8 j )
∧ ∧
B. (6 i + 5 j )
∧ ∧
C. (5 i + 8 j )
∧ ∧
D. (6 i + 8 j )
 ∧ ∧
Example A boat is moving with velocity 3 i + 4 j w.r.t ground. the water in
the river is flowing with a velocity -3 ∧i - 4 ∧
j w.r.t ground the
Relative velocity of the boat w.r.t water is:

Solution: ∧ ∧
vB/G = 3 i + 4 j

∧ ∧
vW/G = –3 i – 4 j

vB/W = vB/G – vW/G

∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
⇒ vB/W = (3 i + 4 j ) – (– 3 i + 4 j )

⇒ vB/W = (6 ∧ ∧
i+8j)
Example A swimmer wishes to cross a 500 m wide river flowing at
3 km/hr. His speed with respect to water is 5 km/hr. Find the
time taken by him to cross the river, if he crosses the river in
minimum distance.
B
A. 7 minutes
B. 7.5 minutes
C. 8 minutes
500m
D. 8.5 minutes

A
 Example A swimmer wishes to cross a 500 m wide river flowing at
3 km/hr. His speed with respect to water is 5 km/hr. Find the
time taken by him to cross the river, if he crosses the river in
minimum distance.
B
Solution: For Δ APQ
P 3
3 4 vS , G
Q
sin θ = ⇒ cos θ = = 5
500
5 5 5 VS,G

⇒ vS/G = 4 km / hr
A
Solution:

B
time taken to cross the river (t)
P 3 Q
500
width 5 VS,G
t =
velocity in direction of AB
A

d 0.5
= = hr
vS/G 4

0.5 (60)
⇒ t = min
4

⇒ t = 7 min 30 seconds
Example A swimmer wants to cross a river as soon as possible. If he
crosses the river along the shortest path, it takes 4 seconds more
than minimum time. If velocity of river current is 8 m/s and
swimmer velocity in still water is 17 m/s find the width of river.

B
A. 490 m
B. 500 m
d d
C. 510 m
D. 512 m

A
Example A small ball is thrown between 2 vertical walls such that in the absence of
the wall its range would have been 5d. The angle of projection is ɑ. Given
that all the collisions are perfectly elastic, find
(a) Maximum Height attained by the ball.
(b) Total Number of collisions before the ball comes back to ground
(c) Point at which the ball falls finally.
Example A small ball is thrown between 2 vertical walls such that in the
absence of the wall its range would have been 5d. The angle of
projection is ɑ. Given that all the collisions are perfectly elastic, find
(a) Maximum Height attained by the ball.
(b) Total Number of collisions before the ball comes back to
the ground, and
(c) Point at which the ball falls finally. The walls are supposed
to be very tall.
9 collisions
until it
returns
back to the
same point