Eng Drawing & Graphics Course (1+1 Credits

Engineering Drawing and
Graphics
Course Code:
Credit Hours : 1+1
Engineering Drawing and Graphics

9/24/2012 1
Credit Hours : 1+1 (ME-210)
Sheet Layout and Sketching
Reference Book 2

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Sheet Layout

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Sheet Layout
• Margin
– Margin is provided in the drawing sheet by
drawing margin lines
– Drawing sheets are trimmed along these lines
– Sufficient margins should be kept on all the sides
of the drawing sheet
– Margin prevents the actual drawing getting
damaged due to spoilage at the sheet edges

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Sheet Layout
• Border Lines
– Clear working space is obtained by drawing border
lines
– More space is kept on the left hand side for the
purpose of filing or binding
– Equal space is kept on all four sides if drawings are
to be preserved without filing or binding

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Sheet Layout
• Borders and Frame
– Borders of 20mm width for the sheet sizes A0 and
A1
– Border of 10mm for sheet sizes A2, A3, A4 and A5
– Frame shows the clear space available for drawing

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Sheet Layout
• Orientation Mark
– Four centering marks are drawn to facilitate
positioning of the drawing for the reproduction
purpose
– Orientation mark will coincide with one of the
centering marks which can be used for the
orientation of drawing sheet on the drawing board

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Sheet Layout
• Grid Reference System
– The rectangle of grid along the length should be
referred by number e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 etc.
– The rectangle of grid along the width should be
referred by letters e.g. A, B, C, D etc.
– Grid Reference System is drawn on the sheet to
permit easy location on the drawing such as
details, alteration or additions

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Sheet Layout
• Title Block
– Made in the bottom right-hand corner of the
drawing sheet.

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Line Type
• Each line on a technical drawing has a definite
meaning
• There are certain conventional lines
recommended by American Standard
Association
• According to the standard,” three widths of
line; thick, medium, and thin are
recommended

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Line Type
• There should also be a distinct contrast in the
thickness of different kinds of lines,
particularly between the thick lines and thin
lines
• In technical drawings, make construction lines
so light that they can barely be seen, with a
hard sharp pencil such as 4H to 6H

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Line Type
• For visible lines, hidden lines, and other
“thick” lines use relatively soft pencils, such as
F or H
• All thin lines except construction line must be
thin, but dark
• They should be made with a sharp medium
grad pencil, such as H or 2H.

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Line Type

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Line Type

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Line Type

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Line Type

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Line Type

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Line Type

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Line Type

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Line Strokes
• Line strokes refer to the directions of drawing
straight and curved lines
• Horizontal lines are drawn from left to right
• Vertical and inclined lines are drawn from top
to bottom
• Curved lines (e.g., arcs of circles) are also
drawn from left to right or top to bottom

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Line Strokes
• Right (or upper) half of a circle is drawn
clockwise while left (or lower) half is drawn
anticlockwise.

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Lettering
• Lettering is an art of writing text on a drawing
by using alphabets, numerals and symbols
• Two types of lettering are commonly used
– single stroke (line width is lesser)
– double stroke (line width is greater)

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Lettering

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Lettering
• Draw letters as simple as possible (Artistic or
cursive lettering should be strictly avoided)
• Draw letters symmetrical about the vertical
axis or horizontal axis
• Asymmetric letters like, F, R, Z, 4, etc., may be
drawn as they are

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Lettering
• Round-off the sharp corners wherever
necessary, e.g., D, P, S, etc
• Draw all letters legible and uniform
• The height of all the letters in one line should
be the same
• Use single stroke vertical CAPITAL letters as
much as possible

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Lettering
• 1.8 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.5 mm, 5 mm, 7 mm, 10
mm, 14 mm and 20 mm
• Large-sized letters are used for main titles and
headings
• Medium-sized letters for subtitles and
important notes
Small-sized letters for dimensions and general
notes

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Lettering
• The height of letters bears direct relationship
with the size of drawing, i.e. large-sized letters
for larger drawings and small-sized letters for
smaller drawings
• The height-to-width ratio varies from letter to
letter. Most of the letters follow the ratio 7 : 5
or 7 : 6

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Lettering

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Lettering
• Styles of Lettering
– Lettering should be simple, legible and uniform
– Most commonly used is called the Gothic style of
lettering which has a uniform line width for all the
parts of a letter.
• Single Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering

– It refers to the thickness obtained in one stroke of
a pencil or ink pen
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Lettering
– Figure shows the alphabets, numerals, symbols
and punctuation marks drawn in single stroke
vertical gothic style (height = 7 mm, line width =
0.5 mm)
– The width of various characters may be noted
carefully

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Lettering

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Lettering
– Figure 2.7 shows a sample lettering using this
style.

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Lettering
• Lettering Practice
– Lettering may be done with instruments (lettering set-
squares)
– Rounded corners and curved letters (e.g., S, 8, etc.)
should be drawn freehand
– After sufficient practice, lettering may be completely
done freehand
• Pencil Grade
– An H or HB grade pencil is the best choice for single
stroke lettering

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Lettering
• Hand Strokes
– Practice of line strokes is extremely essential to ensure
the speed in freehand lettering.
• Use of Grid/Guide Lines
– Initially, the grid may be used for lettering practice
– It ensures the proportion of each letter
– Guide lines provide an alternative to a grid
– Three horizontal guide lines for capital letters and four
horizontal guidelines for lowercase letters
– After sufficient practice, two horizontal guide lines (for
capital letters and lowercase letters), should be used.

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Lettering
• Spacing
– The adjacent letters in a word are so placed that
the background areas between them are seen
approximately equal.

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Lettering
• Fractions and Indices Lettering
– The height of the numerator and denominator
should be equal to 3/4th of the height of a non-
fractioned number
– The spacing between division bar and the
numerator or denominator should be such that
the total height of fraction will be twice of that of
a non-fractioned number,

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Lettering
• Fractions and Indices Lettering
– The height of index may be taken as half of the
height of a base letter
– Normal, Compressed and Expanded Letters The
normal, compressed and expanded letters

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Lettering

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Dimensioning
• Dimensioning refers to the act of giving
dimensions
• Numerical value expressed in appropriate
units of measurement and indicated
graphically on technical drawings with lines,
symbols and notes

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Dimensioning
• Units of Measurement
– The most convenient unit for length is millimeter
– Inch of foot is used in civil engineering and
architectural drawing
– Angles are shown in degrees
• Symbols
– Incorporated to indicate specific geometry
wherever necessary

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Dimensioning
• Notes
– To give specifications of a particular feature
– To give specific information necessary during the
manufacturing of the object

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Dimensioning
• Elements of Dimensioning
– A line on the drawing whose length is to be shown
is called an object lines
– While showing an angle, the two lines forming the
angle will be the object lines
– Extension lines, dimension lines, leader lines,
arrowheads and dimensions are other elements of
dimensioning

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Dimensioning

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Systems of Dimensioning
• Aligned System
– Dimensions are placed perpendicular to the
dimension line so that they may be read from the
bottom or right-hand side of the drawing sheet
– Dimensions are placed at the middle and on top of
the dimension lines

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• Unidirectional System
– Dimensions are placed in such a way that they can
be read from the bottom edge of the drawing
sheet
– All horizontal dimensions are placed at the middle
and on top of the dimension lines
– Vertical and inclined dimensions are inserted by
breaking the dimension lines at the middle.

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Rules of Dimensioning
• Rules of Dimensioning
– Between any two extension lines, there must be one
and only one dimension line bearing one dimension
– As far as possible, all the dimensions should be placed
outside the views
– Inside dimensions are preferred only if they are
clearer and more easily readable
– All the dimensions on a drawing must be shown using
either Aligned System or Unidirectional System. In no
case should, the two systems be mixed on the same
drawing
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– The same unit of length should be used for all the
dimensions on a drawing The unit should not be
written after each dimension, but a note mentioning
the unit should be placed below the drawing
– Dimension lines should not cross each other.
Dimension lines should also not cross any other lines
of the object.
– All dimensions must be given
– Each dimension should be given only once. No
dimension should be redundant
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– Do not use an outline or a centre line as a dimension
line. A centreline may be extended to serve as an
extension line
– Avoid dimensioning hidden lines
– For dimensions in series, adopt any one of the
following ways
• Chain dimensioning (Continuous dimensioning) All the
dimensions are aligned in such a way that an arrowhead of
one dimension touches tip-to-tip the arrowhead of the
adjacent dimension. The overall dimension is placed outside
the other smaller dimensions, Fig. 3.13(a).

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– For dimensions in series, adopt any one of the
following ways
• Parallel dimensioning (Progressive dimensioning) All the
dimensions are shown from a common reference line.
Obviously, all these dimensions share a common extension
line. This method is adopted when dimensions have to be
established from a particular datum surface, Fig. 3.13(b).
• Combined dimensioning When both the methods, i.e., chain
dimensioning and parallel dimensioning are used on the
same drawing, the method of dimensioning is called
combined dimensioning, Fig. 3.13(c).

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– Smaller dimensions should always be placed
nearer the view. The next smaller dimension
should be placed next and so on.
– All notes should be written horizontally.

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Dimensioning of Circular Features
• A circle should be dimensioned by giving its
diameter instead of radius. The dimension
indicating a diameter should always be
preceded by the symbol ø

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• An arc should be dimensioned by giving its
radius. The dimension indicating radius should
be preceded by symbol R
• Cylindrical features should be dimensioned by
giving their diameters. As far as possible, they
should be dimensioned in the views in which
they appear as rectangles

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Dimensioning of Spherical Features
• Spherical features may be dimensioned by
giving either the radius or diameter of a
sphere. The symbols SR or Sø must precede
the dimension for radius or diameter
respectively

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Dimensioning of Square Features
• Square features (e.g., a rod of square cross-
section) are dimensioned using symbol or SQ

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Dimensioning of Screw Threads
• External metric threads are dimensioned by
giving the threaded length and nominal
diameter preceded by symbol ‘M ’
• Internal metric threads are dimensioned by
giving the threaded length, depth of drilled
hole before threading and nominal diameter
preceded by symbol ‘M’

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Dimensioning of Screw Threads

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Use of Notes
• Notes are used in technical drawings to give
specifications of particular features or some
specific information
• A note may be a general sentence applied to
the entire or some part of the drawing, or a
note may be a specific sentence applied to a
particular feature

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Use of Notes
• Circular hole: A hole of diameter 16, drilled to
the depth of 25.

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Use of Notes
• Spot face: A spot face of diameter 22 on a
hole of diameter 10.

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Use of Notes
• Counterbore: A counterbore of root diameter
10, top diameter 20 and depth 10.

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Use of Notes
• Keyway

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Engineering Drawing and

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

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Engineering Drawing and Graphics

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Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

• Single Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

9/24/2012 Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics

Engineering Drawing and Graphics