Pipeline Design, Operation and Maint. Proc. Manual

Pipeline Design, Operations, and Maintenance Procedure Manual
Table of Contents
1.0 Design Considerations: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Table 1: Codes & Standards for Pipeline Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Figure 1: Codes and Regulations Governing Design of Oil Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Figure 2: Codes and Regulations Governing Design of Gas Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Attachment I: Riser Design for Inspection Tool Compatibility: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Pipeline Inspection Tools - Capabilities and Bend Requirements: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Figure 3: Riser Design for Inspection Tool Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.0 Material Options: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Table 2: Materials Options for Pipeline Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.0 Corrosion Control: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.0 Start Up: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Start Up Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.0 Operating and Maintenance Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Operation and Maintenance Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
PREVIOUS
Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Right-of-Way Inspection and Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Pressure-Control, Pressure-Limiting, and Pressure-Relieving Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Change of Class Location and Crossings of Existing Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Evaluation of Imperfections and Repair of Piping Containing Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Maintenance Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Pipeline Hot Taps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Integrity of Pipeline Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Change in Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Upgrading to Higher Maximum Operating Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Pressure Testing Existing Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Engineering Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Piping Deactivation and Reactivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Abandonment of Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Detailed Site Specific Operations and Maintenance Procedures: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
A. Background Information Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
B. Inspection and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
C. Preventative Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
D. Pipeline Failure/Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
E. Record Retention Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
F. Decision Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
G. Other Requirements: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Sour Gas Pipeline Failure Decision Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Pipeline Decision Tree for Internally Bare Pipe Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Pipeline Decision Tree for Plastic and Cement Coated Pipe Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Recommended Failure Follow Up Procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Pipeline Coupon/Sample Handling Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Summary of Pipeline Inspection and Repair Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Pipeline Design, Operations, and Maintenance Procedure Manual
Table of Contents
6.0 Management of Change: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Major Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.0 Suspension and Abandonment: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Major Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Pipeline Suspension Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Pipeline Suspension Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Appendix I Guideline for Installation of Cathodic Protection Insulating Gaskets . . . . . . . . . 75
Appendix II Pipeline Coating Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Appendix III Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Investigation Policy & Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
BP AMOCO CANADA GAS BUSINESS UNIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Investigation procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
PREVIOUS
Pipeline Design, Operations and Maintenance Procedure Manual
1.0 Design Considerations:
1.1) This manual is applicable to all pipelines and pipeline facilities designed to transport oil,
gas, water, and liquid hydrocarbons. Pipelines in Canada are designed in accordance with
the latest edition of Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Z662 and the above ground
piping is designed as per American National Standards Institute (ANSI) B31.3. The
Alberta Energy Utilities Board (AEUB) considers all lease piping to be covered by CSA
Z662 unless the piping is on a manufactured skid which was constructed in accordance
with ANSI B31.3 and then trucked to the lease. The Amoco drawing A-TIP-120-07/ A-
TIP-120-08, included in this section, shows the boundaries for various codes that are
applicable for the construction of oil and gas pipelines.
1.2) When designing any pipeline or facility, the hierarchy of codes and requirements are:
1.2.1) Alberta Pipeline Act and National Energy Board Act
1.2.2) Regulatory Requirements
1.2.3) Design/Construction Codes
1.2.4) Amoco Engineering Specifications
1.3) Please refer to Table 1 for a listing of the applicable regulations, codes, and engineering
specifications. The regulations and codes are legal requirements that must be adhered to.
Deviations should be made following the requirements of Safety Health and Environment
Management System (SHEMS) Element 12.
1.4) When designing and constructing a pipeline system, the corrosiveness of the service
conditions is an important consideration that affects the design. When determining if the
service condition of a pipeline is classified as corrosive, the following guidelines taken
from CSA Z662, Clause 9.4.1 should be considered when determining if a gas is
corrosive:
1.4.1) Any gas whose water dew point is at all times below the minimum pipeline
operating temperature is considered to be non corrosive, unless tests and
experience indicate otherwise.
1.4.2) Any gas whose water dew point exceeds the minimum pipeline operating
temperature is considered to be corrosive, unless tests and experience indicate
otherwise.
1.4.3) Any gas containing hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide whose water dew point
exceeds the minimum operating temperature is considered corrosive, unless tests
or experience indicate otherwise.
3/15/00 3
1.4.4) Any gas containing hydrogen sulphide or carbon dioxide whose water dew point
is maintained below the minimum operating temperature by dehydration, and is
suitably inhibited, is considered to be non corrosive, unless testes or experience
indicate otherwise.
1.4.1.5)Fluids that contain free water, bacteria, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide
or suspended or dissolved solids, singly or in combination, are considered to be
corrosive unless tests or experience indicate otherwise.
1.5) If it is possible that the production may turn sour during the production life or if there is
potential for this line to carry sour production in the future, consideration should be given
to designing and constructing the system to the sour service requirements of the pipeline
Regulations and code requirements. The cost associated with designing and constructing
to the sour service requirements are minimal when lines are being constructed; however,
after the line is built it can become expensive to upgrade for sour service.
1.6) Pipelines transmitting gas with a content of more than 10 moles of hydrogen sulfide gas
per kilomole of natural gas shall be designed so that the design stress shall not be greater
than 50% Specified Minimum Yield (SMYS) for above ground lines, and 60% SMYS for
below ground installations. (Pipeline Act, Clause 13)
1.7) Pipelines in corrosive service should be designed so that they can be inspected with
pipeline inspection tools. The radii of bends, and the inside diameter of transitions, and or
pups, must be large enough to ensure passage of an inspection tool.
1.7.1) When it is anticipated that the production will have solids, paraffin, and/or
asphaltene deposits; or low velocity laminar flow with a free water phase, the
system should be designed so that cleaning and inspection pigs can be run on a
regular basis. The frequency of the cleaning pig runs will be based on the service
conditions and system experience.
1.7.2) Pipelines in corrosive service will be designed and fabricated with chemical
injection facilities available and suitably sized for the anticipated production at
initial startup up.
1.7.3) Pipelines will be designed to maintain sufficient velocity to prevent slug or

laminar flow.
1.8) A continuous, electrically insulated, metallic marker wire shall be installed in the ditch
adjacent to non-metallic pipelines; such markers shall not be positioned below the pipe.
3/15/00 4
Table 1: Codes & Standards for Pipeline Construction
Government Regulations: • Provincial regulations, including (for Alberta) AEUB Pipeline Act,
Pipeline Regulations, Oil and Gas Conservation Act, Oil and Gas
Conservation Regulations, and interim directives.
• Conditions stipulated in the AEUB construction permits
• National Energy Board (NEB) regulations (for pipelines crossing
provincial border)
• Alberta Environmental Protection (including Forestry, Fish and Wildlife,
Water Resources Branch) regulations or equivalent regulations in other
provinces
• Alberta Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) Regulations
• Alberta Safety Codes Act and Regulations
• Federal Coast Guard regulations (for navigable water crossings)
• Municipal by-laws (where applicable)
Other Stakeholders' • Department of Highway for road crossings

Requirements: • Railroad companies for railroad crossings
• line crossing agreements
Standards and Codes: • CSA Standard Z662 (Oil & Gas Pipeline Systems)
• CSA Standard Z245.1 (steel line pipe)
• CSA Standard Z245.11 (fittings)
• CSA Standard Z245.12 (flanges)
• CSA Standard Z245.15 (valves)
Corrosion/Materials • Canadian Gas Association - OCC 1 - External Corrosion Control

Specifications: • Canadian Gas Association - OCC 2 - Internal Corrosion Control
• National Association of Corrosion Engineers:
• RP - 01 - 69 External Corrosion Control
• RP - 01 - 75 Internal Corrosion Control
• RP - 01 - 77 Mitigation of Alternating Current & Lightning Effects
• RP - 04 - 75 Materials for Water Injection Service
• MR - 01 - 75 Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Materials
Specifications: • Amoco Canada specifications for onshore pipeline construction

(SES 1D680)
• Amoco Canada specifications for pipeline welding (SES 1F420)
• Amoco Canada specifications for external pipeline coating (SES 1E470)
• Amoco Canada Materials for Sour Service A MM-SS-00-P
• Amoco Canada specifications for piping design A PN -PLT-31.3-E
• Amoco Canada specifications for Piping Components A PN-PLT-CMPT-
G
• Amoco Canada specifications for Valves A PN-VA-GS-G
• Amoco Safety & Environment Management System (SHEMS)
• Amoco Standard Safety Practice Manual
3/15/00 5
Figure 1: Codes and Regulations Governing Design of Oil Systems
3/15/00 6
Figure 2: Codes and Regulations Governing Design of Gas Systems
3/15/00 7
Attachment I: Riser Design for Inspection Tool Compatibility:
All new or replacement sour gas pipelines and pipelines in corrosive service must be constructed
so that it is possible to inspect them throughout their length or pig them should the need arise at
some point in their operating life. Lines must be constructed to ensure they are compatible with
available inspection tools, the most critical area being riser design. Lines constructed to ensure
inspection tool compatibility will also be piggable.
Note: If conditions are outside those specified or if clarification is required for specific conditions
contact the corrosion/inspection group.
3/15/00 8
Pipeline Inspection Tools - Capabilities and Bend Requirements:
Pipeline & Wall thickness Minimum Minimum internal Tool

Notes
tool size capability bend radius diameter in bend length
3.5" .083" -.216" 10 D in.216" 2.70" 70.17" 1.
(88.9mm) (2.11 - 5.49mm) (5.50mm) (78mm) (1782mm)
4.5" .125" -.237" 9D in.237" 3.90" 87.91" 1.

(114.3mm) (3.18 - 6.02mm) (3.18 - 6.02mm) (99mm) (2233mm)
6.625" .125" -.250" 5D in.500" 5.38" 87.91" 1.

(168.3mm) (3.2 - 12.7mm) (12.7mm) (137mm) (2233mm)
8.625" .125" -.625" 5D in.625" 7.1" 100.03" 1.

(219mm) (3.2 -15.9mm) (15.9mm) (180mm) (2541mm)
10.75" .188" -.500" 5D in.500" 9.75" 105" 1.

(273mm) (4.8 - 12.7mm) (12.7mm) (248mm) (2667mm)
12.75" .188" -.500" 5D in.625" 11.50" 117" 1.

(323.9mm) (4.8 - 12.7mm) (15.9mm) (292mm) (2972mm)
14" .188" -.500" 5D in.625" 12.60" 118" 1.

(356mm) (4.8 - 12.7mm) (15.9mm) (320mm) (2997mm)
16" .188" -.500" 5D in.500" 15.0" 125" 1.

(406.4mm) (4.8 - 12.7mm) (12.7mm) (381mm) (3175mm)
Notes:
1. Based on Tuboscope / Vetco high resolution tools
3/15/00 9
Figure 3: Riser Design for Inspection Tool Compatibility
3/15/00 10
2.0 Material Options:
Table 2: Materials Options for Pipeline Construction
Material Type Advantages Disadvantages Applications Cost Ratio

Bare steel pipe • well understood • susceptible to internal • used in almost every 1.0
• high strength & external corrosion type of pipeline system
• good ductility
• joint integrity
Cement lined steel • prevents corrosion if • care required in cement • commonly used for 1.15
pipe installed properly coating application and produced water,
field installation emulsion or other
• restricts field bending corrosive applications.
HDPE lined steel pipe • prevents corrosion • not suitable for sour • suitable for produced 1.40
• a cost effective option application water pipelines
for rehabilitating • not suitable for fluids
existing pipelines with aromatics
Internally coated steel • prevents corrosion • special care required • a possible choice for 1.25
pipe with mechanical for installation. corrosive applications
joints (i.e. zap lock) • mechanical joints not
as reliable as welded
steel pipe
Fiberglass insert in • prevents corrosion • material not as • suitable for corrosive insufficient data
existing steel pipe homogeneous as steel applications where the
• poor ductility use of a fiberglass
• requires special care in insert of smaller
transportation and diameter than the steel
installation pipe is still adequate
• no field bending for the flow rate.
AEUB has recently
given permit to use
fiberglass inserts for
sour gas application on
an experimental basis
Stand alone fiberglass • prevents corrosion • material not as insufficient data

pipe homogeneous as steel
• poor ductility
• requires special care in
transportation and
installation
• no field bending
Nylon liners • prevents corrosion • several sour gas • limitations are yet to be insufficient data
• not effected by installations have been established
hydrocarbon gases or successfully installed
aromatics
Plastic pipelines • cost effective with • suitable for low insufficient data
plow in construction pressure and low flow
rate sweet fluids
3/15/00 11
3.0 Corrosion Control:
3.1) General:
Section 3 covers the requirements for the control of corrosion of steel pipeline systems
that are buried, submerged, or exposed to the atmosphere.
Operating Companies shall establish and maintain the procedures necessary to satisfy the
requirements of Section 3 except in those specific circumstances where the operating
experience has proven that specific corrosion control procedures are not justified; such
exceptions shall be documented.
3.2) External Corrosion Control of Buried or Submerged Pipeline Systems:
Note: Canadian Gas Association (CGA) Recommended Practice OCC-1 is recommended

as a guide to procedures for external corrosion control.
3.2.1) Cathodic protection shall be applied as soon as practicable, but not later than one
year after installation, and shall be maintained during the useful life of the piping.
3.2.2) Existing Coated Piping: Cathodic protection shall be provided and maintained on
existing coated piping.
3.2.3) Existing Bare Piping: Investigations shall be made to determine the extent and
effect of corrosion on existing bare piping. Where such investigations indicate
that continuing corrosion will create a hazard, corrosion control measures or other
remedial action shall be undertaken.
3.2.4) Deactivated Piping: Cathodic protection shall be maintained on piping that is out
of service, but not abandoned.
3.2.5) Electrical Isolation: Where insulating devices are installed to provide electrical
isolation of piping to facilitate the application of corrosion control, they shall be
properly rated for temperature, pressure, and electrical properties, and shall be
resistant to the service fluid. Insulating devices shall not be installed in enclosed
areas where combustible atmospheres are likely to be present. See attached
“Appendix I”.
Note: Consideration should be given to lightning and fault current protection at

insulating devices.
Piping shall be so installed that it is not in electrical contact with metallic

structures; however, the use of electrical bonds or other connections, such as
insulating fittings, to facilitate the application of cathodic protection, is not
precluded.
Provision shall be made to prevent harmful galvanic action between dissimilar

metals.
3/15/00 12
Note: Consideration should be given to installing insulating couplings or

insulating gasket sets between such connections.
3.2.6) Electrical Interference - Direct Current: Tests shall be carried out to determine the
presence or absence of stray direct currents. Where stray direct currents are
present, measures shall be taken to prevent external corrosion and other
detrimental effects.
Note: Tests for interference from impressed cathodic protection and other direct-
current-generating systems should be jointly arranged and conducted with the
owners of neighbouring foreign structures, and any detrimental effects mitigated.
Procedures for the detection of and protection against stray current corrosion are
given in CSA Standard C22.3 No. 4 and in Appendix C of CGA Recommended
Practice OCC-1.
3.2.7) Electrical Interference - Alternating Current and Lightning: The effects of

lightning and electrical interference shall be considered in accordance with the
applicable requirements of Clause 4.9.1. in CSA Z-662
3.2.8) Protective Coatings - Properties, Application, and Inspection:
I. Properties:
- Coatings shall:
(a) electrically isolate the external surfaces of the piping from the
environment
(b) have sufficient adhesion to effectively resist underfilm migration of

moisture
(c) be sufficiently ductile to resist cracking
(d) have sufficient strength and adhesion, or otherwise be protected, to

resist damage due to soil stress and normal handling (including
bending, concrete coating application, river/swamp weight installation,
and anode bracelet installation, where applicable)
(e) be compatible with cathodic protection
(f) resist degradation of the coating properties throughout the range of

conditions and temperatures encountered during storage, shipping,
construction, and operation where plant-applied, comply with the
requirements of the appropriate CSA Z245 Standard, where one exists
(see CSA Z-662 Clause 5.3.9).
3/15/00 13
II. Application: The operating Company's procedures or specifications shall

include requirements for the application, handling, and inspection of coatings to
withstand the particular conditions encountered.
III. Inspection: Coatings shall be inspected immediately before, during, or after

pipe installation to detect coating faults. Faults in the coating shall be repaired and
reinspected.
See attached “Appendix II”.
3.2.9) Corrosion Control Test Stations:
- Test stations for electrical measurements shall be provided at intervals

along the pipeline system.
- Attachments of test lead wires to the pipe shall be made without causing
harmful effects to the pipe, and such that they remain mechanically
secure and electrically conductive:
- It shall be permissible to use the thermit welding process to attach copper

electrical conductors directly to pressurized or nonpressurized pipe
having a wall thickness of 2.8 mm or greater; however, for wall
thicknesses in the range of 2.8 to 3.8 mm inclusive, attention shall be
paid to the avoidance of burn-through and undesirable microstructures.
- The charge used in thermit welding shall be a specially designed, low-

temperature aluminum and copper oxide powder mixture not exceeding
15 g in mass. Where current-carrying capacity greater than that provided
by a No. 6 AWG is required, a multistrand conductor shall be used and
the strands arranged into groups no larger than No. 6 AWG; each group
shall be attached to the pipe with a separate charge.
- Other methods of brazing to attach electrical test lead wires directly to the
pipe shall not be used.
- Bare test lead wires and attachments shall be coated with an electrically
insulating material compatible with the pipe coating and test lead wire
insulation.
- Where applicable, test lead wires shall be identified or colour coded.
3.2.10) Cathodic Protection Systems: Cathodic protection systems shall provide sufficient
current to satisfy the selected criteria for cathodic protection.
Note: Criteria are given in Appendix B of CGA Recommended Practice OCC-1.
3.2.11) Operation and Maintenance of Cathodic Protection Systems:
3/15/00 14
- General - This Section covers requirements for operating and maintaining

impressed current and sacrificial cathodic protection systems:
- Corrosion Control Monitoring:
- At regular intervals, operating Companies shall verify the satisfactory

operation of their cathodic protection systems. CGA Recommended
Practice OCC-1, Section 4, shall be considered for monitoring and
frequency guidelines.
- Operating Companies shall establish by surveys that their cathodically

protected pipeline systems meet the criteria selected for cathodic
protection; such a satisfactory state of cathodic protection shall be
verified at regular intervals. The operating Company shall take remedial
action to correct any deficiencies found in such surveys.
- The intended frequency and content of cathodic protection surveys and

verifications shall be documented. Such surveys shall include, but not
necessarily be limited to, verification of:
(a) proper operation of impressed current systems
(b) proper operation of sacrificial anode systems
(c) operation of devices such as reverse current switches, diodes, and

interference bonds, whose failure would be detrimental to structure
protection
(d) effectiveness of devices such as insulating fittings, continuity bonds,

and casing insulators, whose failure would be detrimental to
structure protection.
- Survey data shall be documented.
Note: Section 6 of CGA Recommended Practice OCC-1 provides

guidance.
- Where a portion of a buried or submerged pipeline system becomes

exposed, it shall be visually inspected for corrosion and condition of
coating. When coating disbondment is observed; the attached “Appendix
II” shall be followed and utilized. Where corrosion is found, it shall be
assessed and treated in accordance with the applicable requirements of
Section 5.8.
- Techniques such as the use of internal and external electronic inspection

equipment to monitor the effectiveness of the corrosion control program
shall be considered.
3/15/00 15
Note: The factors to be reviewed when considering such inspection

techniques should include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following:
(a) the availability and capability of the equipment
(b) the age, condition, and configuration of the piping
(c) the service, leak, and corrosion mitigation history of the piping
(d) population density and environmental concerns.
3.3) External Corrosion Control of Piping Exposed to the Atmosphere:
- Piping that is exposed to the atmosphere shall be protected from external

corrosion by the application of a protective coating, or by the use of corrosion-
resistant alloys, unless the operating Company can demonstrate that the
anticipated extent of corrosion is not detrimental to serviceability.
- Piping that is exposed to the atmosphere shall be inspected for corrosion at

intervals as outlined in the operating Company's operating and maintenance
manuals.
3.4) Internal Corrosion Control:
Note: CGA Recommended Practice OCC-2 is recommended as a guide to procedures for

internal corrosion control.
I. General:
- Any gas whose water dew point is at all times below the minimum pipeline
system operating temperature is considered to be noncorrosive, unless tests or
experience indicate otherwise.
- Any gas whose water dew point exceeds the minimum pipeline system operating
temperature is considered to be corrosive, unless tests or experience indicate
otherwise.
- Any gas containing hydrogen sulphide or carbon dioxide whose water dew point
exceeds the minimum operating temperature is considered to be corrosive, unless
tests or experience indicate otherwise.
- Any gas containing hydrogen sulphide or carbon dioxide whose water dew point
is maintained below the minimum operating temperature by dehydration, and is
suitably inhibited, is considered to be noncorrosive, unless tests or experience
indicate otherwise.
3/15/00 16
- Fluids that contain free water, bacteria, oxygen, hydrogen sulphide, carbon
dioxide, and suspended or dissolved solids, singly or in combination, are
considered to be corrosive unless tests or experience indicate otherwise.
II. Mitigation:
- Dependent upon the results of periodic testing for corrosive agents,

operating Companies shall institute and maintain programs to mitigate
internal corrosion.
Note: Consideration of methods to control internal corrosion should

include, but to necessarily be limited to:
(a) removal of water and foreign material by scraping or pigging
(b) treatment of residual water or dehydration
(c) injection of environmentally acceptable inhibitors, biocides, or other

chemical agents
(d) removal of dissolved gases by chemical or mechanical means
(e) gas blanketing
(f) continuous internal coating or lining.
III. Monitoring:
- Operating Companies shall monitor the effectiveness of their internal

corrosion control programs.
Note: Consideration of techniques to monitor the effectiveness of an

internal corrosion control program should include, but not necessarily be
limited to:
(a) monitoring the ongoing operating conditions
(b) deployment of corrosion-monitoring devices such as weight-loss

coupons, corrosion probes, hydrogen probes, and removable spool
pieces
(c) nondestructive inspection, such as ultrasonic or eddy current wall

thickness measurement
(d) visual inspection of the internal surface of cut-outs
(e) internal electronic inspection equipment
3/15/00 17
IV. Deactivated Piping:
- Appropriate internal corrosion control programs shall be maintained for

piping that is out of service, but not abandoned.
Note: Consideration should be given to filling such piping with inhibited

fluids or inert gas.
3.5) Corrosion Control Records:
Records of the internal and external corrosion control programs of active and deactivated
piping shall be maintained.
Note: Section 6 of CGA Recommended Practice OCC-1 and Section 8 of CGA

Recommended Practice OCC-2 provide guidance concerning record keeping.
3/15/00 18
4.0 Start Up:
Start Up Requirements
4.1) Ensure that there is a permit to operate from the AEUB and that there has been a
successful pressure test on the system.
4.2) Confirm removal of all test fluids and if the line is in corrosive service that there has been
an initial corrosion inhibitor batch treatment carried out on the line.
4.3) The line should be purged with inert or fuel gas prior to start up.
4.4) Start continuous or batch corrosion treatment on the system if required. The cathodic
protection of the pipeline must be initiated within 12 months of installation (P/L
Regulations 9.2.1.2)
4.6) Care must be exercised if start up problems are encountered to ensure that shut in periods
without pigging the system or taking special inhibition procedures do not exceed 24
hours.
4.7) On corrosive systems inhibition MUST BE initiated and maintained as soon as pipeline
operation is started.
3/15/00 19
5.0 Operating and Maintenance Procedures
Requirements
5.1) Operating Companies shall:
(a) operate and maintain their pipeline systems in accordance with documented
procedures
(b) prepare and maintain appropriate maps and drawings
(c) keep records necessary to administer such procedures properly
(d) modify such procedures from time to time as experience dictates and as changes
in operating conditions require.
Operation and Maintenance Procedures
5.2) Operating and maintenance procedures shall be based on:
(a) safety considerations
(b) knowledge of the facilities
(c) operating and maintenance experience
(d) sound engineering principles
(e) service fluid
(f) service conditions that could be anticipated to cause unacceptable damage or

deterioration, such as environmentally assisted cracking, internal and external
corrosion, and ground movement
(g) the applicable requirements of CSA Z-662.
5.2.1) Pipeline Emergencies:
Operating Companies shall establish emergency procedures, which shall include

procedures for the safe control or shutdown of the pipeline system, or parts
thereof, in the event of a failure or other pipeline emergency, and safety
procedures for personnel at emergency sites.
5.2.2) Failure Investigations:
- Leaks and breaks shall be investigated to determine their causes
3/15/00 20
- Measures to prevent the occurrence of leaks or breaks due to similar

causes shall be identified and implemented.
Notes:
(1) Where leak reports indicate excessive incidences of leaks, programs of

mitigative measures or replacement are recommended.
(2) Where a series of breaks is experienced and such breaks cannot be

attributed to isolated causes, it is recommended that the affected
section be retested in accordance with the applicable requirements of
CSA Z-662 Clause 8, or the operating pressure be reduced by 10%
below the minimum pressure at which the section was being operated
at the time of the breaks.
(3) Within the context of the overall management of safety and integrity,
risk analysis can provide a valuable tool in the assessment of the
significance of pipeline incidents. Appendix B in CSA Z-662 provides
basic guidelines for risk analysis of pipelines.
5.2.3) Communication Facilities:
Communication facilities shall meet the requirements for safe operation and
maintenance of pipeline systems.
5.2.4) Pollution Prevention and Control
Operating Companies shall establish effective pollution prevention and control

measures to maintain the effect of pipeline system operations upon the
environment within acceptable levels.
Note: Matters that should be considered include, but are not limited to, the
following:
(a) containment of spills
(b) sensitivity of route and terrain traversed
(c) availability of trained and responsible personnel
(d) erosion and restoration
(e) handling and disposal of toxic substances
(f) vegetation
(g) noise pollution
3/15/00 21
(h) fish and wildlife
(i) thermal pollution
(j) aesthetics
(k) public health
(l) inconvenience to the public
(m) location, availability, and operating readiness of appropriate

equipment
(n) reevaluation of existing measures.
5.2.5) Leak Detection for Liquid Hydrocarbon Pipeline System Integrity:
- Operating Companies shall make periodic line balance measurements for

system integrity.
Note: The technology for measuring and balancing multiphase systems

may be limited or impractical for such systems, other techniques should be
used to confirm system integrity.
- Operating Companies shall periodically review their leak detection

methods to confirm their adequacy.
Note: A recommended practice for liquid hydrocarbon pipeline system

leak detection is contained in Appendix E of CSA Z-662
- Installed devices or operating practices, or both, shall be capable of early

detection of leaks.
- Measuring equipment shall be calibrated regularly to facilitate proper

measurement.
5.2.6) Pipeline Identification:
- General:
Signs shall be installed to identify the presence of pipelines in order to reduce the
possibilities of damage and interference. Such signs shall be posted along pipeline
rights-of-way, as applicable, as follows:
(a) at railway and road rights-of-way
(b) at strategic areas of
3/15/00 22
(i) utility corridors
(ii) subdivision development
(iii) construction activity
(iv) drainage systems
(v) irrigation systems
(vi) other anticipated third-party activity.
- Spacing:
Signs shall be located and spaced on the basis of consideration of the service
fluid, population density, land use, nature of terrain, fencing, potential for access
by the public to the rights-of-way, and the need for public awareness.
- Signs:
Signs shall include the following information, printed on a background of sharply

contrasting colour:
(a) The word "Warning", "Caution", or "Danger" prominently displayed,

for example, in 25 mm high bold lettering.
(b) The type of pipeline system prominently displayed, for example,

"High-Pressure Natural Gas Pipeline" in 13 mm high bold lettering.
(c) The name of the operating Company and emergency notification

information, preferably an emergency telephone number including
area code where appropriate.
Note: It is recommended that:
(a) signs include a statement such as "Call before you dig" or "Call for
locate"
(b) consideration be given to also including the required information in a

language appropriate to the region in which the sign is located.
- Road and Railway Crossings:
Signs shall be installed where pipelines enter and exit road and railway rights-of-
way and, where practicable, shall be visible from the travelled roadway or track.
3/15/00 23
- Urban Areas:
In heavily developed urban areas, signs shall not be required where the placing of
signs is impractical, or where they would not serve their intended purpose. In
such areas, alternative identification methods shall be considered.
- Property Boundaries:
Consideration shall be given to placing signs at property boundaries to indicate

the presence of a pipeline.
- Water Crossings:
- Pipelines crossing waterways (including open drainage systems) that may

be subjected to periodic dredging or other construction activity shall be
signed in accordance with the requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause
10.2.8.3.
- Where pipelines cross navigable waterways that support commercial

marine traffic, signs shall indicate the presence of the pipeline crossing
and include a "no anchorage" and "no dredging" warning. The width of
the crossing and the limitations of visibility shall be considered in the
establishment of the dimensions of such signs.
- Aerial Crossings:
Aerial pipeline crossings, other than those carried on bridges, that might pose a
hazard to air or water navigation shall be marked or lighted, or both, in
accordance with the Transport Canada "Standard Obstructions Markings" Manual.
- Sign Maintenance:
Signs shall be inspected periodically and maintained to ensure legibility and

visibility.
- Construction Sites:
At construction sites in the vicinity of pipelines, the operating Company, upon

request or after becoming aware of construction activity near its pipelines, shall
provide visual markings of the location of such pipelines.
Note: It is recommended that the colour yellow be used for such markings.
3/15/00 24
- Signs at Stations and Other Facilities:
- Signs shall be posted to identify the operating Company and to provide

emergency notification information.
- Signs indicating that smoking is not permitted shall be displayed in

hazardous areas.
- Warning signs shall be posted at locations where hazards or toxic

substances might be encountered.
- For oil pipeline systems, manifold piping shall be properly identified by

the use of signs, stencil markings, or colour coding
3/15/00 25
Records
5.3) Records covering the operation and maintenance of pipeline systems shall be prepared.
Such records shall be kept current and readily accessible to operating and maintenance
personnel requiring them.
5.3.1) Pipeline Systems
Records that provide the following information, as applicable, shall be maintained

for the life of the pipeline system:
(a) locations of the pipelines and major facilities, such as compressor or

pump stations, measuring stations, terminals, tank farms, water
crossings, roads, railways, major utility crossings, block valves, and
cathodic protection rectifiers.
(b) technical data concerning the following:
(i) Pipes - locations and lengths for each pipe diameter installed,
noting wall thicknesses, grades and standards or specifications,
field test pressure, and where practical, burial depth.
(ii) Stations and other facilities - maximum operating limits, and the
specifications and nameplate data of major equipment.
(iii) Valves - locations of valves designated as emergency valves, with

complete information as to the dates of inspection and
maintenance, and the current intended operating position, whether
open or closed.
(iv) Components - locations, types, and pressure ratings.
(v) Crossings - locations and details of any crossings of water, roads,

railways, pipelines, and other major utilities.
(vi) Appurtenances - locations and details of appurtenances such as

corrosion-control devices and weighted sections.
(vii) Special design and construction methods - locations and details of

special design and construction methods.
(viii) Repairs - locations and details of repairs.
(c) Measurements of unstable areas where differential settlement or

heaving is occurring. Such records enable trends toward critical
stresses to be established, and remedial action to be taken, before
combined stresses reach the design limits.
3/15/00 26
5.3.2) Pipeline Emergencies:
- Records shall be maintained to assist in the development of procedures

for use during pipeline emergencies. Such records shall include, but not
necessarily be limited to, a list of agencies to be contacted during an
emergency, the names and phone numbers of key personnel, and the
location and description of major repair equipment.
- Records of pipeline emergencies shall be maintained to enable each event

to be analyzed. Such records shall include, but not necessarily be limited
to, the date, location, and description of each event, and the repair
procedure, including acceptance tests.
5.3.3) Leaks and Breaks: Records shall be prepared documenting any pipeline leaks or
breaks discovered and the repairs made breaks shall be recorded in detail. Records
shall also be prepared documenting failure investigations (see CSA Z-662 Clause
10.2.3). Such records, together with leakage survey records, line patrol records,
and other inspection records, shall be retained by the operating Company as long
as the affected portions of the pipeline system remain in operation.
3/15/00 27
Safety
5.4) Safety shall be based on:
5.4.1) Training Programs: Operating Companies shall have safety training programs for
employees. Such programs shall be directed towards the operation and
maintenance of pipeline systems in a safe and effective manner and shall include
provision for the safety of the public.
5.4.2) Employee Information: Operating Company employees shall be informed of the

safety practices applicable to their work.
5.4.3) Supervisor Responsibility: Supervisors shall instruct workers under their control
to work safely.
5.4.4) Hazards: Where conditions arise that present hazards, immediate steps shall be
taken to eliminate the hazards.
5.4.5) Security: Conditions that could adversely affect the security of the pipeline
system shall be corrected.
5.4.6) Job Sites:
- Personnel on job sites shall be informed of the hazards involved, the

requirements for the safe conduct of their work, and their responsibilities
in the event of an emergency.
- Clear, unobstructed paths shall be provided as escape routes for all

personnel performing work in trenches, and the areas adjacent to work
sites shall be kept clear of unnecessary equipment.
5.4.7) Firefighting and Special Equipment:
- The need for firefighting and other special equipment shall be assessed
and, where considered necessary by the operating Company, such
equipment shall be made available.
- Operating Companies shall maintain appropriate firefighting equipment.

Such equipment shall be:
(a) plainly identified
(b) maintained in proper operating condition
(c) regularly checked and certified
(d) readily accessible
3/15/00 28
(e) positioned in accordance with National Fire Prevention Association

(NFPA) standards.
5.4.8) In-Service Pipelines: Pipeline pressures shall be at safe levels when work is being
performed on in-service pipelines. Variables to be considered in the evaluation of
safe working pressures shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, pipe wall
thickness and material, stress level, and the conditions of flow and temperature of
the service fluid.
5.4.9) Smoking and Open Flames: Smoking and open flames in other than designated
safe areas shall be prohibited in facilities such as stations, terminals, and tank
farms, and at any site where flammable vapours or gases could exist. It shall be
permissible to perform welding and oxygen-cutting operations at such locations
only in the designated safe areas; such operations shall be performed under
controlled conditions.
Note: Designated safe areas are areas that have been designed to be intrinsically
safe, or have been tested for flammable vapours and approved as being safe by a
qualified person.
5.4.10) Additional Precautions for Pipeline Systems Transporting High Vapour Pressure
(HVP) Hydrocarbons:
Notes:
1) Methods and procedures for the repair and operation of crude oil and
product lines are generally applicable to the repair and operation of HVP
pipeline systems.
2) HVP vapours may be heavier than air and could tend to remain close to
the ground and accumulate in low places.
- Personnel working with HVP hydrocarbons shall be well informed of the

physical characteristics and behaviour of such fluids under all conditions
likely to be encountered.
- Protective clothing and equipment shall be worn by personnel making

repairs or inspecting for leaks. Such equipment shall be chosen taking
into account the refrigeration effect of HVP hydrocarbons.
- Wherever practicable, HVP hydrocarbons shall be moved past leak areas

in order to enable repairs to be made when less volatile liquids are
present.
Note: Temporary lines bypassing the leak areas are recommended where
circumstances make them appropriate.
3/15/00 29
- When approaching the area of a suspected leak in an HVP pipeline or

other pipeline facilities, particular attention shall be given to surface
terrain, wind direction and velocity, and the effects of vegetation and
buildings. It is essential that possible sources of inadvertent ignition be
eliminated or immediately isolated. Combustible vapour detectors shall
be used when investigating and clearing vapours from hazardous areas.
- Leaks shall be located and hazardous conditions eliminated as soon as

possible.
- Special precautions shall be taken in areas of high population density and

where there is increased risk of damage by outside forces.
Note: Such special precautions may include, but not necessarily be limited
to, the following:
(a) frequent warning signs
(b) protective coverings, such as planks or concrete over the pipeline
(c) greater depth of burial
(d) advising organizations such as police and fire departments of the

hazards related to leaking HVP pipelines.
5.4.11) Sour Fluids:
Due to the toxic nature of sour fluids, special training shall be provided to
operating personnel to ensure the selection of appropriate equipment such as
suitable breathing apparatus and means of leak detection. Provisions shall be
included for safely disposing of blowdown gas, and for notifying the public of
potential hazards, including the posting of suitable notices.
Notes:
(1)Particular attention should be given to surface terrain and the wind

direction when approaching facilities containing sour fluids.
(2) Sour fluids are those fluids that upon release to the atmosphere can
reasonably be expected to result in hydrogen sulphide levels of 10 ppm
or greater.
5.4.12) Carbon Dioxide Pipelines:
Carbon dioxide, although nontoxic, has a specific gravity greater than that of air
and can accumulate in low-lying areas. Personnel working on in-service carbon
dioxide pipelines shall be trained in safe working procedures for oxygen-deficient
atmospheres.
3/15/00 30
Right-of-Way Inspection and Maintenance
5.5) Right-of-Way Inspection and Maintenance shall be based on:
5.5.1) Pipeline Patrolling:
- Operating Companies shall periodically patrol their pipelines in order to

observe surface conditions on and adjacent to their rights-of-way,
indications of leaks, construction activity performed by others, and other
conditions affecting the safety and operation of the pipelines. Particular
attention shall be given to the following:
(a) construction activity
(b) dredging operations
(c) erosion
(d) ice effects
(e) scour
(f) seismic activity
(g) soil slides
(h) subsidence
(i) water crossings.
- The frequency of pipeline patrolling shall be determined by considering

such factors as:
(a) operating pressure
(b) pipeline size
(c) population density
(d) service fluid
(e) terrain
(f) weather.
5.5.2) Vegetation Control: Where the terms of the easement permit, vegetation on rights-
of-way shall be controlled to maintain clear visibility from the air and provide
ready access for maintenance crews.
3/15/00 31
5.5.3) Exposed Facilities: Valves and other exposed facilities on pipeline rights-of-way
shall have access maintained and shall be protected to minimize the possibility of
unauthorized operation.
5.5.4) Crossings:
- Special consideration shall be given to the inspection and maintenance of

pipeline crossings of:
(a) major utilities
(b) other pipelines
(c) railways
(d) roads
(e) water.
Note: Underwater crossings shall be inspected periodically for adequacy

of cover, accumulation of debris, and other conditions that may affect the
safety or integrity of the crossing.
Water crossings in the company are inspected and managed through the
“Pipeline River Crossing Management System”
- Aerial pipeline crossings and their supporting structures shall be inspected

periodically and maintained in a safe, usable condition.
- Where required, temporary crossings for vehicular traffic over pipelines shall be
prepared and used to protect the pipeline from damage.
3/15/00 32
Pressure-Control, Pressure-Limiting, and Pressure-Relieving Devices
5.6) Pressure-Control, Pressure-Limiting, and Pressure-Relieving Devices shall be based on:
- Where the operating Company considers that a pipeline system should be

operated at pressures less than the maximum operating pressure, the operating
Company shall decide the appropriate reduced operating pressures and shall
adjust any pressure-control, pressure-relieving, or pressure-limiting devices
accordingly.
- Except for rupture disks and pressure-relieving devices installed to relieve

pressure built up due to ambient temperature changes, pressure-control, pressure-
limiting, and pressure-relieving devices shall be inspected and tested as necessary,
at least once per calendar year, with a maximum interval of 18 months between
such inspections and tests, in order to determine that they are:
(a) in good operating condition
(b) adequate from the standpoint of capacity and reliability for the service
in which they are employed
(c) set to function at the correct pressure
(d) properly installed and protected from dirt and other conditions that
might prevent their proper operation.
Note: Pressure-relieving devices installed to relieve pressure built up due

to ambient temperature changes should be inspected and tested at intervals
appropriate to their application and operation as determined by the
Company in accordance with American Petroleum Institute (API)
Recommended Practice 576.
- Pressure-limiting and pressure-relieving devices on oil pipeline systems operating

at 90% or more of their maximum operating pressure shall be set by dead-weight
testing to within 2% of the desired set pressure.
- Records of such tests and inspections, and the records of any corrective action
taken, shall be retained by the operating Company.
5.6.1) Valves:
- The open and closed positions of major valves shall be visually identifiable.
- Pipeline valves that might be required during an emergency shall be inspected and
partially operated at least once per calendar year, with a maximum interval of 18
months between such inspections and operations.
3/15/00 33
5.6.2) Vaults: Regularly scheduled inspections shall be made of vaults housing pressure-
control, pressure-limiting, and pressure-relieving devices to confirm that they are
in good physical condition and adequately vented. Such inspections shall include
the testing of the atmosphere in such locations for combustible and toxic gases
and vapours. Any leaks found shall be repaired. The ventilating equipment shall
also be inspected to confirm that it is functioning properly. Ventilating ducts that
are obstructed shall be cleared. Vault and enclosure covers shall be carefully
examined for potential safety hazards.
3/15/00 34
Change of Class Location and Crossings of Existing Pipelines
5.7) Change of Class Location and Crossings of Existing Pipelines shall be based on:
- Where class locations change as a result of increases in population density or

location development, pipelines in such locations shall be subject to all of the
requirements for the higher class location, or shall be subjected to an engineering
assessment to determine the:
(a) design, construction, and testing procedures followed in the

original construction, compared with the applicable requirements
of this Standard
(b) condition of the pipeline by field inspections, examinations of

operating and maintenance records, or other appropriate means
(c) type, proximity, and extent of the development that has increased
the class location, giving consideration to concentrations of people,
such as those associated with schools, hospitals, small
subdivisions, and recreation areas built near existing pipelines.
- Where the engineering assessment (see CSA Z-662 Clause 10.7.1.1) indicates that
the section of pipeline is satisfactory for the changed class location, no change to
the maximum operating pressure shall be required.
- Where the engineering assessment (see CSA Z-662 Clause 10.7.1.1) indicates that
the section of pipeline is not satisfactory for the changed class location, as soon as
practicable either the pipe shall be replaced or a revised maximum operating
pressure, calculated according to the requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause 8.5 for
the changed class location, shall be used.
- Pipelines that may be subject to changes in class location shall be inspected

annually by the operating Company in order to determine whether any change in
class location has occurred. Records of such inspections and of any corrective
action taken shall be retained.
5.7.1) Crossings of Existing Pipelines:
- Where existing pipelines are to be crossed by roads or railways, the pipelines in

such locations shall be either upgraded to meet the applicable design requirements
or subjected to:
(a) an engineering assessment in accordance with the applicable

requirements specified for class location changes in CSA Z-662
Clause 10.7.1.1
3/15/00 35
(b) a detailed engineering analysis of all loads expected to be imposed on

the pipeline during construction and operation of the crossing, and the
resulting combined stresses in the pipeline.
- Where the engineering assessment (see CSA Z-662 Clause 10.7.1.1) reveals that
the pipeline is in satisfactory condition, it shall be permissible to use any crossing
design (such as casing, change in pipe specification, suitable depth of cover, or
load- distributing structure) that results in combined pipe stresses in accordance
with the requirements of CSA Z-662Clause 4.6, as determined from the detailed
engineering analysis (see CSA Z-662 Clause 10.7.2.1(b)).
3/15/00 36
Evaluation of Imperfections and Repair of Piping Containing Defects
5.8) Evaluation of Imperfections and Repair of Piping Containing Defects shall be based on:
- Where imperfections are found in steel piping, evaluations shall be made in order
to determine the suitability of such piping for continued service. Where
considered appropriate, evaluations of imperfections shall include inspection
methods capable of detecting cracks.
- Where it is determined that the piping is subjected to significant secondary

stresses, such stresses shall be considered when the suitability of damaged piping
for continued service is being assessed.
- Where practicable, operating Companies shall maintain materials, equipment, and

spare parts in adequate quantities and at suitable locations for use in emergency
repairs.
- Excavation of piping suspected of containing defects and, if required, the subsequent

permanent or temporary repair of such piping shall be performed after the piping
is depressurized as necessary to an operating pressure that is considered to be safe
for the proposed work. Caution shall be exercised, when excavating, to avoid
contacting other buried structures or facilities. Extra precautions shall be taken if
the excavation is near equipment, tanks, or other structures. (See also CSA Z-
662 Clause 10.4.)
- External coatings that conform to the requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause 9.2.8
shall be applied following cleaning, evaluation, and repair operations.
- Where piping is not qualified for continued service at the established operating
pressure due to the presence of defects, either the piping shall be operated at
pressures that are determined by engineering assessment to be acceptable, or the
affected piping shall be repaired in accordance with the applicable requirements
of CSA Z-662 Clauses 10.8.2 to 10.8.6 inclusive. The engineering assessment
shall include consideration of service history and loading, anticipated service
conditions (including the effects of corrosive and chemical attack), the
mechanism of defect formation, defect dimensions, defect growth mechanisms,
failure modes, and material properties (including fracture toughness properties).
- Disturbed areas shall be restored, as nearly as practical, to their original

conditions. Surface restoration and stabilization measures shall be taken where
required.
- Pipe containing leaks shall be repaired by using one or more of the following
methods:
(a) The section of pipe containing the leak shall be replaced in accordance
with the requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause 10.8.5.3.
3/15/00 37
(b) A steel pressure-containment repair sleeve shall be installed in

accordance with the requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause 10.8.5.4.2.
(c) A temporary repair shall be made in accordance with the requirements

of CSA Z-662 Clause 10.8.6, provided that, as soon as practicable
thereafter, a permanent repair is made in accordance with the
requirements of Item (a) or (b).
5.8.1) Imperfections in Pipe: For pipeline systems that are likely to contain internal
corrosion imperfections, the assessment of external imperfections shall include an
assessment for any coincident internal corrosion imperfections.
A. Corrosion Imperfections:
- Corroded areas on the external surface of the pipe shall be thoroughly

cleaned to remove corrosion products so that their dimensions can be
measured accurately. For the assessment of internal corrosion
imperfections, it shall not be necessary to consider the portions of such
imperfections that are within the material present as a corrosion or
erosion allowance (see CSA Z-662 Clause 4.3.3.6.1).
- Exclusively internal corrosion imperfections and exclusively external

corrosion imperfections shall be permissible regardless of the
length of the corroded area, provided that the maximum depth of
such imperfections is 10% or less of the nominal wall thickness of
the pipe. Areas that have coincident internal and external corrosion
imperfections shall be permitted regardless of the longest length of
the corroded area, provided that the sum of the maximum internal
depth and the maximum external depth is 10% or less of the
nominal wall thickness of the pipe.
- Corroded areas that have a depth greater than 10%, up to and including
80%, of the nominal wall thickness of the pipe shall be permitted,
provided that the longitudinal length of the corroded area (see Figure
10.1) does not exceed L, as determined by the following equation:
L 1.12B(DT)½
where
L maximum allowable longitudinal length of the corroded area,

mm
D = nominal outside diameter of the pipe, mm
t = nominal wall thickness of the pipe, mm
3/15/00 38
B = a value equal to 4.0 for maximum depths greater than 10%, up

to and including 17.5%, of the nominal wall
thickness = a value determined from the following equation for

maximum depths greater than 17.5%, up to and including 80%, of
the nominal wall thickness:
c⁄t
 -------------------------------
2
= - – 1
 1.1c ⁄ t – 0.15
where
c = the maximum depth of corrosion for areas that are

exclusively internal or exclusively external corrosion imperfections
= the sum of the maximum internal depth and the maximum

external depth in areas with coincident internal and external
corrosion imperfections.
Note: The relationship between B and c/t is shown in Figure 10.2.
- Pipe containing corroded areas that exceed the depth or length limits specified in
CSA Z-662 Clauses 10.8.2.2.3 and 10.8.2.2.4 shall be repaired using one or more
of the following methods:
(a) A repair sleeve shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of

CSA Z-662 Clause 10.8.5.4.
(b) The corroded area shall be removed by hot tapping in accordance with
the requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause10.8.5.5.
(c) The section of pipe containing the corroded area shall be replaced in
accordance with the requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause 10.8.5.3.
(d) A temporary repair shall be made in accordance with the requirements

requirements of Item (a), (b), or (c).
3/15/00 39
Longitudinal
Length
Maximum depth of
corroded area
c
t
Isolated area of corrosion
G
G
Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal

Length Length Length
Longitudinal
Axis
Interacting Areas of Components
Notes:
(1) Corroded areas in close proximity are considered to interact if the distance between them, G, is less that the longitudinal
length of the smallest area.
(2) The longitudinal length in all cases is measured along the longitudinal axis of the pipe.
(3) For areas of internal corrosion, c Should be increased and G decreased to compensate for any uncertainty in
measurement.
Figure 10.1
Method of Deriving Longitudinal Length of Corrosion
3/15/00 40
- Where internal corrosion growth has not been arrested, the determination of the
repair method shall include an engineering assessment that considers corrosion
abatement effectiveness, the reinspection interval, and, where a repair sleeve is
considered, the need for a steel pressure-containment repair sleeve that is in
Bmax, B1max=4.0
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
B
2.0
B1
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
c/t
Figure 10.2
Relationship between B, B1 and c/t
B. Gouges, Grooves, and Arc Burns:
Note: For gouges, grooves, or arc burns in dents, see CSA Z-662 Clause
10.8.2.4.1.
Gouges, grooves, and arc burns shall be considered to be defects:
-Where such a defect is located on the pipe body or a mill weld, the pipe
containing the defect shall be repaired using one or more of the
following methods:
(a) The defect shall be removed by grinding in accordance with the

requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause 10.8.5.2.
(b) The defect shall be removed by hot tapping in accordance with the
3/15/00 41
(c) A steel pressure-containment repair sleeve shall be installed in

(d) The section of pipe containing the defect shall be replaced in

accordance with the requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause10.8.5.3.
(e) A temporary repair shall be made in accordance with the requirements

requirements of Item (a), (b), (c), or (d).
- Where such a defect is located on a field weld, the pipe containing the
defect shall be repaired using one or more of the following methods:

requirements of CSA Z-662Clause 10.8.5.2.

(c) The section of pipe containing the defect shall be replaced in


C. Dents:
- Dents that contain stress concentrators (gouges, grooves, arc burns, or

cracks) shall be considered to be defects. Pipe containing such defects
shall be repaired using one or more of the following methods:
(a) The stress concentrator shall be removed by grinding in accordance

with the requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause 10.8.5.2, and after
grinding, the dent shall be subject to the requirements of CSA Z-662
Clause 10.8.2.4.2 or 10.8.2.4.3, whichever is applicable.

accordance with the requirements of Clause CSA Z-662 10.8.5.4.2.
(c) Except for such defects located on a field weld, the defect shall be
removed by hot tapping in accordance with the requirements of CSA
Z-662 Clause 10.8.5.5.
The section of pipe containing the defect shall be replaced in accordance

with the requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause10.8.5.3.
3/15/00 42
A temporary repair shall be made in accordance with the requirements of

CSA Z-662 Clause 10.8.6, provided that, soon as practicable thereafter, a
permanent repair is made in accordance with the requirements of Item (a),
(b), (c), or (d).
- Dents that are located on the pipe body and exceed a depth of 6 mm in
pipe 101.6 mm OD or smaller, or 6% of the outside diameter in pipe larger
than 101.6 mm OD, shall be considered to be defects. Pipe containing
such defects shall be repaired using one or more of the following methods:
(a) A repair sleeve shall be installed in accordance with the requirements

of CSA Z-662 Clause 10.8.5.4.


- Dents that are located on a mill or field weld and exceed a depth of 6 mm
are considered to be defects. Pipe containing such defects shall be
repaired using one or more of the following methods:
(a) A steel pressure-containment repair sleeve shall be installed in

(b) Where the defect is located on a mill weld, the defect shall be removed
by hot tapping in accordance with the requirements of CSA Z-662
Clause 10.8.5.5.


D. Pipe Body Surface Cracks:
- Pipe body surface cracks shall be considered to be defects unless

determined by an engineering assessment to be acceptable. The
engineering assessment shall include consideration of service history
3/15/00 43
and loading, anticipated service conditions (including the effects of

corrosive and chemical attack), the mechanism of crack formation, crack
dimensions, crack growth mechanisms, failure modes, and material
properties (including fracture toughness properties). Pipe containing
such defects shall be repaired using one or more of the following
methods:

(c) A steel pressure-containment repair sleeve shall be installed in

(d) The section of pipe containing the defect shall be replaced in

accordance with the requirements of Clause10.8.5.3.
(e) A temporary repair shall be made in accordance with the requirements

requirements of Item (a), (b), (c), or (d).
Note: Pipe body surface cracks include stress corrosion cracks (cracks that
result from the interaction of tensile stress and corrosion). For cracks in
dents above.
5.8.2) Permanent Repair Methods:
- Permanent repairs shall be in accordance with the applicable

requirements of CSA Z-662 Clauses 6, 7, 9, and 10.
- Where flammable mixtures are present, pipeline cuts shall be made with
mechanical cutters.
Note: Pipelines containing 100% natural gas may be hot-cut using

appropriate procedures that include the provisions of Appendix G.
- Appropriate bonding and grounding procedures shall be employed in

order to eliminate sources of ignition caused by impressed currents or
the removal of pipe sections.
Note: Consideration shall be given to turning off adjacent cathodic

protection rectifiers.
5.8.3) Piping Replacements:
3/15/00 44
The following shall apply to piping replacements:
(a)It shall be permissible to repair piping by cutting out cylindrical pieces

of pipe and components containing the defects and replacing them with
pretested piping that meets the applicable design criteria and the
requirements of CSA Z-662
Clause 5.2.4. Pressure testing to establish the maximum operating pressure

of the pretested piping shall be in accordance with the applicable
requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause 8. Welding and inspection shall be
in accordance with the applicable requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause
10.9.
(b) The minimum length of replacement pipe shall be as follows:
-----------------------------------------
Minimum replacement
Pipe OD, mm pipe length, mm
----------------------------------------
Smaller than 168.3 150
168.3-610 incl. 2 x OD
Larger than 610 1220
----------------------------------------
Pretested piping intended for future use in repairs or tie-ins shall be

identified and suitably protected during storage. Test documentation that
substantiates that the pretests were satisfactory shall be maintained and
verified prior to pretested pipe being utilized in repairs. Pretested piping
shall be free of defects both before and after installation.
5.8.4) Repair Sleeves:
- Reinforcement repair sleeves and pressure-containment repair sleeves

shall be permissible as permanent repairs, provided that:
(a) the repair sleeves are not less than 100 mm long and extend
longitudinally at least 50 mm beyond the ends of the defects
(b) consideration is given to the following:
3/15/00 45
i) concentration of bending stresses in the pipe at the ends of repair

sleeves and between closely spaced repair sleeves
ii) design compatibility of repair sleeves and piping materials
iii) spacing of other devices on the pipe
iv)adequatesupportoftherepairsleevesduringinstallationandoperation
v) present and future operating and pressure-testing condition
5.8.5) Reinforcement Repair Sleeves and Steel Pressure-Containment Repair Sleeves:
- In addition to the requirements of Section 5.15, the following shall apply

for steel reinforcement repair sleeves and steel pressure-containment
repair sleeves:
(a) Repair sleeves shall have a nominal load-carrying capacity at least

equal to that of the originally installed pipe.
(b) Welding and welding procedures shall be in accordance with the

applicable requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause 10.9.
(c) Destructive testing and nondestructive inspection shall be used to

demonstrate freedom from cracking in the weld and parent
material of test welds.
(d) Welds shall be nondestructively inspected and their acceptability

determined in accordance with the requirements of CSA Z-662
Clause 7.2.9.
(e) Steel reinforcement repair sleeves not welded to the pipe shall
meet the following supplementary requirements:
(i) Measures shall be taken to seal the circumferential ends of steel

reinforcement repair sleeves in order to prevent migration of water
between the pipe and the sleeve.
(ii) Steel reinforcement repair sleeves that do not utilize grouting

material to fill the nnulus between the sleeve and the pipe shall be
accurately fitted to the pipe, and the damaged area shall be filled
with an appropriate material to provide the required mechanical
support.
(iii) Electrical continuity shall be ensured between the pipe and the
steel reinforcement repair sleeve.
3/15/00 46
(f) It shall be permissible for bolt-on pressure-containment repair

sleeves to be used as permanent steel pressure-containment repair
sleeves, provided that:
(i) they are designed for, and constructed of, material that is suitable
for welding
(ii) they are fillet welded to the pipe and seal welded to have the
ability to contain pipeline pressure within the sleeve in accordance
with the design requirements.
(g) For steel pressure-containment repair sleeves, the pipe shall be

tapped to pressurize the annulus between the pipe and sleeve, and
relieve the stresses associated with the defect, unless an
engineering assessment that considers factors such as the type of
defect, pipe material properties, sleeve design, and operating
conditions indicates that the defect will not extend beyond the
pressure-containment boundaries of the sleeve. Appropriate
measures, such as increasing the wall thickness of the sleeve,
filling the annulus, or periodically measuring the remaining wall
thickness using ultrasonic testing, shall be considered in situations
where internal corrosion of the sleeve could occur.
5.8.6) Fiberglass Reinforcement Repair Sleeves:
- In addition to the requirements of Section 5.15 above, the following shall

apply for fiberglass reinforcement repair sleeves:
(a) The sleeve system shall be tested and qualified to satisfy the following:
(i) Stress rupture tests in accordance with the procedures of American

Society of Testing and Measurement (ASTM) Standard D 2992
and creep tests shall verify the sleeve system performance on steel
line pipe including static or cyclic loading as appropriate to the
intended application. Such tests shall be conducted in the
appropriate environment and operating conditions, including the
maximum design temperature for the sleeve system and fully
water-saturated conditions, and shall indicate an extrapolated
sleeve system rated performance life of at least 50 years.
(ii) Cathodic disbondment tests shall verify that the sleeve system is
compatible with cathodic protection systems.
(iii) Product immersion tests shall confirm that sleeve system

components are not affected by the products carried in the pipeline.
(b) The sleeve system shall be designed to satisfy the following:
3/15/00 47
(i) The combined nominal load-carrying capacity of the sleeve and the
remaining pipe wall shall be at least equal to that of the originally
installed pipe.
(ii) An engineering assessment using established relationships shall be

conducted to determine the required load transfer from the pipe to
the sleeve and the subsequent maximum stress on the sleeve.The
maximum stress on the sleeve shall not exceed the maximum
qualified stress level from the stress rupture tests. The engineering
assessment shall also establish the maximum allowable line
pressure permitted during the installation and curing of the sleeve
system.
(iii) The sleeve system shall be designed to operate over the full
temperature range expected during operation of the pipeline.
(c) The repair sleeve shall be handled and installed to satisfy the
following:
(i) Storage, handling, transportation, and installation of sleeve system

components shall be performed in accordance with manufacturer's
specifications and procedures.
(ii) Personnel installing sleeves shall be trained and certified in

installation procedures either by the manufacturer or by persons
the manufacturer has trained and certified.
(iii) Sleeves shall not be used to repair leaks defects where metal loss
exceeds 80% of nominal wall thickness dents or gouges, grooves,
arc burns, or cracks that have not been removed by grinding.
5.8.7) Defect Removal by Hot Tapping:
Removal of defects by hot tapping shall be subject to the following:
(a) The location, orientation, width, and length of the defect shall be
determined by visual and nondestructive inspection.
(b) The entire defect shall be contained within the metal that is removed by
hot tapping.
The hot tap shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of

CSA Z-662 Clause 10.10.
5.8.8) Temporary Repair Methods:
- Where it is not practicable to perform permanent repairs immediately, it

shall be permissible to repair piping containing leaks or defects in the
3/15/00 48
form of gouges, grooves, dents, arc burns, corrosion pits, or cracks,

using temporary repair methods. Patching, puddle welding, and lace
welding shall not be permitted.
Note: After temporary repairs are completed, it may be necessary to

operate at reduced pressures until permanent repairs have been made.
- Mechanical leak clamps and bolt-on split sleeves that meet the applicable
requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause 10.8.5.4 shall be permissible as
temporary repair devices. Where special conditions prevent permanent
repairs from being made within one year, sufficient periodic inspections
shall be made to confirm that the defective condition corrected by the
temporary repairs has not extended, that leaks have not recurred, and
that the temporary repair device has not deteriorated.
3/15/00 49
Steel
Steel Fiberglass
Grinding Pipe Pressure Hot Welding
Defect Type Reinforcing Reinforcing
Repair Replace contain. Tap Repair
Sleeve Sleeve
Sleeve
Corrosion Defect
external x 0 0 0 1 0 x
Internal x 0 0 0 1 0 x
Gouge, groove, or arc burn
on pipe body or mill seam 0 0 0 2 1,2 0 x

weld, not in a dent
on circc weld, not in a dent 0 0 0 2 1,2 x x
Dent Defect
with stress concentrator, not 3 0 0 2 x 0 x

on circ. weld
with stress concentrator, on a 3 0 0 2 x x x

circ. weld
without stress concentrator, on x 0 0 0 x 0 x

pipe body
without stress concentrator, on x 0 0 x x 0 x

mill seam weld
without stress concentrator, on x 0 0 x x x x

a circ. weld
Pipe Body Crack
not in dent 0 0 0 2 1,2 0 x
Weld Defect
in a circ weld 0 0 0 x x x 0
in a seam weld 0 0 0 x x 0 x
Grind Defect x 0 0 0 1 0 x
Leak x 0 0 x x x x
Notes:
X = This repair method is not acceptable for this type of defect
0 = there is no limitation
1 = This repair method is not acceptable for defects with metal loss in excess of 80% of the nominal wall thickness
2= The stress concentrator(gouge, groove, arc burn, or crack) shall be removed by grinding prior to the application of the sleeve
3= The stress concentrator (gouge, groove, arc burn, or crack) shall be removed by grinding prior to the dent being assessed for
acceptability accordance with the applicable requirements, with the depth of the ground area being excluded from the dent depth
3/15/00 50
Maintenance Welding
5.9) Maintenance Welding:
5.9.1) Maintenance welding shall be considered to be welding performed during the

replacement of portions of pipeline systems, the attachment of devices to
operating pipeline systems, and the installation of tie-ins to connect new facilities
to existing pipeline systems.
5.9.2) In-Service Pipeline Systems:
- The welding procedure specification, the procedure qualification, and the

welder qualification shall be based upon the use of cooling rates and
levels of restraint of the weldment that are appropriate for the expected
line flowing conditions and ambient temperatures.
Note: Low hydrogen welding practices should be considered where rapid

cooling of the weldment is anticipated.
- Before welding is performed on in-service pipeline systems, the areas to

be welded shall be inspected to establish that they are free of
imperfections that would adversely affect the welds. In addition, where
adequacy of wall thickness for the intended welding is in doubt, such
areas shall be inspected for adequacy of wall thickness.
- Welding on in-service pipeline systems shall be performed by welders

employed by the operating Company or by contract welders supervised
by an operating Company representative responsible for adherence to the
prescribed maintenance procedures. Pressures shall be at safe levels
when welding work is performed on in-service pipeline systems. Safe
operating pressures shall be established based on the factors specified
for hot taps in CSA Z-662 Clause 10.10.3.1.
- Where welding is performed on in-service pipeline systems transporting

hazardous fluids, special work procedures and safety precautions shall
be considered.
5.9.3) Fillet Welding on Liquid-Filled or Pressurized Piping:
- Welders shall be instructed by, or on behalf of, the operating Company on

the prevention of hydrogen-induced cracking.
- Production welds shall not be made at weldment cooling rates or restraint

levels that are higher than those used for the welding procedure
qualification.
- Fillet welds shall be made using a low hydrogen welding practice (see
CSA Z-662 Clause 7.2.2.7).
3/15/00 51
- Welding procedures and welders shall be qualified in accordance with the

applicable requirements of CSA Z-662 Clauses 7.2 and 10.9.2.2.2.
- An increase in the carbon equivalent of more than 0.02% from that of the
material used for the welding procedure qualification shall be considered
to be an essential change, and shall necessitate requalification of the
welding procedure or establishment and qualification of a new welding
procedure.
3/15/00 52
Pipeline Hot Taps
5.10) Pipeline Hot Taps:
5.10.1) Hot tap connections shall be made in accordance with established procedures.
Such connections shall be considered to be permanent facilities, provided that the
attachments are completed in accordance with procedures that comply with the
requirements of CSA Z-662 Clauses 10.9 and 10.10.
5.10.2) Welded branch connections shall be reinforced in accordance with the

requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause 4.3.4.9.3.
5.10.3) Pipe Preparation:
- It shall be permissible that branch-to-run pipe welds and hot- tap cuts
pass through the run pipe seam however, such welds and cuts shall not
pass through welds repairs or circumferential welds.
- Reinforcement sleeves shall be accurately fitted to the run pipe.
- For hot-tap connections on steel pipelines, the affected areas of the run
pipes (including the pipe seams) shall be inspected for defects.
5.10.4) Parameters:
- Welds joining run pipes to branches or reinforcement sleeves shall be

made in accordance with a qualified welding procedure specification.
Maximum permissible pressures during welding shall be established
based on consideration of at least the following factors:
(a) the size, grade, and wall thickness of the run pipe
(b) the welding parameters and electrode to be used
(c) the flow and temperature conditions of the service fluid in the run
pipe
(d) the applicable temperature derating factor
(e) the size of the branch pipe
(f) the class location of the pipeline
(g) the means of supporting the piping.
- It shall be permissible to complete all phases of the hot-tap operation,

other than the welding specified in CSA Z-662 Clause 10.10.3.1, at
3/15/00 53
pipeline system operating pressures, provided that the maximum

working pressure of the hot-tap equipment involved is not exceeded.
Integrity of Pipeline Systems
5.11) Integrity of Pipeline Systems:
- Where the operating company becomes aware of conditions that may lead to
failure in it’s pipeline systems, it shall conduct an engineering assessment to
determine which portions may be susceptible to failures and whether such
portions are suitable for continued service.
Note: Examples of conditions that may lead to failures include mechanical

damage that could lead to failures under sustained operation, mill defects not
detected during the manufacturing process; stress corrosion cracking; coating
damage; unstable slopes; and the presence of low velocity (less than 1 kHz)
electric resistance welded pipe in areas with significant cyclic loadings.
- Where the operating company intends to operate the pipeline system at a pressure
that is significantly higher than the established operating pressure, and which may
therefore lead to failures in the pipeline system, it shall conduct an engineering
assessment to determine which portions may be susceptible to failures, and
whether such portions are suitable for the intended operating pressure.
Note: An example is where the operating company intends to increase the

operating pressure of a pipeline system that has historically operated well below
its maximum operating pressure.
- Where the engineering assessment indicated that portions of the pipeline system
may be susceptible to failures, the operating company shall implement such
corrective measure as may be necessary to prevent such failures, or operate the
system under conditions that are determined by an engineering assessment to be
acceptable.
Note: Examples of corrective measures include pressure testing (see CSA Z-662
Clause 10.11.5), repair, and replacement of sections of the pipeline system.
3/15/00 54
Change in Service
5.12) Change in Service:
- Prior to a change in service of a pipeline system, the operating company shall

conduct an engineering assessment to determine whether it would be suitable for
the new service fluid.
- Where the engineering assessment indicates that the pipeline system would not be
suitable for the new service fluid, the operating company shall implement such
corrective measures as may be necessary to make it suitable before the change in
service.
Note: Examples of corrective measures include pressure testing (see CSA Z-662
Clause 10.11.5) and repair or replacement of portions of the pipeline system.
3/15/00 55
Upgrading to Higher Maximum Operating Pressures
5.13) Upgrading to Higher Maximum Operating Pressures:
- Prior to upgrading a pipeline system for a higher maximum operating pressure,

the operating company shall conduct an engineering assessment to determine
whether it would be suitable for service at the proposed higher pressure. Upgrade
maximum operating pressure shall not exceed those permitted for new piping
having the same design and material, and shall be determined in accordance with
the applicable requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause 8.
- Where the engineering assessment indicated that the pipeline system would not be
suitable for service at the proposed higher maximum operating pressure, the
operating company shall implement such changes as may be necessary to make it
suitable, and shall, except where allowed by CSA Z-662 Clause 10.11.4.4,
pressure test the piping in accordance with the applicable requirements of CSA Z-
662 Clauses 8 and 10.11.5.
- Where the engineering assessment indicates that the pipeline system would be
suitable for service at the proposed higher maximum operating pressure, the
operating company shall, except where allowed by CSA Z-662 Clause 10.11.4.4,
pressure test the piping in accordance with the applicable requirements of CSA Z-
662 Clauses 8 and 10.11.5.
- For gas pipeline systems where pressure testing is not practicable, it shall be
permissible to upgrade to a higher maximum operating pressure as follows:
(a)Select a new maximum operating pressure that is confirmed by the

engineering assessment as suitable and that does not exceed the lesser of
(i) 80% of the design pressure permitted for new piping having the
same design and material; and
(ii) the pressure corresponding to a hoop stress of 50% of the specified

minimum yield strength of the pipe.
(b) Before increasing the pressure in the system,
(i) make a leakage survey and repair any leaks found;
(ii) repair or replace any piping that is found to be inadequate for the
upgraded pressure;
(iii) for service lines, install suitable devices to control and limit the gas
pressure in accordance with the applicable requirements of CSA Z-
662 Clause 12.4.7; and adequately reinforce or anchor any offset,
bends, and dead ends in coupled pipe to prevent movement of the
3/15/00 56
pipe should the offsets, bends, or dead ends be exposed in

excavations.
Pressure Testing Existing Piping
5.14) Pressure Testing Existing Piping:
- Prior to pressure testing existing piping, an engineering assessment shall be

carried out to
(a) determine whether it can sustain the proposed test pressure; and
(b) establish appropriate pressure test limits so that the pressure test will
not adversely affect the integrity of the piping.
- The engineering assessment shall, in addition to the requirements of CSA Z-662

Clause 10.11.6, include consideration of the:
(a) strength test pressure and duration;
(b) leak test pressure and duration;
(c) type (blunt or sharp) and orientation and defects;
(d) critical imperfection size, growth rate, growth process, and failure
criterion;
(e) frequency of retesting;
(f) potential for the growth of subequatorial imperfections during pressure

testing;
(g) potential for failure due to pressure reversals; and
(h) notch toughness properties.
Notes:
1) For pressure testing of existing gas piping, reference may be made to

American Gas Association (AGA) NG-18, Report No. 194.
2) Pressure testing is not effective in removing circumferentially oriented

defects.
3) For older pipeline systems, testing to yield is not recommended unless

the assessment of metallurgical properties and service histories has
established that such pipeline systems are capable to withstanding such
pressures.
3/15/00 57
4) For piping containing low frequency (less than 1 kHZ) electric

resistance welded pipe, consideration should be given to using a test
pressure that is higher than the applicable minimum strength test
pressure given in Table 8.1, in order to provide increased confidence in
the serviceability of the piping.
5) Since failures may occur during pressurization, the pressure rise should
be closely monitored.
6) For pressure test sections containing both heavy-wall and light-wall

pipes, imperfections in the heavy-wall pipe may be more susceptible to
subcritical crack growth.
- Pressure testing of existing piping shall be in accordance with the applicable

requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause 8, except for those requirements that are
determined by the engineering assessment to be inappropriate.
3/15/00 58
Engineering Assessments
5.15) Engineering Assessments:
- Engineering assessments of the integrity of pipeline systems shall include

consideration of their design, material, construction, and operating and
maintenance history.
Notes:
1) Reference should be made to the records required in CSA Z-662 Clauses 5 to

10, inclusive (i.e., Clauses 5.8, 6.2.11, 7.2.11.6, 7.2.12.9, 8.6, 9.2.10.2.4,
9.2.1,.2.5, 9.5 and 10.3).
2) Risk Analysis (see CSA Z-662 Appendix B) can provide valuable information
for the engineering assessment.
- Where the information required in CSA Z-662 Clause 10.11.6.1 is unavailable or

unreliable, the operating company shall conduct such inspection and testing as
may be necessary for a proper engineering assessment to be carried out.
Note: Examples of such inspection and testing include in-line inspection (see
CSA Z-662 Appendix D), pressure testing (see CSA Z-662 Clause 10.11.5), test
excavations to verify coating type and condition, and testing pipe samples for
mechanical properties.
3/15/00 59
Piping Deactivation and Reactivation
5.16) Piping Deactivation and Reactivation:
- Deactivation of Piping:
- Operating companies deactivating piping shall:
(a) isolate the piping, using blind flanges, weld caps, or blanking plates;
(b) where required, provide a pressure-relief system; and
(c) fill the piping with a suitable medium, having regard to the intended
duration of the deactivation, the effects of the medium on the integrity
of the piping, and the potential consequences of a leak.
- For deactivated piping, operating companies shall:
(a) maintain external and internal corrosion control in accordance with the
requirements of CSA Z-662Clause 9;
(b) where considered appropriate, perform other maintenance activities in

accordance with the requirements of CSA Z-662 Clause 10;
(c) maintain records in accordance with the requirements of CSA Z-662

Clauses 9.5 and 10.3; and
(d) for piping that is deactivated for more than 18 months, annually
confirm the suitability of the deactivation methods used, the corrosion
control, and other maintenance activities
- Reactivation of Piping: Prior to reactivating piping, the operating company shall

conduct an engineering assessment (see CSA Z-662 Clause 10.11.6) to determine
whether the piping would be suitable for its intended service.
3/15/00 60
Abandonment of Piping
5.17) Abandonment of Piping:
- The decision to abandon a section of piping, in place or through removal, shall be

made on the basis of an assessment that includes consideration of current and
future land use and the potential for safety groundwater contamination, erosion,
and the creation of water conduits.
- Piping that is abandoned in place shall be:
(a) emptied of service fluids;
(b) purged or appropriately cleaned or both;
(c) physically separated from any in-service piping; and
(d) capped, plugged, or otherwise effectively sealed.
Detailed Site Specific Operations and Maintenance Procedures:
Detailed site specific operations and maintenance procedures are required as laid out in the
following tables for all operating pipeline systems (applicable items only):
A. Background Information Required
Requirement Basic Content

1. Plan of the pipeline system (up to date) a. Main line block and control valves
b. Water courses pipeline crosses or is near to
c. Copy of the pipeline license or licenses
d. Corporate boundaries of city, town or village if the line is in the near proximity
2. Description of the system and the Include physical and chemical properties of the substance transmitted.
substance transmitted
3. Emergency response plan with contact a. Corporate

numbers such as: b. AEUB and other regulatory agencies such as OH&S, RCMP, Alberta Forest
Service, Fish and Wildlife, local authorities, etc.
3/15/00 61
B. Inspection and Monitoring
Reporting
Category Frequency Requirements & Accountability
Record Location
Preventative pressure testing
River crossing surveys
Aerial reconnaissance
Leak detection:
• measurement
• gas leak survey
• Tec-scent
Electromagnetic inspection
Coating condition surveys
Video inspections
Corrosion monitoring:
• coupons
• probes
Non-destructive and bellhole inspection
Liner vent and vacuum monitoring
3/15/00 62
C. Preventative Maintenance
Reporting
Category Details Requirements
& Responsibilities
Corrosion inhibition program
• continuous
batch
Cathodic protection system • annual (code)

• adjustive survey • monthly (ind. std.)
• rectifier checks • 2 months (code)
• bonds & current control
devices
Pigging program for

• inhibitor application
• line cleaning
• dewatering
Right of way patrol,

surveillance and landowner
contact policy
Shutdown & over-pressuring

devices:
• ESDs
• PSVs
• Hi-Lo Pilots
• Mainline block valves
Valves
Road crossing signs
D. Pipeline Failure/Repair
Reporting
Category Details Requirements
& Responsibilities
Failure: •Incident review
(Failure follow up and sample • follow SHEMS Element 3 for methodology
handling procedures attached) • include failure analysis and recommendations
•Recording and retention of all information related to leaks
and break
Repair: •Weld procedures

(See attached list of options for •Recording, retention and identification of any retest data
repair and rehabilitation) •Identification and record retention for pretested pipe
Environmental: •Clean up of product

•Rehabilitation requirements and timeframe for spill area
•Oil spill cooperative utilization
3/15/00 63
E. Record Retention Requirements
Category Duration
ROW Inspection and leak surveys 2 years
Leaks Life of pipeline
Operational and SCADA data 2 months (Pipeline Regulations 51.1)
Emergency exercises 2 years
Radiographs
• interpretations • Life of pipeline
• x-rays • 2 years
External corrosion control For the life of the system

• as constructed drawings
• leaks
• bellhole inspections
• annual CP surveys
• interference tests
• critical bond tests
• Cathodic protection system 10 years
• rectifier outputs
• spot checks
• bond currents
Internal corrosion control Life of system (Detailed in CGA Spec. OCC-2)

• instances of corrosion
• type and rate of chemical addition
• technique of monitoring and results
• results of all inspections
• system operational data
F. Decision Trees
Suggested Decision Trees for Inspection and Repair and a Summary of Inspection and Repair
Method
1. Sour gas lines
2. Internally bare lines
3. Internally coated and cement coated
4. Summary of inspection and repair method
G. Other Requirements:
1. System modeling - as required.
2. Monitoring and inspection reviews - at least annual.
3. Report to and AEUB review - as required.
4. Emergency procedures manual for sour and high vapour pressure pipelines
3/15/00 64
Sour Gas Pipeline Failure Decision Tree
Internally Bare
Gathering Pipelines
Operating Pressure Test

Failure Failure
AEUB Spill and

Failure Report
Amoco Spill Report and
AEUB Notification
Mechanical Corrosion Cause

Cause
Initial Failure
Analysis
Log
Batch Inhibit and

Pressure Test Repair or Replace
Return to Service
3/15/00 65
Pipeline Decision Tree for Internally Bare Pipe Failures
Production Flow Line and

Internal Bare Gathering Lines
and Water Lines
Operating Pressure Test

Failure Failure
AEUB Spill
Amoco Spill Report
Report
and AEUB Notification
Technical Analysis
Mechanical Corrosion Initial Failure Back to Economic Analysis
Risks and
Cause Cause Analysis Production Consequences
Mandatory Pass
Pressure Test
90 Days Maximum Duration
Repair & Return

To Service
Low Risk and

Poor Economics
Produce As Is
Log Replace Abandon
Second
Failure
Check Flow Rate
Produce As Is Abandon FRP

Steel
Abandon Liner
3/15/00 66
Pipeline Decision Tree for Plastic and Cement Coated Pipe Failures
Cement or Plastic
Coated Produced H2O
Injection and Oil
Gathering Lines
Operating
Failure
Determine Cause
of Failure
Mechanical
Damage e.g., Rock or
construction damage
Corrosion
Damage
Cement and plastic coated: Video inspect

Inspect representative portion.
Plastic coated only: Electro-magnetic

inspection feasible if joints permit.
Isolated Failure
(two damaged areas Extensive Damage
or less) and/or Degradation
Economics
Repair
Install Abandon and/or

HDPE Liner Replace
Pressure Test
Return to Service
3/15/00 67
Recommended Failure Follow Up Procedure:
After notifying the AEUB, all failures shall be excavated and the samples handled as per the
attached procedure. Once the cause of the failure is determined (following methodology in
SHEMS Element #3) the failure review team shall assess the risk of additional failures in the line
in question as well as other lines operating under the similar conditions. If the potential for failure
is high, the line in question and lines in similar operating conditions shall be inspected and the
extent and severity of damage defined.
Based on the results of the inspection, decisions on line repair or replacement and/or the
implementation of preventative programs will be made. A final report shall be prepared and filed
documenting the cause of failure, costs incurred both direct and indirect, spill report and the
economics and program details if a preventative program is implemented.
The failure review team should consist of a foreman, the BU corrosion technologist and someone
from production or facilities engineering.
Sample handling procedure attached.

Pipeline Coupon/Sample Handling Procedure
1. Excavate line as per local safety practices. Care must be taken to ensure external deposits
are not disturbed.
2. Photograph line in as exposed condition.
3. Mark top of line and direction of flow using some form of permanent identification
(centre punch or paint stick). TOP ➯ FLOW
4. Remove coupon/sample from line using local safety procedures. Cold cut line one foot on
either side of failure.
5. Bag and tag sample as recovered and send to:_____________________
TAG INFORMATION REQUIRED:
Sample information:Date: _______________________

Location: _______________________________
By: _____________________________________
Line information:AEUB license number: ______________ Size: __________________

Pipe Grade: ________________ Wall Thickness: ________________
Joint technique used: __________________________________________
(e.g., weld, mechanical interference fit, etc.)
External coating (type):___________________________
Internal coating (type):___________________________
Production information (volumes): Gas: ______________
Oil: _______________
Water: _____________
Spill volume: _____________________________
Failure repair costs: ________________________
Clean up costs: ____________________________
Observations: (e.g. soil conditions, condition of external wrap, mechanical damage, deposits on
outside or inside of line, etc.
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3/15/00 69
Summary of Pipeline Inspection and Repair Methods
Applicability
Recommended Applicability Applicability
for
Inspection for for Produced Purpose
Gathering
Methods Flowlines Water Lines
Lines
Electromagnetic Yes. Perform Not suitable Not suitable for Determine the extent and severity of internal and external
Inspections (EMI) on selected for cement cement lined corrosion on the body wall of pipelines
failed or high lined pipelines pipelines
risk pipelines
Coating Survey Yes Yes Yes Locate potential areas of external coating damage on pipelines
Video Inspection Yes for visual Yes Yes To evaluate the condition of cement and plastic internal
verification of coatings and locate and visually verify extent of internal defect
defects and
line condition
Preventative Yes Yes Yes Test pipelines to 1.25 time MOP with fresh water to identify
Pressure Testing and repair weak spots so as to minimize operational failures
and spillages
River Crossing Yes Yes Yes Collect site data to facilitate risk evaluation of crossings and
Survey plan follow-up inspection and re-medial work
Gas Leak Survey Yes Yes Yes - line has to Suitable for locating small failures and for use on sweet and
be displaced to a low pressure systems. Will detect and locate very low levels of
combustible gas combustible gas
Tec Scent - patented Yes Yes Yes Extremely sensitive for locating very small leaks
odorant
Fiberglass Repair Yes. Yes. Yes. Especially Prevent further external corrosion and restore pressure
Pads Especially on Especially on on risers or integrity of isolated corroded pipe sections. Suitable for
risers or shrink risers or shrink shrink sleeve isolated areas of external corrosion at locations such as risers
sleeve sleeve locations and joints. Maximum temperature: 93ûC
locations locations
Fiberglass Liner Yes - for lines Suitable for Not suitable Install inside the corroded steel pipe. A less expensive option
in oil or water pipelines compared to constructing new steel pipelines. Maximum
service without temperature: 98ûC
cement liner
High Density Not suitable Not suitable Suitable for bare Install inside steel line to prevent further internal corrosion.
Polyethylene Liner due to due to lines. Needs to be Not suitable for pipelines carrying hydrocarbon gases or
(HDPE) presence of presence of evaluated for aromatics. Maximum temperature: 60ûC
hydrocarbon hydrocarbon cement coated
gases gases lines
Nylon Liner Yes Yes Yes Good alternative to HDPE. Not affected by hydrocarbon gases
or aromatics. Higher cost, has proven serviceable in sour gas
applications
Replaced with New Yes Yes Yes Only if other less expensive options are not available
Steel Pipe
Replaced with New Yes Yes Yes Good option for replacement lines in corrosive service - not
Free Standing approved for sour service - pressure and temperature
Fiberglass Line restrictions
3/15/00 70
6.0 Management of Change:
Major Concerns
1. No pipeline shall transport a substance other than the one authorized (P/L Act: A - 23).
2. Operational changes such as pressure, temperature, volume, product, velocity, dry to

wet, sweet to sour, etc. must be reviewed by operations, engineering and corrosion
personnel (SHEMS Element 12).
Site specific procedures and approval requirements are needed for: resumption of
operation, change of substance and change of Maximum Operating Pressure (MOP).
3/15/00 71
7.0 Suspension and Abandonment:
Major Concerns
1. Licensee shall not suspend normal operation or discontinue operation of a pipeline

without written consent of the AEUB (P/L Act: A - 32). Suspension Guidelines are
attached to this section.
2. Abandonment procedures & requirements (P/L Act: A - 32).
3. Site specific procedures and approval requirements are needed for:
- discontinuing operation of a pipeline.
- abandoning a pipeline.
Pipeline Suspension Guidelines
Time Duration Level I Level II Level III Level IV

Sour Gas System:
Piggable 24 hours to 30 days. Greater than 30 days - After 6 months - N/A

Pig and batch treat with pig and batch treat with formally suspend P/L
corrosion inhibitor. *1 methanol/corrosion by completing
inhibitor using sweet application to
fuel gas, inert gas or discontinue operation
dry compressed air. to the AEUB.
Isolate and tag line. *1
& *2
Non-piggable 24 hours to 3 days. 3 days to 30 days. Greater than 30 days After 6 months -
Double injection rate Lower pressure and but less than 6 months - formally suspend P/L
for 24 hours prior to sweep line with sweet install temp pigging by completing
shut in and lower P/L fuel gas and inhibited facilities and dry P/L. application to
pressure to reduce methanol slug. *1 Isolate and tag. *2 discontinue operation
partial pressure. to the AEUB.
Other Pipelines:
Piggable Less than 90 days - do Greater than 90 days - After 6 months - N/A
nothing. batch inhibit P/L to formally suspend P/L
remove all corrosive by completing
fluids using sweet dry application to
gas, inert gas or dry discontinue operation
compressed air. Isolate to the AEUB.
and tag line. *1 & *2
Non-piggable If less than 90 days and Greater than 90 days - After 6 months -
P/L is on continuous install temp. pigging formally suspend P/L
inhibitor program - facilities and pig using by completing
double inj. rate prior to inhibited methanol slug application to
shut in. If no inhibition and sweet fuel gas, discontinue operation
program - do nothing. inert gas or dry to the AEUB.
compressed air to
remove corrosive
fluids. Isolate and tag.
*1 & *2
*1 Inhibition and lay-up procedures need to be developed on a line specific basis between
operations and BU corrosion personnel. AEUB review and approval of procedure is
required for long term suspension of P/Ls.
*2 Tags to indicate date, how P/L was suspended, contents and pressure left in line.
3/15/00 73
Pipeline Suspension Guidelines
Time Duration Level I Level II Level III Level IV

Sour Gas System:
Piggable 24 hours to 30 days. Greater than 30 days - After 6 months - N/A

Pig and batch treat with pig and batch treat with formally suspend P/L
corrosion inhibitor. *1 methanol/corrosion by completing
inhibitor using sweet application to
fuel gas, inert gas or discontinue operation
dry compressed air. to the AEUB.
Isolate and tag line. *1
& *2
Non-piggable 24 hours to 3 days. 3 days to 30 days. Greater than 30 days After 6 months -
Double injection rate Lower pressure and but less than 6 months - formally suspend P/L
for 24 hours prior to sweep line with sweet install temp pigging by completing
shut in and lower P/L fuel gas and inhibited facilities and dry P/L. application to
pressure to reduce methanol slug. *1 Isolate and tag. *2 discontinue operation
partial pressure. to the AEUB.
Other Pipelines:
Piggable Less than 90 days - do Greater than 90 days - After 6 months - N/A
nothing. batch inhibit P/L to formally suspend P/L
remove all corrosive by completing
fluids using sweet dry application to
gas, inert gas or dry discontinue operation
compressed air. Isolate to the AEUB.
and tag line. *1 & *2
Non-piggable If less than 90 days and Greater than 90 days - After 6 months -
P/L is on continuous install temp. pigging formally suspend P/L
inhibitor program - facilities and pig using by completing
double inj. rate prior to inhibited methanol slug application to
shut in. If no inhibition and sweet fuel gas, discontinue operation
program - do nothing. inert gas or dry to the AEUB.
compressed air to
remove corrosive
fluids. Isolate and tag.
*1 & *2
*1 Inhibition and lay-up procedures need to be developed on a line specific basis between
operations and BU corrosion personnel. AEUB review and approval of procedure is
required for long term suspension of P/Ls.
*2 Tags to indicate date, how P/L was suspended, contents and pressure left in line.
3/15/00 74
Appendix I
Guideline for Installation of Cathodic Protection Insulating Gaskets
3/15/00 75
Scope
The following guideline shall be followed on all Engineering and Construction Projects to ensure
that cathodic protection insulating gaskets are suitable for use in Amoco Canada and have been
installed as per the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Acceptable Manufacturers
There are several manufacturers of insulating gaskets who produce products that are acceptable to
Amoco Canada. To ensure consistency in construction projects, and to reduce hazards associated
with incorrect installation, the Engineering & Construction Safety Committee have selected an
insulating gasket manufactured by Pipeline Seal and Insulator Inc. The preferred gasket is
referred to as a “Linebacker G-10/viton seal, type F”.
This gasket was selected as an alternative to the commonly used phenolic/flat faced neoprene
gaskets due to its higher compression strength. The Linebacker gasket has compression strength
of 350 Mpa and will be less susceptible to damage due to incorrect installation. This insulating
gasket can be used on installations with a maximum operating temperature of 120×C and is
suitable for use on flat, raised face, ring joint or any combination of these flange types.
Installation Kit
Each installation kit will include a Linebacker Pyrox G-10 insulating gasket with a viton 0-ring,
one Pyrox G-10 insulating washer for each bolt, two zinc plated washers for each bolt and one full
length mylar sleeve for each bolt. In addition to the physical components, when specified for use
on an Amoco site, each package shall also include a Flange Make-up Procedure and suggested
bolt torque and pattern.
Installation Procedures
An incorrectly installed or damaged insulating gasket may result in the failure to electrically
insulate facilities, and / or leak at the flange connection. To avoid the problems associated with
incorrect installation, the manufacturer’s installation procedures, including recommended bolt
torque, must be followed. The Contractor’s Supervisor shall be responsible to ensure that all
workers understand the manufacturer’s installation procedures and that they are followed.
Flange Make up Procedure

1. Inspect flange faces and make sure they are clean and free of pits, gouges, debris, oil,
grease, etc. Check flanges and bolt holes for burrs.
2. Check nuts and bolts to make sure threads are not damaged. Apply non-conductive
lubricant to all threads and flange side of nuts. Many lubricants are slightly conductive
and if small amounts are used there should not be a problem. A check to confirm lack of
electrical continuity will confirm correct installation.
3. Align flanges so that they are concentric and parallel and carefully install the gasket. DO
NOT use lubricant on the gasket or flange face.
4. Line up boltholes with three drift pins, spaced at 120° separation.
3/15/00 76
5. Insert mylar bolt sleeves. No force should be required to insert. Follow-up with studs,
nuts and washers, placing the lubricated face of the nut next to the steel washer. The
insulating washer should be placed on the unprotected side of the assembly between the
flange and steel washer.
6. Tighten bolts until flange to gasket contact has been made.
7. Check that there is no gap or separation between gasket and flanges. A flashlight, caliper,
or feeler gauge will be necessary to do this check. If there is a gap, the flanges are not
parallel and corrective action is required. Loosen nut, even if only finger tight, 180°
opposite the widest part of gap. Return to segment with gap and tighten until both flanges
are in contact with gasket retainer. Failure to follow this procedure will cause
exceptionally high flange to gasket loading with possible damage to the gasket retainer.
8. Retighten loosened nuts and proceed with torque of bolts to 10%-15% of suggested
torque value. Bolts should be tightened in accordance with tightening sequence
instructions found in each package. Tighten bolts in pairs, 180° opposite each other. As
an example, using clock positions to illustrate, snug the bolt at 11 o’clock and then at 4
o’clock. Skip the adjacent bolt to the last one tightened and proceed in a clockwise
direction tightening sequential bolts pairs. (i.e. 6-12, 2-8, 10-5, 7-1, 3-9) When torquing
bolts, only tighten the nut without the insulating washer, otherwise there is a tendency for
the bolt to shift causing the threads to cut into the mylar sleeve and short the kit.
9. Repeat torque sequence increasing to 50% of torque value.
10. Repeat tightening using final torque value.
11. On completion go completely around the flange to check for proper bolt torque.
12. All tightening must be done using a torque wrench. Improper torque values can
damage gaskets.
13. The following are the recommended torque values for the most commonly used pressure
ratings and sizes. Where necessary, additional technical information may be obtained
from the distributor Martech Marketing. (403-640-7797 or 780-454-2006).
Recommended Bolt Torque for Linebacker Insulating Gasket

Pressure / Quantity of Minimum Torque Suggested Maximum
Size Bolts (ft. lbs.) Torque (ft. lbs.) Torque (ft. lbs.)
Class #300
NPS2 8 10 110 480
NPS3 8 15 150 1000
NPS4 8 30 180 1450
NPS6 12 40 170 1600
NPS8 12 80 265 2600
NPS10 16 110 320 2760
NPS12 16 185 450 4000
Class #600
NPS2 8 20 110 480
NPS3 8 25 150 1000
NPS4 8 75 225 1700
NPS6 12 110 325 2140
NPS8 12 210 450 3360
NPS10 16 275 650 3450
NPS12 20 335 675 3560
April 26, 1999
3/15/00 78
Appendix II
Pipeline Coating Guidelines
3/15/00 79
Purpose
The following guidelines shall be followed on all Canadian Gas Business Unit projects to ensure
that shop and field applied coatings are suitable for their intended service. Amoco has
experienced significant problems with field applied coatings so special attention shall be taken to
strictly adhere to both this guideline and the coating manufacturer’s instructions for
installation. Where instructions supplied with the field coating material appear to be in conflict
with normal field installation practices, the Amoco Representative shall contact the supplier and
clarify requirements.
Responsibilities
The Project Engineer shall provide the Purchaser with project requirements and anticipated
maximum operating temperature during the life of the system to ensure that the correct material is
ordered. The Purchaser shall be responsible for ordering pipe with suitable coating, the correct
number and type of sleeves, and sufficient repair materials to correct any holidays in the coating
that occur during construction.
The Construction Contractor shall be responsible for receiving all materials on site. The
Construction Contractor shall verify that the number and type of sleeves is correct and any
discrepancies in quantity or quality shall be reported to the on-site Amoco Representative. If the
quality of the sleeve is in question or the type of material does not comply with the project
requirements, the Amoco Representative shall report the discrepancy to the Project Engineer and
shall not allow the Contractor to substitute coating materials without engineering approval.
Materials
Shaw/Canusa supplies the materials in the attached table, which are commonly used by Amoco
Canada. There are other materials supplied by both Shaw and other manufacturers that are
acceptable for the applications below; however because of their limited use in Amoco Canada,
alternative materials are not identified in the table.
Industry’s experience with field applied tape coatings has been poor. Failure of the tape allows the
ingress of water to the bare pipe, the disbonded tape acts as a barrier to the cathodic protection
current, and failure of the pipe through external corrosion is inevitable. Because of the dangers to
the environment and costs associated with clean up and pipeline rehabilitation, hand applied cold
tape shall not be used for either shop or field coatings. Heat-shrink tape may be used for the
inner coating of joints on insulated lines and for coating of curved sections in non insulated lines
where sleeves cannot be properly applied. Special attention shall be paid by both the contractor
and the Amoco representative to ensure that heat shrink tape is applied following the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
Due to the numerous factors that must be considered when specifying coatings for water and road
crossings, directional drill requirements shall be project specific and shall be determined by the
Project Engineer. In choosing the type of coating and sleeves, the Project Engineer shall consider
location, maximum operating temperature, type of fluid service, length of direction drill, potential
risks associated with failure, etc. Thrust bore kits (TBKs) may be necessary for sleeving of joints
for directional drills. TBKs would normally be considered if additional precautions, such as two
coats of polyethylene, have been applied to the directional drill section. Where TBKs are
supplied, special care must be taken to ensure that they are ordered to meet the operating
condition requirements and that the contractor is specifically trained in their application. If the
direction drill section is epoxy coated, the joints should also be protected using epoxy coatings.
Where rock shield is required, special care must be taken that any supplied material will allow the
cathodic protection current to get to the pipe. There are materials on the market, including some
types of foam protectors, which act as a barrier to the current and prevents the cathodic protection
current from doing its job. Before ordering any rock shield materials, review the product
specifications and confirm that the material will not interfere with cathodic protection current.
Where coating systems other than those identified may be required to meet project requirements
or where acceptable materials are not available, the Project Engineer in consultation with the team
leader of the Corrosion Group, shall select acceptable coating and sleeving materials.
Training
The correct application of sleeves and repair of coating holidays is one of the most critical
components to the integrity of the coating and the long-term serviceability of the pipeline. To
minimize the risks associated with improperly applied field coatings; all persons who install
coatings must be properly trained and qualified. The Construction Contractor shall ensure that the
sleeve manufacturer has trained all applicators for each type of coating or sleeve they are required
to apply. A valid performance card, issued within one year by the sleeve manufacturer to the
coating applicator, must be available on site. The Amoco Representative shall be responsible to
ensure that the Construction Contractor has documented installation procedures readily available
to installation crews and shall review all applicator’s qualifications and shall only permit those
properly trained with valid performance cards to install field coatings and sleeves.
Inspection
The Construction Contractor shall carry out holiday detection of both the shop coating and
applied sleeves using an electronic holiday detector. The voltage of the inspection instrument
shall be set within the range recommended by the supplier of the coating. Pinholes in the coating
(1.0 mm and smaller) on non-insulated pipe do not require repair as the cathodic protection is
designed to protect these small areas. Larger holidays shall be repaired using the supplied repair
materials and following the manufacturer’s installation procedures. All holidays in the both the
inner and external coatings on insulated pipe shall be repaired using the acceptable repair
materials.
The Amoco Representative shall carry out random inspections of sleeve installations and repair of
holidays on a daily basis. As a minimum, one sleeve for each installer shall be subjected to a peel
test to ensure that the mastic under the sleeve has properly flowed and sufficient adhesion is
obtained. The peel test shall be performed by cutting a strip in the sleeve measuring
approximately 25mm wide by 150mm long. The strip shall be peeled back and examined. When
sleeves have been correctly applied, the mastic shall adhere to the substrate. Depending on
temperature conditions, some mastic may be present on the peeled back strip, however that is also
acceptable. When the peel test shows the mastic not adhering to the substrate, or voids in the
mastic on the substrate are observed, it can be assumed that the sleeves are not installed correctly.
Where the results of the peel test are unsatisfactory or the installation procedure is found to be
incorrect, all sleeves or repairs carried out on that day by the installer in question shall be removed
and new sleeves or repairs applied using the correct procedure.
Revision 0
New Construction on Lines with Yellow Jacket as Mainline Coating
OPERATING COATING PIPE CANUSA SLEEVE REQUIRED REQUIRED SURFACE PREP.
TEMP (C) TYPE DIA PREHEAT ON STEEL ON COATING COMMENTS Repair Materials
<50C YJ <12" Tube type: PLA or 60C pwr wire brush must abrade fastest to apply, best patch kit c/w mastic for repairs
sleeve for 2" - 6", smaller than 75mmx 75mm. KTS
sleeves for larger areas
Wrap type: KTS 65C pwr wire brush must abrade general purpose sleeve, same as above
widely used 2" -12"
>12" Wrap type: KLS 65C pwr wire brush must abrade general purpose sleeve, same as above
over 12"
<85C YJ II 2"-16" Wrap Type: KLNN 90C pwr wire brush must abrade general purpose KLNN sleeves- no repair
materials available to handle
higher operating temperature
New Construction on Lines with Insulation

TEMP (C) TYPE DIA PREHEAT ON STEEL ON COATING COMMENTS
INNER WRAP ON STEEL
<85C Primer/Tape 2"-16" Wrap Type: KTON or 75C pwr wire brush not applicable good product for inners, KTON sleeves or shrink tape -
shrink tape HCO
OUTER WRAP ON COATING
N/A YJ 3"-12" Wrap Type: KTS 65C pwr wire brush must abrade operating temp on KTS sleeve or patch kit c/w
insulate is low, KTS is mastic for small repairs
good reliable sleeve
13"-16" Wrap Type: KLS 65C pwr wire brush must abrade operating temp on KLS sleeve or patch kit c/w for
insulate is low, KLS is small repairs
good reliable sleeve
Rehabilitation of Lines with Yellow Jacket as Mainline Coating

TEMP (C) TYPE DIA PREHEAT ON STEEL ON COATING COMMENTS
LIVE LINES
<60C YJ 2"-16" Wrap Type:KLR minimal minimal, hand use 'G' primer when op. KLR sleeves & primer when
wire brush both Temp is <10C necessary
OUT-OF-SERVICE LINES same as requirements for new construction

Note: The pipeline operating temperature is the most important selection criterion. Some products shown have lower temperature ratings than the mainline coating.
Note: The required preheat and required surface preparation are essential for proper installation.
Note: Canusa specs show KTON is shown suitable for 65C operating temperature for new construction.It can be used as an inner sleeve under insulate at 85C as the
lack of soil stress allows the temperature rating to increase.
Pipeline Design, Operations and Maintenance Procedures Manual Page 83 of 87

Appendix III
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Investigation Policy & Form

BP AMOCO CANADA GAS BUSINESS UNIT
STRESS CORROSION CRACKING (SCC) INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE
SCC has been identified as an issue affecting the integrity of pipelines in recent years. Due to
failures on National Energy Board regulated pipelines and a report they issued on SCC, the
Alberta Energy Utilities Board has requested that individual producers establish mitigation and
monitoring measures for SCC. We are required to maintain documentation of all SCC
investigations and report these to Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) for entry
into their data base. The purpose of these field investigations is to determine the extent of SCC on
Pipelines under the EUB’s jurisdiction.
SCC investigations are required if the system has a history of SCC or if the following conditions
exist:
• external coating is polyethylene tape, asphalt, coal tar or disbonded coatings such as yellow
jacket
• the operating hoop stress is greater than 45% of Specified Minimum Yield Stress of the pipe
• age of the pipeline
• potent environment at the pipe surface (this involves soil conditions and cathodic protection
levels)
The following procedure is to be used for the investigation of SCC for all pipelines in the Gas BU.
Investigation procedure:
Note: This procedure is limited to visual inspection for coating disbondment and wet magnet
particle testing (WMPT) to locate SCC.
1. Every time a pipeline is exposed for tie-ins, repairs, crossings, inspection and / or logging
the pipeline shall be inspected for coating disbondment (pay particular attention to tape
repairs and tape at joints).
2. Where disbondment is observed, the disbonded coating shall be removed back to sound
coating.
3. The entire section that has been exposed is to be cleaned by washing, light buffing, water
or sand blasting. Care must be taken to coordinate the cleaning and inspection procedures
so as to ensure that the clean pipe surface does not deteriorate prior to the SCC
inspections.
4. Inspect the exposed area using a wet magnetic particle inspection technique. If SCC is
found, perform an engineering assessment on extent of damage using ultrasonics to
define extent of damage as required. Repair by grinding out the defect if damage is within
corrosion allowance or replace affected section as required.
5. Repair coating using most recent joint / coating repair procedure.
6. Fill out attached SCC Inspection Form and submit necessary documentation to Corrosion
Engineering for all SCC investigations whether damage is found or not.
BP Amoco Canada Petroleum Company Ltd. - Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
Inspection Form
This form is to be completed and forwarded to Corrosion Engineering for every pipeline
excavation site that has been checked for SCC.
Date: Pipeline License Number:

LSD: From: To:
Line Size: Wall Thickness:
Service: Operating Pressure:
Type of Coating: Location of Disbondment:
Coating Disbonded? ❐ Yes ❐ Joint
❐ No ❐ Body of Pipe
❐ Coating Repair in Body of Pipe
Pipeline Age: ❐ Less Than 20 Years

❐ Greater Than 20 Years
SCC Found? ❐ Yes Type of Inspection:
❐ No
If SCC found: Ultrasonic Test? ❐ Yes
❐ No
Corrosion Allowance Exceeded?❐ Yes Amount exceeded:
❐ No
Repairs Required? ❐ Yes
❐ No
Type of repair performed:
Type of wrapping used for recoating:
Please show the approximate position of the SCC found:
Indicate the location of the ERW seam
top top
bottom bottom
Inspection performed by (print): Signature:

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Pipeline Design, Operations, and Maintenance Procedure Manual

1.0 Design Considerations: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

6.0 Management of Change: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

1.0 Design Considerations:

1.2.1) Alberta Pipeline Act and National Energy Board Act

1.2.2) Regulatory Requirements

1.2.3) Design/Construction Codes

1.2.4) Amoco Engineering Specifications

1.7.3) Pipelines will be designed to maintain sufficient velocity to prevent slug or

Table 1: Codes & Standards for Pipeline Construction

Other Stakeholders' • Department of Highway for road crossings

Corrosion/Materials • Canadian Gas Association - OCC 1 - External Corrosion Control

Specifications: • Amoco Canada specifications for onshore pipeline construction

Figure 1: Codes and Regulations Governing Design of Oil Systems

Figure 2: Codes and Regulations Governing Design of Gas Systems

Attachment I: Riser Design for Inspection Tool Compatibility:

Pipeline Inspection Tools - Capabilities and Bend Requirements:

Pipeline & Wall thickness Minimum Minimum internal Tool

4.5" .125" -.237" 9D in.237" 3.90" 87.91" 1.

6.625" .125" -.250" 5D in.500" 5.38" 87.91" 1.

8.625" .125" -.625" 5D in.625" 7.1" 100.03" 1.

10.75" .188" -.500" 5D in.500" 9.75" 105" 1.

12.75" .188" -.500" 5D in.625" 11.50" 117" 1.

14" .188" -.500" 5D in.625" 12.60" 118" 1.

16" .188" -.500" 5D in.500" 15.0" 125" 1.

1. Based on Tuboscope / Vetco high resolution tools

Figure 3: Riser Design for Inspection Tool Compatibility

2.0 Material Options:

Table 2: Materials Options for Pipeline Construction

Material Type Advantages Disadvantages Applications Cost Ratio

Stand alone fiberglass • prevents corrosion • material not as insufficient data

3.0 Corrosion Control:

3.2) External Corrosion Control of Buried or Submerged Pipeline Systems:

Note: Canadian Gas Association (CGA) Recommended Practice OCC-1 is recommended

Note: Consideration should be given to lightning and fault current protection at

Piping shall be so installed that it is not in electrical contact with metallic

Provision shall be made to prevent harmful galvanic action between dissimilar

Note: Consideration should be given to installing insulating couplings or

3.2.7) Electrical Interference - Alternating Current and Lightning: The effects of

3.2.8) Protective Coatings - Properties, Application, and Inspection:

(b) have sufficient adhesion to effectively resist underfilm migration of

(c) be sufficiently ductile to resist cracking

(d) have sufficient strength and adhesion, or otherwise be protected, to

(e) be compatible with cathodic protection

(f) resist degradation of the coating properties throughout the range of

II. Application: The operating Company's procedures or specifications shall

III. Inspection: Coatings shall be inspected immediately before, during, or after

See attached “Appendix II”.

3.2.9) Corrosion Control Test Stations:

- Test stations for electrical measurements shall be provided at intervals

- It shall be permissible to use the thermit welding process to attach copper

- The charge used in thermit welding shall be a specially designed, low-

- Where applicable, test lead wires shall be identified or colour coded.

Note: Criteria are given in Appendix B of CGA Recommended Practice OCC-1.

3.2.11) Operation and Maintenance of Cathodic Protection Systems:

- General - This Section covers requirements for operating and maintaining

- Corrosion Control Monitoring:

- At regular intervals, operating Companies shall verify the satisfactory

- Operating Companies shall establish by surveys that their cathodically

- The intended frequency and content of cathodic protection surveys and

(a) proper operation of impressed current systems

(b) proper operation of sacrificial anode systems

(c) operation of devices such as reverse current switches, diodes, and