CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DESIGN PRINCIPLE

3. CIRCUIT DESCRIPITION

a) Power Supply

b) Mains Failure Detector

c) NOT Gate

d) Monostable Multivibrator

e) Fuse Failure Detector

f) LED Indicator

g) Buzzer driver

h) Relay

i) Relay driver

4. FUTURE EXPANSION

5. CONCLUSION
1. INTRODUCTION:
The Automatic main failure alarm cum fuse detector is an application very much useful

in Industry and general life. In this power crisis world it is very much common to avail

alternate power source for important applications. The main failure indicator indicates

the failure of mains and alarms to avail the alternate power. This type of system is very

much useful for starting up the power backup systems such as Power generators,

Inverter etc. The mains failure detector detects the absence of mains and the absence

of mains may be due to failure of power supply from GRID substation or due to blowout

of fuse at the consumer end. The system designed here has a capability to distinguish

the difference between mains failure and fuse blow out. This is a useful project in

industrial point of view, as this can be used in the industry in addition to the equipments

to detect the fuse failure and mains failure so that alternate source or remedial factors

may be taken.

This project is designed with simple analog and digital ICs. The entire circuit is operated

from a 9V alternate source of power and optically isolated to maintain the safety.
2. DESIGN PRINCIPLE:
When ever AC mains supply fails, this circuit alerts you by sounding an alarm. It also
provides a backup light to help you find your way to the torch or the generator key in the
dark.

Initially, in standby state, the mains LEDs are ON and back-up LED is OFF and the
buzzer does not sound. The 230V AC mains is directly fed to mains-voltage detection
optocoupler IC MCT2E (IC1) via resistors R1 bridge rectifier BR1 and capacitor C1.
Illumination of the LED inside optocoupler IC1 activates its internal phototransistor and
thus the output remains in LOW condition and that does not trigger input of IC NE555
pin 2 (through a NOT gate) thus the output is pulled LOW.

When mains goes off, the IC MCT2E (IC1) remains in OFF state thus the output goes to
HIGH state and thus trigger input of IC NE555 (IC2) pin 2 (through a NOT gate) thus the
output is pulled HIGH. For a short duration determined by components C1, R1. Output
pin 3 of IC2 goes high to forward bias buzzer and relay driver transistor T1 & T2 via
base resistor. Relay RL1 energises to activate the additional battery back-up and piezo
buzzer alerts by sounding an alarm. Simultaneously, output IC MCT2E (IC1) goes low
and npn transistor T2 gets forward biased to light up the white LED (LED1). Light
provided by this back-up LED is sufficient to search the torch or generator key.
3. CIRCUIT DESCRIPITION:

a) Power Supply:

Here in this sub section its aspect is to generate a regulated 5V DC source. Here a 9VDC
battery as a power source is used for relay driver and sub section circuits and a Voltage
IC regulator (7805) is used to drive the EX-OR gate, signal conditioning, and LED
indicators for that a 5Vdc is required.
Description (78XX regulator)
The L78xx series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO-220, TO-
220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making it
useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-card
regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation.
Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection,
making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver
over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and
currents.
Features
■ Output current to 1.5 A
■ Output voltages of 5; 6; 8; 8.5; 9; 12; 15; 18; 24 V
■ Thermal overload protection
■ Short circuit protection
■ Output transition SOA protection
 Here we need a fixed voltage, that’s for we are using IC regulators

(7805).”Voltage regulation is a circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless of

changes in load current.” This IC’s are designed as fixed voltage regulators and with

adequate heat sinking can deliver output current in excess of 1A.

But manufacture had specified some limitation to the voltage IC regulator.

Vmax to 78xx = 35Vdc

As input voltage

Vmin to 78xx = 78xx + 2V

For operating

The o/p of the 9VDC battery is given as input to the IC regulator through capacitor

with respect to GND and thus a fixed o/p is obtained. The o/p of the IC regulator (7805)

is given to the LED for indication purpose through resistor. Due to the forward bias of

the LED, the LED glows ON state, and the o/p are obtained from the pin no-3 and thus

is further fed to the corresponding circuit as a Vcc with respect to GND.

7805
1 3
V IN VO U T
G N D

1K

9V dc
+5Vdc
LED
2

POWER SUPPLY
b) Mains Failure Detector:

In this sub section its aspect is to detect the Presence or absence of the mains / mains
failure. This sub section is constituted of two sub sections:
1) Bridge rectifier
2) Opto-isolator
As shown in the below ckt diagram the AC mains is given as input to the rectifier
through a toggle switch SW which is configured as a Bridge rectifier in which it
converted to AC to DC. Further that output signal is fed to the opto-isolator which
isolates the signal from input to output (high voltage to a low voltage). Finally that output
signal is fed to the NOT gate as a input signal.
Circuit operation:

At normal condition, the switch SW is in ON condition means the AC mains is present

thus making the bridge rectifier is in ON condition (converted AC to DC). That
unregulated dc output is fed to the Opto-isolator as a input signal through a current
limiting resistance 10kΩ/10W with a filter 100µF. The Opto-isolator constitute of one
LED and matching photo transistor fabricated on that chip (MCT2E).
Whenever the mains is present the Opto-isolator is in ON condition through bridge
rectifier, the bridge rectifier gives sufficient current through current limiting resistor to
illuminates the internal LED inside optocoupler and thus it activates its internal
phototransistor to ON condition and thus the final output remains in LOW condition.

Whenever the mains failure occurs the Opto-isolator is in OFF condition through bridge
rectifier, the bridge rectifier cannot produce current through current limiting resistor to
illuminates the internal LED inside optocoupler thus the internal LED of Opto-coupler is
in OFF condition and thus it de-activates its internal phototransistor to OFF condition
and thus the final output remains in HIGH condition.
Finally that output signal is fed to the Monostable Multivibrator through a NOT gate,
relay driver and LED indicators.
 SW
V cc=+9V

- + 1 0 K /1 0 W
230VAC
50Hz 10k

1N4007 x 4
1
5

1 0 0 u F /5 0 V
TO NOT GATE
2 4

M C T2E

MAINS FAILURE DETECTOR

c) NOT Gate:

In this sub section its aspect is to invert the input signal from the mains failure circuit
(Opto-isolator) to the mono-stable multivibrator, because the input to the mono-shot
(NE555) is negative edge trigger. Here in this section a transistor is taken as element
which is configured as a switch or inverter.

INTRODUCTION:
The Transistor as a Switch
When used as an AC signal amplifier, the transistors Base biasing voltage is
applied so that it always operates within its "active" region that is the linear part of the
output characteristics curves are used. However, both the NPN & PNP type bipolar
transistors can be made to operate as an "ON/OFF" type solid state switch by biasing its
Base differently to that of an amplifier. Solid state switches are one of the main
applications of transistors. Transistor switches are used for controlling high power
devices such as motors, solenoids or lamps, but they can also used in digital electronics
and logic gate circuits.

If the circuit uses the Bipolar Transistor as a Switch, then the biasing of the transistor,
either NPN or PNP is arranged to operate at the sides of the V-I characteristics curves
we have seen previously. The areas of operation for a transistor switch are known as
the Saturation Region and the Cut-off Region. This means then that we can ignore
the operating Q-point biasing and voltage divider circuitry required for amplification, and
use the transistor as a switch by driving it back and forth between "fully-OFF" (cut-off
region) and "fully-ON" (saturation region) as shown below.

Operating Regions

The pink shaded area at the bottom of the curves represents the "Cut-off" region while
the blue area to the left represents the "Saturation" region of the transistor. Both these
transistor regions are defined as:
1. Cut-off Region

Here the operating conditions of the transistor are zero input base current ( I B ), zero
output collector current ( IC ) and maximum collector voltage ( V CE ) which results in a
large depletion layer and no current flowing through the device. Therefore the transistor
is switched "Fully-OFF".

Cut-off Characteristics

 The input and Base are grounded (0v)

 Base-Emitter voltage VBE < 0.7V
 Base-Emitter junction is reverse biased

 Base-Collector junction is reverse biased

 Transistor is "fully-OFF" (Cut-off region)
 No Collector current flows ( IC = 0 )
 VOUT = VCE = VCC = "1"

Transistor operates as an "open switch"

Then we can define the "cut-off region" or "OFF mode" of a bipolar transistor switch as
being, both junctions reverse biased, IB < 0.7V and IC = 0.

2. Saturation Region

Here the transistor will be biased so that the maximum amount of base current is
applied, resulting in maximum collector current resulting in the minimum collector
emitter voltage drop which results in the depletion layer being as small as possible and
maximum current flowing through the transistor. Therefore the transistor is switched
"Fully-ON".

Saturation Characteristics

 The input and Base are connected to VCC

 Base-Emitter voltage VBE > 0.7V
 Base-Emitter junction is forward biased
 Base-Collector junction is forward biased
 Transistor is "fully-ON" (saturation region)
 Max Collector current flows (IC = Vcc/RL)
 VCE = 0 (ideal saturation)
 VOUT = VCE = "0"

Transistor operates as a "closed switch"

Then we can define the "saturation region" or "ON mode" of a bipolar transistor switch
as being, both junctions forward biased, I B > 0.7V and IC = Maximum. For a PNP
transistor, the Emitter potential must be positive with respect to the Base.

Then the transistor operates as a "single-pole single-throw" (SPST) solid state switch.
With a zero signal applied to the Base of the transistor it turns "OFF" acting like an open
switch and zero collector current flows. With a positive signal applied to the Base of the
transistor it turns "ON" acting like a closed switch and maximum circuit current flows
through the device.
The network of figure-01 (a) can be employed as an inverter in computer logic circuitry.
Note that the output voltage Vc is opposite to the applied to the base or input terminal.
In addition note the absence of dc supply connected to the base circuit. The only dc
source is connected to the collector or output side, and for computer applications is
typically equal to the magnitude of the “high” side of the applied signal – in this case 5V.
V cc = +5V
Vi Vc
Rc
5v 5v
O UT
0v Rb Q 1 0v
t IN t
BC547

IC (mA)
(a)

IB = 80µA
IC sat = 6mA
IB = 60µA
IB = 40µA
IB = 20µA
IB = 10µA
IB = 0µA
VCE
Vcc = 5V
OPERATION: (b)
Proper design for the inversion process requires that the
operating points switch from cut-off to saturation along the load line depicted in above
figure (b). For our purposes we will assume that I C = ICEO = 0mA, when IB = 0µA (an
excellent approximation in light of improving construction techniques), as shown in
above figure (b). In addition, we will assume that V CE = VCE sat = 0V.

When Vi = 5v, the transistor will be “ON” and design must insured that the network is
heavily saturated by a level of I B greater than that associated if the I B curve appearing
near the saturation level. In the above figure (b), this requires that I B > 50µA.
The saturation level for the collector current for the circuit is defined by,
IC = VCC / RC
The level of IB in the active region just before saturation results can be approximated by
the following equation,
IB max ≈ IC sat / βdc
For the saturation level we must therefore insure that the following condition is satisfied:
IB max >IC sat / βdc
For the network of the above figure (b), when Vi = 5v the resulting level of I B is
IB = Vi – 0.7 / RB
= 5v – 0.7 / 1.5k
= 2866µA
IC sat = VCC / RC
= 5v / 10kΩ
= 0.5mA
Testing the above equation gives:
IB =2866µA > IC sat / βdc = 0.5mA / 300
Which is satisfied. Certainly any level of IB greater than 2866µA will pass through a Q-
point on the load line that is very close to the vertical axis.

Circuit operation:
In the standby state the output of the (mains failure circuit) Opto-isolator is LOW.
Thus that output is fed to the base of the transistor (NOT Gate), in this case the
transistor is in OFF state and thus no collector current flows which gives a high voltage
VCE =maximum at the output corresponding to Vcc.

Whenever the main failure occurs the output of the opto-isolator goes to HIGH thus
making the base voltage is HIGH the transistor comes to saturation condition i.e. the
emitter current flows to the collector which gives a low voltage at the output
corresponding to GND. The output is taken from the collector junction through a current
limiting resistance and the output signal is given to the mono-stable Multivibrator as a
input signal.
 V cc=+9V

10k
10k

1k
BC 547 TO
MONOSHOT
FROM MAINS
FAILURE

d) Monostable Multivibrator:

Here in this sub section its aspect is to activate the buzzer for a short duration of time
whenever the main failure occurs, for that a NE555 timer IC is being used. Here the
timer IC (NE555) is configured as a monostable multivibrator and is time period is
determined by potentiometer R and capacitor C.

Introduction:

A monostable multivibrator (MMV) often called a one-shot multivibrator, is a

pulse generator circuit in which the duration of the pulse is determined by the R-C
network,connected externally to the 555 timer. In such a vibrator, one state of output is
stable while the other is quasi-stable (unstable). For auto-triggering of output from
quasi-stable state to stable state energy is stored by an externally connected capacitor
C to a reference level. The time taken in storage determines the pulse width. The
transition of output from stable state to quasi-stable state is accomplished by external
triggering. The schematic of a 555 timer in monostable mode of operation is shown in
figure.
555-timer-monostable-multivibrator

Monostable Multivibrator Circuit details:

Pin 1 is grounded. Trigger input is applied to pin 2. In quiescent condition of output this
input is kept at + VCC. To obtain transition of output from stable state to quasi-stable
state, a negative-going pulse of narrow width (a width smaller than expected pulse width
of output waveform)  and  amplitude of greater than + 2/3 VCC is applied to pin 2. Output
is taken from pin 3. Pin 4 is usually connected to + V CC to avoid accidental reset. Pin 5 is
grounded through a 0.01 u F capacitor to avoid noise problem. Pin 6 (threshold) is
shorted to pin 7. A resistor RA is connected between pins 6 and 8. At pins 7 a discharge
capacitor is connected while pin 8 is connected to supply V CC.

555 IC Monostable Multivibrator Operation:

555 monostable-multivibrator-operation

For explaining the operation of timer 555 as a monostable multivibrator, necessary in-
ternal circuitry with external connections are shown in figure.

The operation of the circuit is explained below:

Initially, when the output at pin 3 is low i.e. the circuit is in a stable state, the transistor is
on and capacitor- C is shorted to ground. When a negative pulse is applied to pin 2, the
trigger input falls below +1/3 V CC, the output of comparator goes high which resets the
flip-flop and consequently the transistor turns off and the output at pin 3 goes high. This
is the transition of the output from stable to quasi-stable state, as shown in figure. As the
discharge transistor is cutoff, the capacitor C begins charging toward +V CC through
resistance RA with a time constant equal to R AC. When the increasing capacitor voltage
becomes slightly greater than +2/3 VCC, the output of comparator 1 goes high, which
sets the flip-flop. The transistor goes to saturation, thereby discharging the capacitor C
and the output of the timer goes low, as illustrated in figure.

Thus the output returns back to stable state from quasi-stable state.

The output of the Monostable Multivibrator remains low until a trigger pulse is again
applied. Then the cycle repeats. Trigger input, output voltage and capacitor voltage
waveforms are shown in figure.

Monostable Multivibrator Design Using 555 timer IC

The capacitor C has to charge through resistance R A. The larger the time constant R AC,
the longer it takes for the capacitor voltage to reach +2/3V CC.

In other words, the RC time constant controls the width of the output pulse. The time
during which the timer output remains high is given as

tp = 1.0986 RAC

where RA is in ohms and C is in farads. The above relation is derived as below. Voltage
across the capacitor at any instant during charging period is given as

vc = VCC (1- e-t/RAC)

Substituting vc = 2/3 VCC in above equation we get the time taken by the capacitor to
charge from 0 to +2/3VCC.

So +2/3VCC. = VCC. (1 – e-t/RAC)   or   t – RAC loge 3 = 1.0986 RAC

So pulse width, tP = 1.0986 RAC s 1.1 RAC

The pulse width of the circuit may range from micro-seconds to many seconds. Finally
that output signal is fed to the buzzer through a buzzer driver.
 V cc=+9V

1M

4
R ESET
VC C
10k
7
D IS C H A R G E
6
TH R ESH O LD 3
0 .1 u F O U TP U T
2 TO
T R IG G E R
FROM NOT BUZZER

C O N TR O L
GATE DRIVER

0 .1 u F

G N D
10uF
N E555

5
0 .0 1 u F

e) Fuse Failure Detector:

In this sub section its aspect is to detect the Presence or absence of the fuse failure.
This sub section is constituted of three sub sections:
1. Bridge rectifier
2. Opto-isolator
3. EX-OR gate

As shown in the below ckt diagram the AC mains is given as input to the rectifier
through fuse which is configured as a Bridge rectifier in which it converted to AC to DC.
Further that output signal is fed to the opto-isolator which isolates the signal from input
to output (high voltage to a low voltage). Finally that output signal is fed to the EX-OR
gate as a input signal.
Circuit operation:

At normal condition, during the fuse presence means the AC mains is present thus
making the bridge rectifier is in ON condition (converted AC to DC). That unregulated dc
output is fed to the Opto-isolator as a input signal through a current limiting resistance
10kΩ/10W with a filter 100µF. The Opto-isolator constitute of one LED and matching
photo transistor fabricated on that chip (MCT2E).
Whenever the mains fuse is present the Opto-isolator is in ON condition through bridge
rectifier, the bridge rectifier gives sufficient current through current limiting resistor to
illuminates the internal LED inside optocoupler and thus it activates its internal
phototransistor to ON condition and thus the final output remains in LOW condition.

Whenever the mains fuse failure occurs the Opto-isolator is in OFF condition through
bridge rectifier, the bridge rectifier cannot produce current through current limiting
resistor to illuminates the internal LED inside optocoupler thus the internal LED of Opto-
coupler is in OFF condition and thus it de-activates its internal phototransistor to OFF
condition and thus the final output remains in HIGH condition.
Here if the mains is present and the fuse is blow out, the EX-OR gate goes to HIGH
state thus making the fusing indicator in ON condition through LED indicator.

FUSE
V cc=+9V
V cc=+5V
- + 1 0 K /1 0 W
230VAC 470E RED
50Hz 10k L ED

1N4007 x 4 1 68k
1 3
5 2 7486 BC 547
1 0 0 u F /5 0 V

2 4

M C T2E

FROM MAINS FAILURE

f) LED Indicator:

In this sub section its aspect is to indicate the mains failure (Green), fuse blow (Red) out
indicator and back-up (Yellow) light for that a 3-LED is being used. Here the opto-
isolator and logic gate IC cannot produce sufficient current to drive the LED directly for
that a driver stage is required, here the transistor is used as a driver to drive the LED
and thus is configured as a switch.
The indicator section consists of a light emitting diode and its driver circuit is
designed on the basis of current required to glow the light emitting diode. Here the LED
indicator indicates the status of the mains failure (Green), fuse blow (Red) out indicator
and back-up (Yellow) light. The driver circuit is required for the following functionality.
1) The TTL/CMOS IC cannot provide adequate current for glowing the LED. The
LEDs requires a current between 10mA to 20mA of current to glow.
2) The driver circuit provides current to the load from a separate source, so the load
current used not pass through the Microcontroller.
3) The driver circuit activates the load on receipt of a logic signal from the
TTL/CMOS IC and of the load in the absence of the signal as he current
requirement Is very less to glow a LED a single stage driver is sufficient to drive
the load. The driver circuit is nothing other than a perfect a transistor switch. The
driver transistor goes in to saturation on receipt of base signal and drives into cut-
off region, in absence of base signal.
The driver designs around a BC548/BC547 transistor and designed for a working
voltage of +5 V dc and 10mA current.
Rc= Vcc-VCEsat = 12-0.2V
IC 10mA
= 1.18K
Ib=Ic/=10mA/200=5x10-5 A=50x10-6A
=50A
As per the design a 50A current is sufficient to trigger the driver circuit. As this
current is very small and to avoid mistriggering a base current of 100A is assumed
VB-IBRB-VBE=0
  IBRB = 5-0.7
RB = 5-0.7V/100A = 4.3/100 M
= 0.043x10-6
= 43K
On approximation 68K is connected by calculating back
IB = 4.3/68K = 60 70A
Which is adequate to avoid mis-triggering level also this amount of current can be
drawn from the TTL/CMOS IC without any problem.
The indicator section consists of 3 no of driver with 3 no of LED as indicator load.
The circuit diagram is enclosed.
V cc=+9V

220E

1N4148
G REEN
L ED
1k
BC 547

FROM MAINS
FAILURE Y EL L O W
L ED

g) Buzzer Driver:

Here in this sub section its aspect is to produce an audible sound whenever the mains
failure occurs, the mono-stable Multivibrator (NE555) itself cannot produce sufficient
current to drive the buzzer directly for that a driver stage is required. Here transistor is
taken as an element and thus the transistor is configured as a switch.

Introduction:

The conversion of electrical pulses to mechanical vibrations and the conversion of

returned mechanical vibrations back into electrical energy is the basis for ultrasonic
testing. The active element is the heart of the transducer as it converts the electrical
energy to acoustic energy, and vice versa. The active element is basically a piece of
polarized material (i.e. some parts of the molecule are positively charged, while other
parts of the molecule are negatively charged) with electrodes attached to two of its
opposite faces. When an electric field is applied across the material, the polarized
molecules will align themselves with the electric field, resulting in induced dipoles within
the molecular or crystal structure of the material. This alignment of molecules will cause
the material to change dimensions. This phenomenon is known as electrostriction. In
addition, a permanently-polarized material such as quartz (SiO2) or barium titanate
(BaTiO3) will produce an electric field when the material changes dimensions as a result
of an imposed mechanical force. This phenomenon is known as the piezoelectric effect.
Additional information on why certain materials produce this effect can be found in the
linked presentation material, which was produced by the Valpey Fisher Corporation.

The active element of most acoustic transducers used today is a piezoelectric ceramic,
which can be cut in various ways to produce different wave modes. A large piezoelectric
ceramic element can be seen in the image of a sectioned low frequency transducer.
Preceding the advent of piezoelectric ceramics in the early 1950's, piezoelectric crystals
made from quartz crystals and magnetostrictive materials were primarily used. The active
element is still sometimes referred to as the crystal by old timers in the NDT field. When
piezoelectric ceramics were introduced, they soon became the dominant material for
transducers due to their good piezoelectric properties and their ease of manufacture
into a variety of shapes and sizes. They also operate at low voltage and are usable up
to about 300oC. The first piezoceramic in general use was barium titanate, and that was
followed during the 1960's by lead zirconate titanate compositions, which are now the
most commonly employed ceramic for making transducers. New materials such as
piezo-polymers and composites are also being used in some applications.

The thickness of the active element is determined by the desired frequency of the
transducer. A thin wafer element vibrates with a wavelength that is twice its thickness.
Therefore, piezoelectric crystals are cut to a thickness that is 1/2 the desired radiated
wavelength. The higher the frequency of the transducer, the thinner the active element.
The primary reason that high frequency contact transducers are not produced is
because the element is very thin and too fragile.

Circuit operation:
This section interfaces one audible piezo electric buzzer with the IC555. The mono-
stable Multivibrator (NE555) activates the buzzer whenever the mains failure occurs.
It is a device that converts electrical signal to an audible signal (sound signal).
Whenever a signal received during the abnormal of main failure to the base of the
transistor through a base resistance (1.5k) is high, the transistor comes to saturation
condition i.e. ON condition thus the buzzer comes to ON condition with a audible sound.
Similarly, whenever the signal is not received during the main is available normal
condition, to the base of the transistor, thus the transistor is in cut-off state i.e. is in OFF
state thus the buzzer does not gets activated.
V cc=+9V
BUZZER

1 .5 k
BC 547
FROM
MONO-SHOT

h) Relay:

Relay - Insight

TYPES OF RELAYS:

The schematic arrangement of an attracted armature type relay consists of a laminated

electromagnet M carrying a coil C and a pivoted laminated armature.

The armature is balanced by a counterweight and carries a pair of spring at its free end
Under normal operating conditions the current through the relay coil C  is  such  that 
counter weight holds  the  armature  in  the position shown. However, when a short
circuit  occurs,  the  current  through  relay  coil  increases  sufficiently  and  the  relay 
armature  is  attracted  upwards. The contacts on the relay armature bridge a pair of
stationary contacts attached to the relay frame. This completes the trip which results in
the opening of the circuit breaker and disconnection of the faulty circuit. The minimum 
current  at which  the  relay  armature  is  attracted  to  close  the  trip  circuit is called
pick up current. It is a usual practice to provide a number of tapping’s, on the relay coil
so that the number of turns in use and the setting value can be varied

Induction type relay:

The induction relays operate based on the electromagnetic principle. Therefore, these
relays can be used only on A.C circuits and not on D.C circuits. Depending upon the
type of rotor being used, these relays are categorized as (a) induction disc type and(b)
induction cup type of relays. In disc type of relays disc is moving element on which
moving contact of relay is fixed where as in case of induction cup the contact is fixed
with the cup. There are two structures available under the induction disc type of relay(1)
shaded pole (2) watt hour meter structures respectively. In shaded pole type structure
the disc is placed between the shaded and un shaded poles of the relay. The relay
consists of an operating coil which is fed by the current proportional to the system
current. The air gap flux produced by this flux is split into two out of phase components
by a shading ring made of copper that encircles the part of the pole phase of each pole
at the air gap. The disc is normally made of aluminium so as to have low inertia and,
therefore, requires less deflecting torque for its motion. Unless the contacts of the other
relay are closed, the shading coil remains open and hence no torque can be developed.

 MERITS AND DEMERITS:

Merits of relays:

·         Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.

·         Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.

·         Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).

·         Relays can switch many contacts at once.

·         Relays are used in long power transmission lines

Demerits of relays:

·         Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.

·         Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times
per second.

·         Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.

Relays require more current than many chips can provide, so a low power transistor
may be needed to switch the current for the relays.

i) Relay driver:

In this sub section its aspect is to activate generator load whenever the mains failure
occurs & deactivate the generator load whenever the mains available. Here
electromagnetic relay is taken as an element. Here the opto-isolator itself cannot
produce sufficient current to drive the relay directly for that a driver stage is required in
which a transistor is used as a driver further which is configured as switch.
Basic NPN Transistor Switching Circuit

The circuit resembles that of the Common Emitter circuit we looked at in the previous
tutorials. The difference this time is that to operate the transistor as a switch the
transistor needs to be turned either fully "OFF" (cut-off) or fully "ON" (saturated). An
ideal transistor switch would have infinite circuit resistance between the Collector and
Emitter when turned "fully-OFF" resulting in zero current flowing through it and zero
resistance between the Collector and Emitter when turned "fully-ON", resulting in
maximum current flow. In practice when the transistor is turned "OFF", small leakage
currents flow through the transistor and when fully "ON" the device has a low resistance
value causing a small saturation voltage (V CE) across it. Even though the transistor is
not a perfect switch, in both the cut-off and saturation regions the power dissipated by
the transistor is at its minimum.

In order for the Base current to flow, the Base input terminal must be made more
positive than the Emitter by increasing it above the 0.7 volts needed for a silicon device.
By varying this Base-Emitter voltage VBE, the Base current is also altered and which in
turn controls the amount of Collector current flowing through the transistor as previously
discussed. When maximum Collector current flows the transistor is said to be
Saturated. The value of the Base resistor determines how much input voltage is
required and corresponding Base current to switch the transistor fully "ON".

Introduction

The relays used here having following specifications.

Operating voltage = 12V DC

 Coil resistance = 400
Capacity of contact point = 7A, 230V
Type = single contact
NO/NC
The relay requires 12 volts and current= 12 volt/400 = 30mA. The driver now require
for driving this relay must be designed for translating the TTL logic value into 12 volts
and 100mA current.
The TTL / CMOS IC cannot provide this much of current. In normal practice, it desirable
to draw 60 to 70A current from the TTL / CMOS IC, as the output to load current
requirement is very high a transistor driver is required. This driver circuit is configured
with discrete elements. BC547. The common emitter amplification factor is
approximately 200 for BC547.If the load current is considered about 40mA then, the
base current will be around = 40/200= 40x10 -3/200 = 0.2mA.
In this arrangement the base current is design for 80mA current.
Circuit operation:

The operation of the relay driver is given below:

This application is in some ways a continuation of he discussion introduced for diodes
how the effects of inductive kick can be minimized through proper design. In the below
figure (a), a transistor is used to established the current necessary to energize the relay
in the collector circuit. With no input at the base of the transistor, the base current,
collector current, and the coil current are essentially 0A, and the relay sits in the
unenergized state (normally open, NO).
However when a positive pulse is applied to the base, the transistor turns ON,
establishing sufficient current through the coil of the electromagnet to close the relay.
Problem can be now develop when the signal is removed from the base to turn OFF the
transistor and de-energized the relay. Ideally, the current through he coil and the
transistor will quickly drop to zero, the arm of the relay will be released, and the relay
will simply remain dormant until the next “ON” signal. However we know from our basic
circuit courses that the current through the coil cannot change instantaneously, and in
fact the more quickly changes, greater the induced voltage across the coil as defined
by,
VL = L (diL / dt).
In this case, the rapid changing current through the coil will develop a large voltage
across the coil with the polarity shown in figure (a), which will appear directly across the
output of the transistor. The chances are likely that its magnitude will exceeds the
maximum ratings of the transistor, and the semiconductor device will be permanently
damaged. The voltage across the coil will not remain at its highest switching level but
will oscillate as shown until its level drops to zero as the system settles down.
The destructive action can be subdued by placing a diode across the coil as shown in
below figure (b). During the “ON” state of the transistor, the diode is back biased: it sits
like an open circuit and does not affect the thing. However, when the transistor turns
“OFF”, the voltage across the coil will reverse and will forward biased the diode, placing
the diode in its “ON” state. The current through the inductor established during “ON”
state of the transistor can then continue to flow through the diode, eliminating the
severe change in current level. Because the inductive current is switched to diode
almost instantaneously after the “OFF” state is established, the diode must have a
current rating to match the current through the inductor and the transistor when is in
“ON” state. Eventually, because of the resistive elements in the loop, including the
resistance of the coil windings and the diode, the high frequency (quickly oscillating)
variation in voltage level across the coil will decay to zero and the system will settle
down.
 V cc
At turn-off
- VL
Vi NO
VL COM
Trouble!
VON NC High voltage spike
+
Rb +
t Vi t
Q 1 VCE ≈ VL
VOFF
- At turn OFF

(a)

V cc

- NO
CO M
D1 VL
+ NC
When transistor
Rb
Vi Q 1
turned “OFF”

(b)

V cc=+5V
1K

REL A Y
10uF

1N 4007

5
LED

3
4
1
2

1 .5 K
BC 547

FROM MAINS FAILURE

RELAY DRIVER
4. FUTURE EXPANSION:
This project is designed with due limitation of time equipments. This project can be

further expanded to wireless using FM with a slight modification in the circuit.

An alert system is also can be interface using GSM Modem. This system can be

interfaced to the Internet so, that the security aspect can be observed and warned

through the internet access.

5. CONCLUSION:
This project has functioned satisfactorily in the laboratory condition. It may require slight

modification to make suitable for working in the out door conditions. The results

obtained are well below the level of experimental Errors.

 BLOCK DIAGRAM

P BRIDGE OPTO-
RECTIFIER ISOLATOR
N

SW CONDITION FUSE INDICATOR

DETECTOR

RELAY
RELAY
DRIVER

BRIDGE OPTO- NOT MONO-SHOT BUZZER

RECTIFIER ISOLATOR GATE MULTIVIBRATOR DRIVER

+9V GND MAINS FAILURE

INDICATOR

BATTERY
SOURCE
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FUSE
V cc=+9V
V cc=+5V
- + 1 0 K /1 0 W
230VAC 470E RED
50Hz 10k L ED

1N4007 x 4 1 68k
1 3
5 2 7486 BC 547

1 0 0 u F /5 0 V
2 4

M C T2E

1M

4
SW

R ESET
VC C
10k
V cc=+9V 7
D IS C H A R G E
6
TH R E S H O LD 3
- + 1 0 K /1 0 W 0 .1 u F O U TPU T
2
10k T R IG G E R

C O N TR O L
1N4007 x 4 10k
1

0 .1 u F

G N D
5
10k
1 0 0 u F /5 0 V

10uF
2 4
1k N E555

0 .0 1 u F
1

5
M C T2E BC 547

V cc=+9V

220E

1N4148

BUZZER
G R EEN
L ED
7805 1k
1 3 BC 547
V IN VO U T 1 .5 k
BC 547
G N D

1K

Y EL L O W
9V dc
+5Vdc L ED
LED
2

V cc=+5V
POWER SUPPLY
1K

REL A Y
10uF

1N 4007

5
LED

3
4
1
2

1 .5 K
BC 547