NICOTINE AND ITS PROPERTIES

CHEMISTRY
ASSIGNMENT

PROPERTIES OF NICOTINE

NAME: Harshitha Jagathiesh

REG NO: D19VFP040
 NICOTINE AND ITS PROPERTIES

INDEX
INTRODUCTION

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

BIOLOGICAL EFFECRS OF NICOTINE

 EFFECT IN WHOLE ORGANISM AN IN CELLS

 HOW BODY PROCESSES NICOTINE
 NICOTINE TOLERENCE
 EFFECT OF NICOTINE
o THE NICOTINE EFFECT
o PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT
o PSYCODYNAMIC EFFECT
o CONCENTRATION AND MEMORY
o REDUCED ANXIETY

NICOTINE ADDICTION

NICOTINE MA HAVE A GOOD SIDE

SIDE EFFECT

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 NICOTINE AND ITS PROPERTIES

NICOTINE AND ITS PROPERTIES

Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in many plants. The

principal source of nicotine exposure is through the use of tobacco,
nicotine containing gum and nicotine replacement therapies. Nicotine is
an amine composed of pyridine and pyrrolidine rings. It has been
shown that nicotine crosses biological membranes and blood brain
barrier easily. The absorbed nicotine is extensively metabolized in the
liver to form a wide variety of metabolites including nicotine N-oxide.
These are the products of mixed function oxidase system. Nicotine is
also converted to some biologically important compounds during
harvesting. Among these are the nitrosamines specific to tobacco.
Nicotine has been shown to affect a wide variety of biological functions
ranging from gene expression, regulation of hormone secretion and
enzyme activities.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NICOTINE

Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found primarily in the

members of the solanoceous plant family such as potato, tomato,
green pepper and tobacco. Nicotine was first isolated and determined
to be the major constituent of tobacco in 1828. It has an active center
and occurs as stereoisomer. The structure of nicotine (3-[-1-methyl-2-
pyrrolidinyl] pyridine, C H N ) was proposed in 1892 and confirmed in
10 14 2

1895.

Pure nicotine is a clear liquid with characteristic odor whereas it turns

brown on exposure to air. It can mix with an equal amount of water. It
is a strong base and has a high boiling point of 274.5⁰C at 760 torr.
 NICOTINE AND ITS PROPERTIES

BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF NICOTINE

EFFECTS OF NICOTINE IN WHOLE ORGANISMS AND IN CELLS

The effect in whole organism The effect in cellular level

Increased heart rate Increased synthesis and release of

hormones.

Cardiac contractility Activation of tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme

Increase of blood pressure Activation of several transcription factors

Decreased skin temperature Induction of het shock proteins

Mobilization of blood sugar Induction of oxidative stress

Increased in free fatty acids in the blood Effects on apoptosis

Increased catecholamine levels in the blood Induction of chromosomes aberration

Arousal or relaxation Induction of sister chromatid exchange

 NICOTINE AND ITS PROPERTIES

HOW BODY PROCESSES NICOTINE

After inhaling tobacco smoke, nicotine rapidly enters the bloodstream,

crosses the blood brain barrier and reaches the brain within 8 to 20
seconds. Within approximately 2 hours after entering the body, half of
the nicotine has gone.

The amount of nicotine that enters the smoker’s body depends on :

 The type of tobacco being used.

 Whether filter is used and what type of filer is being used.
 Whether or not the smoker inhales the smoke.
 Tobacco products that are chewed, placed inside the mouth or
snorted tend to release considerably larger amounts of nicotine
into the body than smoking.
 Nicotine is broken down in the liver.

NICOTINE TOLERANCE

Tolerance increases with the amount of nicotine consumed and people

require higher doses to enjoy the initial effect. As most of the nicotine
in the body leaves the body during sleep, tolerance may have virtually
disappeared first in the morning.

Nicotine has less of an effect as the day progresses because of the

buildup of tolerance.
 NICOTINE AND ITS PROPERTIES

EFFECTS

Nicotine has a range of effects on the body

o THE ‘NICOTINE’ EFFECT

Nicotine is both sedative and a stimulant. When the body is
exposed to nicotine, the individual experiences a ‘kick. This is
partly caused by nicotine stimulating the adrenal gland, which
results in release of adrenaline.
The surge of adrenaline stimulants the body. There is an
immediate release of glucose, as well as increase in heart rate,
breathing activity and blood pressure.
Nicotine also makes the pancreas produce less insulin causing a
slight increase in blood sugar, glucose.
Indirectly, nicotine causes the release of dopamine in the pleasure
and motivation areas of the brain. A similar effect occurs when
people take heroin or cocaine. The drug user experiences a
pleasurable sensation.
Dopamine is a brain chemical that effects emotion, movement
and sensation of pleasure and pain. If our brain dopamine level
rise , the feeling of contentment is higher.
Depending on the dose of nicotine taken and the individual’s
nervous system arousal, nicotine can also act as sedative.

o PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT
When humans, mammals and most other types of animals are
exposed to nicotine, it increases their heart rate, heart muscle
oxygen consumption rate, and heart stroke volume. These are
known as pharmacological effects
 NICOTINE AND ITS PROPERTIES

o PSYCODYNAMIC EFFECT
Consumed nicotine is also linked to raise alertness, euphoria and
a sensation of being relaxed.

o CONCENTRATION AND MEMORY

Studies have shown that nicotine appears to improve memory
and concentration. It is thought that this is due to an increase in
acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Norepinephrine also increases
the sensation of wakefulness or arousal.

o REDUCED ANXIETY
Nicotine results in increased levels of beta- endorphin, which
reduces anxiety.

ADDICTION
People who regularly consume nicotine but suddenly stop experience
withdrawal symptoms, which may include

 Cravings
 Sense of emptiness
 Anxiety
 Depression
 Moodiness
 Irritability
 Difficulty focusing or paying attention

Nicotine consumed from smoking tobacco is one of the hardest

substances to quit.
 NICOTINE AND ITS PROPERTIES

It’s also found that nicotine consumption also makes cocaine more
additive.

NICOTINE: MAY HAVE A GOOD SIDE

The rogue substance has a wide range of effects on the brain, which
may includes some healing properties. Researchers are testing nicotine
and related compounds s treatments for Alzheimer’s disease,
Parkinson’s disease, attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
and other condition.

Epidemiological studies have hinted at nicotine’s therapeutic potential.

During the 1980s several found that the smokers had lower rate of
Parkinson’s disease than nonsmokers. Epidemiologist also validated
what many health practioners have long noticed: The smoking rate
among people with schizophrenia, depression and anxiety disorder is
far higher than average. It is widely believed that people with certain
mental health problems are self-medicating with cigarettes because the
nicotine helps minds function better.

BIOLOGICAL ADVANTAGES OF NICOTINE

Nicotine could help fight Parkinson’s disease.

Nicotine can enhance the brain function in people with cognitive

decline.

It might help with depression.

Nicotine could enhance attention.

 NICOTINE AND ITS PROPERTIES

SIDE EFFECTS

Nicotine causes wide range of side effects is most organs and system.

Circulation of blood can be affected due to an increased clotting

tendency, leading to a risk of harmful blood clots, arthrosclerosis, in
which plaque forms on artery wall, enlargement of aorta.

Side effects in the brain include dizziness and lightheadness, irregular

and disrupted sleep, bad dreams nightmares, possible blood restriction.

In the gastrointestinal system, nicotine can have the following effects:

nausea, vomiting, dry mouth or xerostomia, indigestion, peptic ulcers,
diarrhea, heartburn.

The heart can experience the following after taking in the nicotine:
changes in the heart rate and rhythm , an increase in the blood
pressure , constriction and diseases of the coronary artery , an
increased risk of store.

If a woman smokes while pregnant, following risk are likely to occur in

the development of the child: obesity, high blood pressure, type 2
diabetes, respiratory difficulties, infertility, problems with brain
development, behavioral issues.

Other side effects include: Pneumonia , joint pain, spasms in lungs,

tremors and pain in muscles, increase levels of insulin resistance,
contribution to risk of diabetes.
 NICOTINE AND ITS PROPERTIES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.gwern.net/docs/nootropics/2001-yildiz.pdf

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/240820.php

https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/nicotine_it_may_h
ave_a_good_side

https://www.vice.com