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Affecting Thermal Insulation Properties of Garment  

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in selected items of apparel must have properties that make it adaptable for various climatic  
otection against cold is dependent upon thermal resistance or thermal insulation of the garment.
ticle reviews various factors which determine thermal insulation of garment.

M OF BODY HEAT LOSS

 
st from the body by conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation of perspiration. Heat loss
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occurs when material known to be good conductors are placed next to the body. The conductor
y heat to surrounding atmosphere where it is dissipated into the air cooling the body. Heat loss by  
urs when air current move over and around the body. Heat loss by radiation means that heat is
the body in the form of rays. This occurs when air temperature is below body temperature. Heat
ation of perspiration results from a physiological mechanism to control body temperature.
 

R IN THERMAL INSULATION  
 
differ in their ability to conduct heat but it is the thermal resistance of trapped pockets of air, not
ty of fiber which determines the thermal properties of textiles. Greater the ratio of air to the fiber
ructure, the greater the insulation of fabric. Cassie opined that the air is not entrapped but clings
face. This fact probably explains the excellent insulating property of wool fabrics as wool yarns are
expose maximum surface.

ttle resistance to passage of heat by radiation. Fibers do obstruct the flow of radiant heat, some
e others and a minimum amount of fibers must be used to effectively accomplish this. As air
ses heat loss by convection, total fabric assembly such as to reduce air flow as much as possible.

ny fabric structures which can trap still pockets of air and so act as insulators under still air
ey may be pile/napped fabrics, milled or quilted fabrics and more flexible knitted and brushed
tic fibers are crimped to increase the amount of air space within the fabric. The crimp prevents the
ightly in the fabric and so creates pockets of air.

RAMETERS AFFECTING THERMAL INSULATION

es on the thermal properties of fabric has concluded that the thickness and density of the fabrics
actors which determine the insulation property. The thickness of fabric strongly affects amount of
. In general the greater the fabric thickness, greater the thermal insulation.

n found that the thermal insulation is also related to the weight and compressional properties of
e an insulating material effective it should have low compression set/high resiliency to make the
ped into the material.

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Affecting Thermal Insulation Properties of Garment  

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ted that the lesser the area of contact between the fabric and skin, the warmer the fabric. Wool
providing property is not only on account of its crimp and curliness, but also because of its elastic
nables it to recover from deformation and therefore to maintain little contact with the skin.

weave also affects thermal insulation property. There is slow increment in the coldness of fabric
 
 n the closeness of weave. The warmer materials are produced in twill and crepe constructions.
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L

ess of the air trapped in clothing which gives it the ability to prevent heat from being conducted
body. The insulation value depends upon the trapped air remaining still. If wind blows through  
resh cold air replaces the insulating layers and heat is rapidly lost.
 
 
ect depends upon the temperature as well as the velocity of the wind. In the cold climate
of wind chill effect is very important because 80% of heat losses are due to wind chill effect.

nd from penetrating the clothing and to help trap still air, the garment should be designed to have
ing points.

WATER ON THERMAL INSULATION

es are much closer together than air molecules so water conducts heat far more rapidly than does
nt becomes wet whether from perspiration or from rain its thermal resistance drops dramatically.
% moisture can halve the insulation value of clothing.

ion of water through a fabric is very critical parameter from comfort point of view. In winter it is
water vapour produced by perspiration at the skin can be condensed to the liquid, which may
reeze to ice as the water molecules move towards the cold air at the external surface. If a fabric
sufficiently rapid disposal of water to occur, perspiration related discomfort may be felt. The
water can be increased by either increasing water vapour permeability or enhancing the ability of
ansport liquid water to the surface.

ems of clothing for cold climate are made of two or more layers. Thermal resistance of two layers
ater than the sum of the resistance of the two fabrics. This is because of the air trapped between
ric in garment can be used as free layer, or joined together by stitching or by fusion.

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Corbman B P (1985) Textile fiber to fabric 6th ed. McGraw Hill Company, New York

2.      Cassie ABD (1956) Journal of Textile Institute, vol. 37

3.      Kothari and Anderson (1991) Indian Journal of Fiber and Textile Research, vol. 29

4.      Marsh JT (1979) Textile Science B.I. Publication, New Delhi

5.      Mathur, Raj and Kasturia (1997) Indian Journal of Fiber and Textile Research, vol.22

6.      Rees (1941) Journal of Textile Institute. vol. 32