Modern thermal power plants operate at very high pressures greater than the Critical pressure of steam.

This
article explains the concept of Supercritical power plants.

"Steam is no stronger now than it was a hundred years ago, but it is put to better use.“ - Ralph Waldo Emerson

To increase the efficiency of steam power plants the basic method is to improve the thermal efficiency by
increasing the operating pressure. To understand what a Supercritical power plant is you have to understand the
basics of steam generation.

What happens when you heat water at normal atmospheric pressure?

There are three stages.

 As you go on heating the water, the temperature of water increases till it reaches 100 deg C.
This is the Sensible Heat addition.
 Further heating does not increase the temperature; instead small bubbles of steam start to
form. The temperature remains constant at 100 deg C till all the water becomes steam. The water absorbs the
heat without temperature change for conversion to steam. At atmospheric pressure the Latent Heat of
vapourisation is 2256 kJ/kg.
 Further heating called superheating will increase the temperature of the steam. How high one
can go depends on the withstanding capacity of the vessel.

What happens when the water is at a higher pressure, say, at 100 bar? Then the boiling takes place at 311 deg
C and the latent heat of vaporisation is 1318 kJ/kg.

 If the water pressure is 200 bar then the boiling takes place at 366 deg C and the latent heat of
vaporisation is 584 kJ/kg.

As the pressure increases the boiling temperature increases and the latent heat of vaporisation decreases.

A further increase in pressure and temperature leads us to a point at which the latent heat of vaporisation is zero,
or there is no boiling. Water directly becomes steam. This is the Critical Pressure and the Critical Temperature.
For steam this occurs at 374 deg C and 220.6 bar.

Conventional steam power plants operate at a steam pressures in the range of 170 bar. These are Subcritical
power plants. The new generation of power plants operate at pressures higher than the critical pressure. These
are Supercritical power plants. The operating pressures are in the range of 230 to 265 bar.

The efficiency of the Rankine cycle depends on the pressure at which it operates. Higher pressure and
temperature increase the efficiency of the thermal cycle and power plant. This is the reason for operating at
higher steam pressures.

Ultra Supercritical Power Plants

In the quest for higher efficiency the trend is to go for still higher operating pressures. The next generation of
power plants will operate with steam Pressures in the range of 300 bar. These are the Ultra Super Critical Power
plants. Ultra Supercritical Units operate at temperatures of 615 to 630 deg C.

SALIENT FEATURES OF 2X660 MW SUPERCRITICAL UNIT # 5 & 6 STAGE-II, PHASE-III

 At Chowki Motipura about 22 Km from Chabbra Town in Baran
(1) Location District of Rajasthan. The site lies between- North Latitudes 24

degree 24 inches and East Longitude 77 Degree 03 inches.

(2) Nearest Railway Station Motipura Chowki ( Between Beena- Kota Section)
(3) Installed Capacity 2X660 MW Stage-II, Phase- III
(4) Estimated Cost 7920 Crores Rs.
(5) Land Acquired 2361 Bigha (597.43 Hec.)
(6) Height of Chimney 275 Meter (Twin Flue)
(7) ESP Efficiency 99.89%
Coa l- 6.5 MTPA

(8) Fuel Requirement Unit # 5 - Parsa East & Kante Basan Coal Block
Unit # 6 - Kante Basan Extension Coal Block.
HSD/FO - 11563 KL/Year (for both units)
1570 MCFT/ YEAR
(9) Water Requirement Lhasi Irrigation Project- 300MCFT
Parvan Irrigation Project- 1270 MCFT
Scheduled Date of Unit#5 - September 2016
(10)
Commissioning Unit#6 - December 2016

Chhabra Supercritical  TPP Unit - 5 & 6 (2x660 MW)

S. ACTIVITIES Schedule Date Actual Date

No. Unit # 5  Unit Unit # 5  (660 Unit # 6  (660 MW)

660 MW # 6 MW)

660

MW

1 2 3 4

1 Administrative & 02.03.09 02.03.09

financial approval

from GOR

2 Land Acquisition     Award of land finalized by GoR. Aquisition of Land

completed.

3 Water Allocation 30.06.09 Total 1570 MCFT Water allocated by WRD  vide letter

dated 22.11.10 in which  1270 MCFT allocated from

Parwan Major irrigation project and 300  MCFT water

allocated from Lashi  Irrigation project vide letter

dated 11.08.2009 .
4 Availability of Water 30.09.12  

5 Tie-up for coal block 30.09.09 Parsa East & Kante Basan  coal blocks  shall  meet part

requirement of coal for both the units of supercritical

power projects and balance requirement of Coal shall

be met from Kente extention Coal block allocated by

Ministry of Coal on dated 05.08.13.

6 MoEF Clearance   Environmental clerance (EC) for unit-5 granted by

MoEF, New Delhi vide letter dated 23.05.2012 and EC

for unit-6 shall be granted after ensuring the fuel

availability.

7 Date of award of EPC             LOI placed to M/s L&T on 28.03.13

8 Date of Commissioning   Unit # 5  (660 Unit # 6  (660

MW)     Sept'16 MW)                                  June'18

A dust collector is a system used to enhance the quality of air released from industrial and
commercial processes by collecting dust and other impurities from air or gas. Designed to handle
high-volume dust loads, a dust collector system consists of a blower, dust filter, a filter-cleaning
system, and a dust receptacle or dust removal system.

Types of dust collectors[edit]

Five main types of industrial dust collectors are:

 Inertial separators
 Fabric filters
 Wet scrubbers
 Electrostatic precipitators
 Unit collectors

Inertial separators[edit]

Inertial separators separate dust from gas streams using a combination of forces, such as centrifugal, gravitational, and
inertial. These forces move the dust to an area where the forces exerted by the gas stream are minimal. The separated dust is
moved by gravity into a hopper, where it is temporarily stored.

The three primary types of inertial separators are:

 Settling chambers
 Baffle chambers
 Centrifugal collectors

Neither settling chambers nor baffle chambers are commonly used in the minerals processing industry. However, their
principles of operation are often incorporated into the design of more efficient dust collectors.

Settling chamber[edit]

A settling chamber consists of a large box installed in the ductwork. The increase of cross section area at the chamber
reduces the speed of the dust-filled airstream and heavier particles settle out.

Settling chambers are simple in design and can be manufactured from almost any material. However, they are seldom used
as primary dust collectors because of their large space requirements and low efficiency. A practical use is as precleaners for
more efficient collectors.

Baffle chamber[edit]
Diagram of a Baffle Chamber

Baffle chambers use a fixed baffle plate that causes the conveying gas stream to make a sudden change of direction. Large-
diameter particles do not follow the gas stream but continue into a dead air space and settle. Baffle chambers are used as
precleaners

Centrifugal collectors[edit]

Main article: Cyclonic separation

Centrifugal collectors use cyclonic action to separate dust particles from the gas stream. In a typical cyclone, the dust gas
stream enters at an angle and is spun rapidly. The centrifugal force created by the circular flow throws the dust particles
toward the wall of the cyclone. After striking the wall, these particles fall into a hopper located underneath.

The most common types of centrifugal, or inertial, collectors in use today are:

Single-cyclone separators[edit]

They create a dual vortex to separate coarse from fine dust. The main vortex spirals downward and carries most of the
coarser dust particles. The inner vortex, created near the bottom of the cyclone, spirals upward and carries finer dust
particles.
Multiple-cyclone separators[edit]

Multiple-cyclone separators consist of a number of small-diameter cyclones, operating in parallel and having a common gas
inlet and outlet, as shown in the figure, and operate on the same principle as single cyclone separators -- creating an outer
downward vortex and an ascending inner vortex.

Multiple-cyclone separators remove more dust than single cyclone separators because the individual cyclones have a greater
length and smaller diameter. The longer length provides longer residence time while the smaller diameter creates greater
centrifugal force. These two factors result in better separation of dust particulates. The pressure drop of multiple-cyclone
separators collectors is higher than that of single-cyclone separators, requiring more energy to clean the same amount of air.
A single-chamber cyclone separator of the same volume is more economical, but doesn't remove as much dust.

Cyclone separators are found in all types of power and industrial applications, including pulp and paper plants, cement
plants, steel mills, petroleum coke plants, metallurgical plants, saw mills and other kinds of facilities that process dust.

Secondary-air-flow separators[edit]

This type of cyclone uses a secondary air flow, injected into the cyclone to accomplish several things. The secondary air
flow increases the speed of the cyclonic action making the separator more efficient; it intercepts the particulate before it
reaches the interior walls of the unit; and it forces the separated particulate toward the collection area. The secondary air
flow protects the separator from particulate abrasion and allows the separator to be installed horizontally because gravity is
not depended upon to move the separated particulate downward.

Fabric filters[edit]

Commonly known as baghouses, fabric collectors use filtration to separate dust particulates from dusty gases. They are one
of the most efficient and cost effective types of dust collectors available and can achieve a collection efficiency of more than
99% for very fine particulates.[3]
Dust-laden gases enter the baghouse and pass through fabric bags that act as filters. The bags can be of woven or felted
cotton, synthetic, or glass-fiber material in either a tube or envelope shape.

Pre-coating[edit]

To ensure the filter bags have a long usage life they are commonly coated with a filter enhancer (pre-coat). The use of
chemically inert limestone (calcium carbonate) is most common as it maximises efficiency of dust collection (including fly
ash) via formation of what is called a dustcake or coating on the surface of the filter media. This not only traps fine
particulates but also provides protection for the bag itself from moisture, and oily or sticky particulates which can bind the
filter media. Without a pre-coat the filter bag allows fine particulates to bleed through the bag filter system, especially during
start-up, as the bag can only do part of the filtration leaving the finer parts to the filter enhancer dustcake. [4][5]

Parts[edit]

Fabric filters generally have the following parts:

1. Clean plenum
2. Dusty plenum
3. Bag, cage, venturi assembly
4. Tubeplate
5. RAV/SCREW
6. Compressed air header
7. Blow pipe
8. Housing and hopper

Types of bag cleaning[edit]

Baghouses are characterized by their cleaning method. [6]

Shaking[edit]

A rod connecting to the bag is powered by a motor. This provides motion to remove caked-on particles. The speed and
motion of the shaking depends on the design of the bag and composition of the particulate matter. Generally shaking is
horizontal. The top of the bag is closed and the bottom is open. When shaken, the dust collected on the inside of the bag is
freed. During the cleaning process, no dirty gas flows through a bag while the bag is being cleaned. This redirection of air
flow illustrates why baghouses must be compartmentalized.

Reverse air[edit]

Air flow gives the bag structure. Dirty air flows through the bag from the inside, allowing dust to collect on the interior
surface. During cleaning, gas flow is restricted from a specific compartment. Without the flowing air, the bags relax. The
cylindrical bag contains rings that prevent it from completely collapsing under the pressure of the air. A fan blows clean air
in the reverse direction. The relaxation and reverse air flow cause the dust cake to crumble and release into the hopper. Upon
the completion of the cleaning process, dirty air flow continues and the bag regains its shape.
Pulse jet[edit]

This type of baghouse cleaning (also known as pressure-jet cleaning) is the most common. A high pressure blast of air is
used to remove dust from the bag. The blast enters the top of the bag tube, temporarily ceasing the flow of dirty air. The
shock of air causes a wave of expansion to travel down the fabric. The flexing of the bag shatters and discharges the dust
cake. The air burst is about 0.1 second and it takes about 0.5 seconds for the shock wave to travel down the length of the bag.
Due to its rapid release, the blast of air does not interfere with contaminated gas flow. Therefore, pulse-jet baghouses can
operate continuously and are not usually compartmentalized. The blast of compressed air must be powerful enough to ensure
that the shock wave will travel the entire length of the bag and fracture the dust cake.

Sonic[edit]

The least common type of cleaning method is sonic. Shaking is achieved by sonic vibration. A sound generator produces a
low frequency sound that causes the bags to vibrate. Sonic cleaning is commonly combined with another method of cleaning
to ensure thorough cleaning.

Cartridge collectors[edit]

Cartridge collectors use perforated metal cartridges that contain a pleated, nonwoven filtering media, as opposed to woven or
felt bags used in baghouses. The pleated design allows for a greater total filtering surface area than in a conventional bag of
the same diameter, The greater filtering area results in a reduced air to media ratio, pressure drop, and overall collector size.

Cartridge collectors are available in single use or continuous duty designs. In single-use collectors, the dirty cartridges are
changed and collected dirt is removed while the collector is off. In the continuous duty design, the cartridges are cleaned by
the conventional pulse-jet cleaning system.

Wet scrubbers[edit]
See also: Particle collection in wet scrubbers

Dust collectors that use liquid are known as wet scrubbers. In these systems, the scrubbing liquid (usually water) comes into
contact with a gas stream containing dust particles. Greater contact of the gas and liquid streams yields higher dust removal
efficiency.

There is a large variety of wet scrubbers; however, all have one of three basic configurations:

1. Gas-humidification - The gas-humidification process agglomerates fine particles, increasing the bulk, making collection
easier.
2. Gas-liquid contact - This is one of the most important factors affecting collection efficiency. The particle and droplet
come into contact by four primary mechanisms:

a) Inertial impaction - When water droplets placed in the path of a dust-laden gas stream,
the stream separates and flows around them. Due to inertia, the larger dust particles will
continue on in a straight path, hit the droplets, and become encapsulated.

b) Interception - Finer particles moving within a gas stream do not hit droplets directly but
brush against and adhere to them.

c) Diffusion - When liquid droplets are scattered among dust particles, the particles are
deposited on the droplet surfaces by Brownian movement, or diffusion. This is the principal
mechanism in the collection of submicrometre dust particles.

d) Condensation nucleation - If a gas passing through a scrubber is cooled below the

dewpoint, condensation of moisture occurs on the dust particles. This increase in particle
size makes collection easier.

3. Gas-liquid separation - Regardless of the contact mechanism used, as much liquid and dust as possible must be removed.
Once contact is made, dust particulates and water droplets combine to form agglomerates. As the agglomerates grow larger,
they settle into a collector.

The "cleaned" gases are normally passed through a mist eliminator (demister pads) to remove water droplets from the gas
stream. The dirty water from the scrubber system is either cleaned and discharged or recycled to the scrubber. Dust is
removed from the scrubber in a clarification unit or a drag chain tank. In both systems solid material settles on the bottom of
the tank. A drag chain system removes the sludge and deposits in into a dumpster or stockpile.

 ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT OF EMISSION OFPOWER PLANTS PREPARED

BY – Mr. MRUNAL M. RAUT
 Source India Japan U.S.Coal 59.2% 21.2% 51.8%Oil 13.9% 16.6% 03.1%Gas 06.3%
22.1% 15.7%Nuclear 02.5% 30.0% 19.9%Hydro 17.8% 08.2% 07.4%Others 00.3%
01.9% 02.2%
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN COAL BASED POWER GENERATIONAir
Pollution :- High particulate matter emission levels due to burning of inferior grade
coal which leads to generation of large quantity of fly ash. Emissions of SO2, NOx &
Green house gas (CO2) are also matter of concern.Water Pollution :- Mainly caused
by the effluent discharge from ash ponds, condenser cooling /cooling tower, DM plant
and Boiler blow down.Noise Pollution :- High noise levels due to release of high
pressure steam and running of fans and motorsLand Degradation :- About 100 million
tonnes of fly ash is generated by use of coal far energy production. The disposal of
such large quantity of fly ash has occupied thousands hectares of land which includes
agricultural and forest land too.
 Pollutants Emissions (in tones/day)CO2 424650Particulate 4374MatterSO2 3311NOx
4966
 Cement Others Thermal 7% 1%Sugar Power 10% Plants 82% Share of Suspended
Particulate Matter Load (tonnes/day) by Different Categories of Industries (With
Control Device), Total Load = 5365 tonnes/day
 Share of Sulphur Dioxide Load (Tonnes / day) By different categories of Industries
(Total Load = 3715 Tonnes / day) Sulphuric Acid Oil Refineries Plants 3% 2% Others
1% Steel 5% Thermal Power Plants 89%
 STACK HEIGHT REQUIREMENTSFor the proper dispersion of SO2 emission from
thermalpower plant, stack height criteria have been adopted incountry. However, for
larger capacities boilers (500MWand above) space provision for installing FGD
system hasbeen recommended. Power generation Stack Height (mts.) capacity Less
than 200/210 MW H = 14 (Q) 0.3 , where Q is emission rate of SO 2 in kg/hr, H=
Stack Height 200/210 or less than 500 220 MW 500 MW and above 275
 FGD – Flue Gas DesulfurizationFlue-gas desulfurization (FGD) is a set of
technologiesused to remove sulfur dioxide (SO2) from exhaust flue gasesof fossil-fuel
power plants, and from the emissions of othersulfur oxide emitting processes.
 An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is aparticulate
collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas(such as air) using the
force of an induced electrostatic charge.
 Need for adoption of CCTsTo meet increasing demand of power with minimal
environmentalimpact for sustainable development, adoption of clean coaltechnologies
with enhanced power plant efficiency, fuel switching,use of washed coal, efficient
pollution control systems and properby-product and waste handling & utilization, is
necessary.Pre-combustion Technologies: Ash, sulphur and other impurities (coal
benefaction) can be reduced from thecoal before it is burnedCombustion
technologies : (FBC : CBFC, AFBC,PFBC, IGCC)Generation of emissions of SO2,
NOx and CO2 can be minimised by adopting improved combustion technologiesPost
combustion technologies : End of pipe treatment (installation pollution control
equipments such as ESP,DENOx & De SOx systems)

o Air Quality
o Around the coal based plants the ambient concentrations of Sulphur Dioxide,
Oxides of Nitrogen and SPM are high.
o Epidemiological Studies have shown that of the area surrounding coal based
thermal plants, population living within a 2 -5 km radius of the plant suffers
from respiratory disorders .
o Two other gases, carbon dioxide and ozone are emitted. The high amount of
carbon dioxide emission from thermal power plants contribute to global
warming leading to climate change is significant Ground level ozone, which is
formed due to photolytic reactions of NO x and its impacts are under study
o Mercury vapour is also emitted with these gases and its toxicity has far
reaching consequences on all life forms

o increase mean ambient tempera
o ture for all beings within the
o ecological niche

Gases produced

o Coal produces carbon dioxide,the main greenhouse gas

o Produces oxides of sulfur and nitrogen
o Mercury a poisonous gas
o Coal dust
o Particulate matter in the air

 o Fly ash contains a toxic brew of dangerous chemicals and is the largest
contributor to mercury pollution

o Composition of Fly ash
o It contains as main chemical components SiO2 (51.4 wt%), Al2O3 (22.1 wt%)
and Fe2O3 (17.2 wt%; ignited weight basis). As commonly observed, many
toxic elements and heavy metals are highly enriched in the fly ash relative to
the original coal. For example, considerable amounts of Be (16.4 ppm), Cu
(106 ppm), Zn (578 ppm), As (40.4 ppm), Cd (2.6 ppm), Hg (18 ppm), Pb (71
ppm), and U (21.8 ppm) is found in Fly ash.

o Water slurry is used to take the ash from the power plant to the ash pond for
disposal. 
o Water slowly seeps into the ground while carrying with it the ash
leachate( Lye). This Water contains harmful heavy metals like boron, which
have a tendency to leach out over a period of time. 
o When fly ash comes into contact with water, leaches into groundwater
supplies which get polluted and unsuitable for domestic use. 
o The release of ash pond decant into the local water bodies- water dries up, dust
nuisance, increases turbidity, decreases primary productivity, affects fishes
and other aquatic biota

o The exposure of employees to high noise levels is very high
o Increased transportation activities due to the operation of the power plants lead
to increase in noise levels in the adjacent localities.

o Large amount of land is used to dispose flyash from the coal based plants
o Due to this there is change in natural soil properties.  It becomes more alkaline
due to the alkaline nature of fly ash.
o Soft bodied soil workers like earthworms will die out
o Food will contain a wider cocktail of chemicals as farmers try to correct the
poor productivity of crops

o Minamata disease sometimes referred to as Chisso-Minamata disease is a
neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. Symptoms
include ataxia, numbness in the hands and feet, general muscle weakness,
narrowing of the field of vision and damage to hearing and speech. In extreme
cases, insanity, paralysis, coma and death follow within weeks of the onset of
symptoms. A congenital form of the disease can also affect fetuses in the
womb.

o Minamata disease was first discovered in Minamata city in Japan in 1956. It
was caused by the release of methyl mercury in the industrial Waste water
from the Chisso Corporation's chemical factory, which continued from 1932 to
1968. This highly toxic chemical bioaccumulated in shellfish and fish in
Minamata Bay and the Shiranui Sea, which when eaten by the local populace
resulted in mercury poisoning. While cat, dog, pig and human deaths
continued over more than 30 years, the government and company did little to
prevent the pollution.

o As of March 2001, 2,265 victims had been officially recognised (1,784 of
whom had died)and over 10,000 had received financial compensation from
Chisso. Lawsuits and claims for compensation continue to this day.
o A memorial service was held at the Minamata Disease Municipal Museum on
1 May 2006 to mark 50 years since the official discovery of the disease.

o Toxicology:
o How Mercury Harms Humans Elemental (metallic) mercury and all of its
compounds are toxic, exposure to excessive levels can permanently damage or
fatally injure the brain and kidneys.
o Elemental mercury can also be absorbed through the skin and cause allergic
reactions. Ingestion of inorganic mercury compounds can cause severe renal
and gastrointestinal damage.
o Organic compounds of mercury such as methyl mercury are considered the
most toxic forms of the element. Exposures to very small amounts of these
compounds can result in devastating neurological damage and death.
o For fetuses, infants and children, the primary health effects of mercury are on
neurological development.
o Even low levels of mercury exposure such as result from mother's
consumption methyl mercury in dietary sources can adversely affect the brain
and nervous system.
o Impacts on memory, attention, language and other skills have been found in
children exposed to moderate levels in the womb.
  

o Each year power plants and chemical facilities create many tons of mercury
pollution, which makes its way into our homes and bodies in fish.
o Two of the biggest sources of mercury pollution are chlorine chemical plants
and coal-fired power plants. Chlorine plants, which use massive quantities of
mercury to extract chlorine from salt, "lose" dozens of tons of
mercury each year; power plants emit around 50 tons of mercury pollution
annually. Coal is naturally contaminated with mercury, and when it is burned
to generate electricity, mercury is released into the air through the
smokestacks.

o The cycle of mercury in nature is complex. This illustration summarizes how
methyl mercury accumulates at the higher levels of the food chain and
becomes concentrated in fish and animals that eat fish.
o Methylmercury in the water and sediment is taken up by tiny animals and
plants known as plankton.
o Minnows and juvenile fish eat large quantities of plankton over time.
o Larger predatory fish consume many smaller fish, accumulating
methylmercury in their tissues. The older and larger the fish, the greater the
potential for high mercury levels in their bodies.
o Fish are caught and eaten by humans and animals, causing methylmercury to
accumulate in human tissues.
 o Most people are exposed to mercury by eating fish containing mercury. There
is no method of cooking or cleaning them that will reduce the amount of
mercury in a meal.
  

o Air borne mercury is highly toxic when inhaled. How does it get in the air?
Metallic mercury slowly evaporates when exposed to the air. The air in a room
can reach unhealthy levels just from the mercury in a broken thermometer;
o Mercury may be released into the air when coal, oil, or wood are burned as
fuel or when mercury-containing wastes are incinerated. The resulting
mercury concentrations in outdoor air are usually low and of little direct
concern. However, mercury in the air can fall to the ground with rain and
snow, landing on soil or in bodies of water, causing contamination. Lakes and
rivers are also contaminated when there is a direct discharge of mercury-laden
industrial or municipal waste into the water.
o When mercury enters bodies of water, biological processes transform it to
methylmercury, a highly toxic and bioaccumulative form. Fish can absorb
methylmercury from their food and directly from water as it passes over their
gills.
  
  
 Water pollution Vital sources of water culminated
 Effects of thermal plants on us
o The air
o The water
o The food
o Nothing will be spared
o contamination
 Temperature rising……
o Coal and water slurry must be heated to 800 degrees
o Water, already a scarce global resource will be needed in ever bigger
quantities both at the plant and in surrounding areas
o The used slurry will be released into water bodies and warm them, killing
many sensitive life forms
o The cap of smog will mean more heat: greenhouse effect
o Enzyme activity in all life forms including human completely stops at 48
degrees celsius
o Consequences of loss in the natural pest predator balance will create a higher
occurrence in bacteriological diseases on an epidemic scale
 Learning from the past

o Coal-fired power plants are the largest source of mercury air emissions
worldwide. As the price of oil rises, coal becomes a more economically
attractive source of energy in countries where it is abundant and inexpensive.
o Currently, coal-fired power plants supply seventy-five percent of China's
energy; in the next eight years, China is expected to add more than 560 plants
coal plants -- a pace of more than one new plant each week.
o Economic growth at what price?
  
 Loss of habitats ,loss of assets River Kabini, Chamalapura and forests belts
 Loss of wildlife
 Loss of fertile land Is this what we want?

o Uses of Fly ash
o Fly ash is used in producing very strong high power concrete. Which is called
self compacting Concrete(SCC), soil stabilization, fly ash fills roads, precast
products like tiles and blocks, fly ash bricks also called green bricks ,
agricultural use , raising of dykes, mine filling etc.
  
