‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫ﺣﻠﺐ ‪ ١٤٢٨ :‬ﻫـ‬

‫‪ ٢٠٠٧‬ﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ‬
‫ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺩﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ‬
‫) ﺳﺎﺑﻘـــﺎﹰ (‬
 ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﲝﻠﺐ‬

‫ﻛﺜﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﺑﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺗﻼﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺣﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻌﻲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﲝﻠﺐ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﰲ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﶈﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻧﺸﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺭﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺄﻣﻞ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﲝﻠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ " ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ" ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺩﰲ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﲝﻠﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﳏﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺩﰲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺪ ﰲ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺟﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﳉﻨﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﳉﻬﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺔ ﻭﺳﻌﻴﻬﺎ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳌﺸﺎﻛﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﷲ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﲝﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﻟﻴﺪ ﻏﺰﺍﻝ‬

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 ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﳉﻨﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺩﰲ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺧﱪﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ ﺃﻥ ﳚﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺎﹰ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﻟﺰﻣﻼﺋﻨﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﹰ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺍﺋﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻼﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﳉﻨﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺩﰲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺬﻟﻪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﻨﻴﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﲢﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻠﺐ ﰲ ‪٢٠٠٧/١١/١٨‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﳉﻨﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﲝﻠﺐ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻫﻼﻝ ﺩﻋﺒﻮﻝ‬

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 ‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻘـﺪﻣــــﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﻭﺿﻮﺣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﳐﻄﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺼﺎﺩﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﲪﺎﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﺴﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﻫﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﻘﻖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺧﻮﻓﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﻻ ﲰﺢ ﺍﷲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﱵ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﰲ ﳉﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺇﻃﻼﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺟﱯ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﻤﲔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻌﺖ ﲢﺼﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺒﻮﺑﺎﹰَ ﺑﺪﺀﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀً ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺪﻋﻤﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺯﻋﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺒﺐ ﻭﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﻏﻤﺲ ﺣﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺮﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍﹰ ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﻭﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺬﻝ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻧﺸﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻓﺮﻫﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﺭﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻣﻠﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻓﻘﲏ ﺍﷲ ﰲ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺣﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﷲ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺩﰲ‬

‫‪-4 -‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬‬
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ‬‬
‫‪١١‬‬ ‫‪ ١ – ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪ – ٢ – ١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪ ١-٢-١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢-٢-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٢-٢-١‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ‬
‫‪١٣‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٢-٢-١‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣‬‬ ‫‪ – ١-٢-٢-٢-١‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٢-٢-٢-١‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺻﺒﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫‪ -٣-٢-٢-٢-١‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٤-٢-٢-٢-١‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (FRP‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟــﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤٦‬‬ ‫‪ – ٣ – ٢ – ١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤٦‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٣-٢-١‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ‬
‫‪٤٧‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٣-٢-١‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١-٢-٣-٢-١‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺻﺒﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃـﺔ‬
‫‪٤٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪٤٨‬‬ ‫‪-٢-٢-٣-٢-١‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (FRP‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠـﻲ ﻟﻸﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫‪ -٤-٢-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٤-٢-١‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺼﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫‪ – ٣ – ١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫‪ – ١-٣-١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٣-١‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫‪ -٣-٣-١‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٧‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٣-٣-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٣-٣-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻘﻔﺺ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٦‬‬ ‫‪ -٣-٣-٣-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻃﻮﱄ ﺳﻔﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٨‬‬ ‫‪ -٤-٣-٣-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٧١‬‬ ‫‪ -٥-٣-٣-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ)‪ (FRP‬ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺺ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٧٩‬‬ ‫‪ -٦-٣-٣-١‬ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻄﻼﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ ) ﺯﺭﻳﻘﺔ( ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨١‬‬ ‫‪ -٤-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨١‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٤-١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨١‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٤-١‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٢‬‬ ‫‪-٣-٤-١‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٢‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٣-٤-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٥‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٣-٤-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﻘﻔﺺ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٦‬‬ ‫‪ -٣-٣-٤-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﻠﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪. (FRP‬‬
‫‪٩٩‬‬ ‫‪ -٤-٣-٤-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﺈﻛﺴﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ ) ﺯﺭﻳﻘﺔ( ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-6 -‬‬
‫‪١٠١‬‬ ‫‪ -٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠١‬‬ ‫‪- ١-٥-١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠١‬‬ ‫‪- ٢-٥-١‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠٢‬‬ ‫‪- ٣-٥-١‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠٢‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠٢‬‬ ‫‪ -١-١-٣-٥ -١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠٥‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-١-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﲝﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﲢﺘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠٧‬‬ ‫ﺁ – ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠٧‬‬ ‫ﺏ – ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺚ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫‪ -٣-١-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻭﺗﺎﺩ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﲢﺘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١-٢-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠــﺢ‬
‫‪١١٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺘﻒ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٢-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺑﺼﺒﺔ‬
‫‪١١٤‬‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻮﻗﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١-٣-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﲪﺎﻝ‬
‫‪١١٧‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٣-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﲪﺎﻝ‬
‫‪١٢٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﲜﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪-٣-٣-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﲪﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪١٢٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﻔﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢٨‬‬ ‫‪ -٤-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢٨‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٤-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣١‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٤-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-7 -‬‬
‫‪١٣٣‬‬ ‫‪ – ٦ – ١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ) ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻨﺎﺟﺎﺕ ( ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١-٦-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ) ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻨﺎﺟﺎﺕ ( ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫‪١٣٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣٦‬‬ ‫‪ -٧-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣٦‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٧-١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣٦‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٧-١‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣٧‬‬ ‫‪ -٣-٧-١‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣٧‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٣-٧-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣٧‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٣-٧-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﻔﺺ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣٧‬‬ ‫‪ -٣-٣-٧-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪١٤٢‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٢‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٣‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٢‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٣‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٢-٢‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٣‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٢-٢‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﺪﺍﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٥‬‬ ‫ﺁ – ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﲜﺎﺋﺰ ﺣﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٧‬‬ ‫ﺏ – ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٧‬‬ ‫ﺝ – ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪. (FRP‬‬
‫‪١٥٠‬‬ ‫‪ -٣-٢‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥٠‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٣-٢‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٣-٢‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﲔ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ‬
‫‪١٥٠‬‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-8 -‬‬
 ‫‪ -٣-٣-٢‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﳐﻔﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫‪١٥٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﲔ ﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥٨‬‬ ‫‪ -٤-٢‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥٨‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٤-٢‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥٩‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٤-٢‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥٩‬‬ ‫ﺁ – ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٠‬‬ ‫ﺏ – ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (FRP‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٢‬‬ ‫ﺝ – ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٣‬‬ ‫‪ -٥-٢‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٣‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٥-٢‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٣‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٥-٢‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٣‬‬ ‫ﺁ – ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﲪﺎﻝ ﲜﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻼﺻﻖ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٤‬‬ ‫ﺏ – ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﲪﺎﻝ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٤‬‬ ‫ﺝ – ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﲪﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٦‬‬ ‫‪ -٦-٢‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٧‬‬ ‫‪ -١-٦-٢‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٩‬‬ ‫‪ -٢-٦-٢‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٦٩‬‬ ‫ﺁ – ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﺘﻠﻲ ﺑﺼﺐ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﻋﻢ ﺧﻠﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ –ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﺘﻠﻲ ﺑﺼﺐ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﺧﻠﻔﻪ ﻣـــﻦ‬
‫‪١٧٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٧٥‬‬ ‫‪ ٧ – ٢‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-9 -‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪١٧٩‬‬ ‫‪ – ١ – ٣‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫‪١٨٤‬‬ ‫‪ – ٢ – ٣‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪١٨٤‬‬ ‫ﺁ – ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺻﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪١٨٧‬‬ ‫ﺏ – ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪١٨٩‬‬ ‫ﺝ – ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳉﺴﺮ ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫‪٢٠٠‬‬ ‫‪ – ٣ – ٣‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٢٠٨‬‬ ‫‪ – ٤ – ٣‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺎﺡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢١٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٢١٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪-10 -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ١ – ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﰒ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ) ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻨﺎﺟﺎﺕ ( ﻭﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻗﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻗﺼﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻫﻦ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﰲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﰒ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻼﹰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼﹰ ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻨﺄﰐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸـﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﺤﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﰒ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺧﻄـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ – ٢ – ١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ١-٢-١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻇﻔﺮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ ) ﻫﻮﺭﺩﻱ( ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ – ﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺟـﻮﺍﺋﺰ ﻭﺗـﺪﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫـ ‪ -‬ﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢-٢-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﲡـﺎﻫﲔ ﺃﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١-٢-٢-١‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺂﻛﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﻋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺗﺴـﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﻭﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻜﺸﻮﻑ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻷﲪـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ -٢-٢-٢-١‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ١-٢-٢-٢-١‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻜﺴﲑ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﻗـﺖ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ )‪ (C‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ )‪ (C1‬ﺃﻭ )‪ ،(C2‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﻷﺷـﻜﺎﻝ )‪-١-١‬ﺁ‪ ،‬ﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺝ(‬
‫ﻭ )‪ -٢-١‬ﺁ ‪،‬ﺏ( ﻭ )‪ – ٣-١‬ﺁ‪ ،‬ﺏ( ‪ ،‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ )‪ (C‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (C1‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (C2‬ﺃﻭ )‪(b1‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ )‪ (b2‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﲰﺎﻛﺘـﻬﺎ )‪ (ht‬ﻭﺗﺴـﻠﻴﺤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﺍﳊﺴﻲ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺳﱪ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺒﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳـﺘﻢ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴـﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﻣﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﻨﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ )‪ (b>2a‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-١-١‬ﺁ( ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳛـﺪﺩ ﻋـﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸـﺮﳛﺔ )‪(c‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ )‪ (Ht‬ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ )‪ (As‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ )‪ (A`s‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻮﺽ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪bc‬‬ ‫‪bc bc‬‬
‫(‪c  2‬‬ ‫‪)c‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ )‪ (As2‬ﻣﻊ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (ht‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ )‪ (a‬ﻭ ‪ ، b  c‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣﻌﻄﻴـﺎﺕ ﻭﻗـﻴﻢ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴـﻠﻴﺢ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ﺭﻗـﻢ‬
‫)‪-١-١‬ﺁ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪-13 -‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﻣﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫)‪-١-١‬ﺏ( ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳛﺪﺩ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ )‪ (C1‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻨﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪As 1/2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -1-1‬ﺃ(‬

‫‪b-c‬‬

‫‪As 1/2‬‬ ‫ـﺩ‬

‫ـﺎﻩ ﻭﺤﻴــ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠــ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﺼﻤﺘــ‬ ‫ـﻡ ﺒﻼﻁــ‬‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴــ‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ـﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻌــﺔ ﻤﺴــﺎﻨﺩ‬

‫ـﻨﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠـ‬
‫ﺒﺴـﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺤ ﻴ ﺙ ‪ b>2a‬ﺒﺸـــﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻤﻴـــﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪b‬‬

‫‪c‬‬

‫‪As 2 /2‬‬
‫‪As 2 /2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪b-c‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪a1‬‬ ‫‪a2‬‬ ‫‪a3‬‬

‫‪c1 b 1 - c1 /2‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬ ‫‪ht‬‬ ‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪b2‬‬

‫‪As 3‬‬

‫‪As 3‬‬

‫‪As 3‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬ ‫‪As' 1‬‬ ‫‪As' 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪b1 - c1‬‬

‫‪As 2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -1-1‬ﺏ(‬
‫‪b1‬‬

‫‪As 1/2‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬

‫ـﺔ ﻤﺼﻤﺘــ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴــﻡ ﺒﻼﻁــ‬
‫‪As 1/2‬‬ ‫ـﺩ‬
‫ـﺎﻩ ﻭﺤﻴــ‬‫ﺒﺎﺘﺠــ‬
‫‪As 1/2‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴــﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﺒﺸــﺭﺍﺌﺢ ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻤﻴــﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪c1‬‬

‫‪-14 -‬‬
 ‫‪a1‬‬ ‫‪a2‬‬ ‫‪a3‬‬
‫‪c2 b2 - c2/2‬‬

‫‪L‬‬
‫‪L/2‬‬ ‫‪L/2‬‬ ‫‪1.25 a3‬‬ ‫‪a3‬‬
‫‪b2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫‪b 1 - c2‬‬
‫‪b1‬‬
‫‪c2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -1-1‬ﺠـ(‬

‫ـﺩ‬
‫ـﺎﻩ ﻭﺤﻴــ‬‫ـﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠــ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﺼﻤﺘــ‬ ‫ـﻡ ﺒﻼﻁــ‬‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴــ‬
‫ﻤﺴــﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﺒﺸــﺭﺍﺌﺢ ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻤﻴــﺔ ﺠﺯﺌﻴــﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻁﻴــﺔ‬
‫ـﺙ‪:‬‬‫ـﺎﻨﺩ ﺤﻴـ‬‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺎﻟﺏ ﻓـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺴـ‬
‫‪L/2 > a1/4‬‬
‫‪L/2 > a2/4‬‬

‫‪-15 -‬‬
 ‫‪c‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁـ‬
‫ـﺩﻭﺩ ﺘﻜﺴـ‬
‫ﺤـ‬

‫‪Ht-ht‬‬
‫‪Ht‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫‪ht‬‬
‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪As2‬‬
‫‪As1‬‬

‫ـﻲ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀـــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫‪a1‬‬ ‫‪a2‬‬ ‫‪a3‬‬

‫‪a1 /4‬‬ ‫‪a2 /4‬‬ ‫‪1.5 a3‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪As'+As'1‬‬ ‫‪As'+As'2‬‬

‫‪Ht‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬
‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫‪As' 1‬‬ ‫‪As' 2‬‬

‫'‪As‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟــــﻲ ‪2 - 2‬‬

‫‪c1‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁـ‬
‫ـﺩﻭﺩ ﺘﻜﺴـ‬
‫ﺤـ‬
‫‪Ht-ht‬‬
‫‪Ht‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪As 3‬‬

‫‪As 1‬‬

‫ـﻲ ‪3 - 3‬‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀـــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫‪-16 -‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ )‪ (a1‬ﻭ )‪ (a2‬ﺃﻣﺎ )‪ (a3‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ )‪ (Ht‬ﻟﻠﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ )‪ (As‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ )‪ (A`s1‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪ (A`s2‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻮﺽ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳋﺎﺻـﺔ‬
‫ﲟﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (b1‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺮﳛﺘﲔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺘﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳛﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ )‪ (As3‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﺻـﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (ht‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ‪ a1) :‬ﻭ ‪ (b1-C1‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫)‪ a2‬ﻭ ‪ (b1-c1‬ﺃﻭ )‪ a1‬ﻭ ‪ (b2-c1/2‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫)‪ -١-١‬ﺏ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ )‪ (c‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (c1‬ﲝﺪﻭﺩ )‪ (50 ~ 100 cm‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﲰﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (H1- ht‬ﻓﻴﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ )‪ (4 -7cm‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻮﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﳜﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻟﺖ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺳـﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﻣﺴـﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻭﺑﻄﻮﻝ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ‪،‬‬
‫ﳛﺴﺐ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﻭﲰﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﲔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ – ١-١‬ﺝ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﻣﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻻ ﲢﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪– ١-١‬ﺁ( ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻫﲔ‬

‫‪-17 -‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺿﻼﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪– ٢-١‬ﺁ(‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺳﻘﻔﺎﹰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣـﺎ ﻳـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﺮﳛﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺘﻮﺿﻌﺎﻥ‬
‫ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻠﺚ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ -٢-١‬ﺁ( ﻳﺒﲔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ )‪ (b‬ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ )‪ ، (C2‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﺽ )‪(c2‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ )‪ (Ht‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ) ‪ As‬ﻭ ‪ A`s‬ﻭ ‪ (A``s‬ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻮﺽ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺴﺐ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﳚـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ )‪ (As2‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃـﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ (ht‬ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫـﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳـﺔ ﻟﻜـﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫‪b  c2‬‬
‫)‪ (a‬ﻭ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (c2‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝـﺪﻭﺩ )‪ (50 ~ 100 cm‬ﻭﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ )‪ (Ht – ht‬ﻓﻴﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ )‪. (4 ~ 7 cm‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺻﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺇﺫ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ) ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ( ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲣﻔـﻴﺾ ﻗـﻴﻢ ﻋـﺰﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﳐﻄﻂ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ) ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ(‬
‫ﻳﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻭﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪-18 -‬‬
 ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪(b - c2 ) /2 c2 (b - c2 ) /2‬‬
‫‪(b - c2 ) /2 c2 (b - c2 ) /2‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪As 1‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -2-1‬ﺃ(‬

‫‪As'1‬‬ ‫ـﺎﻫﻴﻥ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠــ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﻤﺼﻤﺘــ‬ ‫ـﻡ ﺒﻼﻁــ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴــ‬
‫ﺤ ﻴ ﺙ ‪a < b < 2a‬‬
‫ﺒﺸــﺭﺍﺌﺢ ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻤﻴــﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻠــﺔ‪.‬‬
‫''‪As‬‬

‫‪As' 2‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪As 2‬‬
‫‪As' 1‬‬
‫''‪As‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪b-2c2‬‬ ‫‪b-2c2‬‬ ‫‪b-2c2‬‬ ‫) ‪(b - c3‬‬ ‫)‪(b - c3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪c2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪c2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪c3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪As' 2‬‬
‫‪As 2‬‬
‫‪L3‬‬ ‫‪L3‬‬
‫‪As 1‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪c4‬‬

‫‪c2‬‬
‫‪As' 1‬‬

‫'‪As‬‬
‫‪L2‬‬

‫‪L2‬‬
‫‪As‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -2-1‬ﺏ(‬

‫‪L2‬‬

‫‪L2‬‬

‫ـﺎﻫﻴﻥ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠــ‬‫ـﺔ ﻤﺼﻤﺘــ‬‫ـﻡ ﺒﻼﻁــ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴــ‬
‫‪c3‬‬ ‫ﺤ ﻴ ﺙ ‪a < b < 2a‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬
‫ﺒﺸــﺭﺍﺌﺢ ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻤﻴــﺔ ﺠﺯﺌﻴــﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻁﻴــﺔ‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪As‬‬
‫ـﺎﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻟﺏ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـ‬
‫‪7‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﺤ ﻴ ﺙ ‪L2 > a/4‬‬

‫‪As' 1‬‬

‫‪L3 > b/4‬‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫‪-19 -‬‬
 ‫‪c2‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁـ‬
‫ـﺩﻭﺩ ﺘﻜﺴـ‬
‫ﺤـ‬

‫‪Ht-ht‬‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫‪Ht‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬
‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪As 2‬‬
‫‪As 1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀــــﻲ ‪4 - 4‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪a /4‬‬ ‫‪a /4‬‬ ‫‪a /4‬‬ ‫‪a /4‬‬
‫''‪As'+As‬‬ ‫''‪As'+As‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫'‪As‬‬

‫‪Ht‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪As‬‬

‫''‪As‬‬ ‫''‪As‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬
‫‪As‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟــــﻲ ‪5 - 5‬‬

‫‪c 2 ~ c3‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁـ‬
‫ـﺩﻭﺩ ﺘﻜﺴـ‬
‫ﺤـ‬
‫‪Ht-ht‬‬
‫‪Ht‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪As2‬‬
‫‪As 1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀــــﻲ ‪6 - 6‬‬

‫‪-20 -‬‬
 ‫‪L2 > a/4‬‬ ‫‪L2 > a/4‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁـ‬
‫ـﺩﻭﺩ ﺘﻜﺴـ‬
‫ﺤـ‬

‫‪ht Ht-ht‬‬
‫‪Ht‬‬

‫‪As 1+As‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪As 2‬‬ ‫‪As 1‬‬

‫'‪As‬‬

‫‪As‬‬

‫‪As 1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟــــﻲ ‪7 - 7‬‬

‫‪-21 -‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ -٢-١‬ﺏ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴـﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺴﲑ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸـﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﻨﻈـﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺱ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻜﺴﲑ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣـﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺒﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﶈﻠﺰﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﰲ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪‬ﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺺ ﻋﻦ )‪ (25mm‬ﻭﻋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺖ )‪. (400 Kg/m3‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٢-٢-٢-١‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺻﺒﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻜﺴﲑ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺻﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﳏﻠﺰﻥ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ – ٣-١‬ﺁ( ﻭ )‪ – ٣-١‬ﺏ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺼﺐ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﲢﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻨﻘﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﺷـﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴـﺔ‬

‫‪-22 -‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ ‪ .‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ )‪ (c‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (c1‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (b1‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (b2‬ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﲰﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (ht‬ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺃﻗﻄـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﻣﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴـﻨﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺿﻼﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ )‪ ، (b>2a‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ - ٣-١‬ﺁ( ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﳛﺪﺩ ﻋـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ )‪ (C‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﰲ )‪ (Ht – ht‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄـﻮﱄ‬
‫ﻭ )‪ (As‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ‬ ‫)‪(A`s‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﺎﰱﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋـﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄـﺎﻑ ﺧـﺎﺹ‬

‫ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪bc‬‬ ‫‪bc bc‬‬
‫(‪C  2‬‬ ‫‪)C‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ )‪ (As2‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﲰﺎﻛﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫‪bC‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ )‪ (a‬ﻭ‬ ‫)‪(ht‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ٣-١‬ﺁ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﻣﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫)‪ – ٣-١‬ﺏ( ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺩ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ )‪ (C1‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻨﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ )‪ (Ht – ht‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ‬
‫)‪ (As‬ﻭ )‪ (A`s‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻮﺽ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (b1‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﺻـﺒﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺘﲔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﲔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-23 -‬‬
 ‫‪a‬‬

‫‪As 1/2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -3-1‬ﺃ(‬

‫‪b-c‬‬

‫‪As 1/2‬‬ ‫ـﺩ‬‫ـﺎﻩ ﻭﺤﻴــ‬

‫ـﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠــ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﺼﻤﺘــ‬‫ـﻡ ﺒﻼﻁــ‬‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴــ‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ـﺎﻨﺩ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﺴـ‬‫ـﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻌـ‬
‫ـﻨﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠـ‬
‫ﺒﺴـﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ـﻬﺎ ‪C‬‬
‫ـﻠﺨﺔ ﻋﺭﻀـ‬ ‫ـﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺒﺔ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫‪b>2a‬‬
‫ﺤ ﻴ ﺙ ﺒﺼـ‬
‫‪b‬‬

‫‪c‬‬

‫‪As 2 /2‬‬
‫‪As 2 /2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪b-c‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪a1‬‬ ‫‪a2‬‬ ‫‪a3‬‬

‫‪c1 b2 - c1/2‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬ ‫‪ht‬‬ ‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪b2‬‬

‫‪As 3‬‬

‫‪As 3‬‬

‫‪As 3‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬ ‫‪As' 1‬‬ ‫‪As' 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪b 1- c1‬‬

‫‪As 2‬‬
‫‪b1‬‬

‫‪As 1/2‬‬
‫‪As 1/2‬‬
‫‪As 1/2‬‬
‫‪c1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -3-1‬ﺏ(‬

‫ـﺩ‬
‫ـﺎﻩ ﻭﺤﻴــ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠــ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﺼﻤﺘــ‬‫ـﻡ ﺒﻼﻁــ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴــ‬
‫ﻤﺴــﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﺒﺼــﺒﺔ ﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ ‪C1‬‬

‫‪-24 -‬‬
 ‫‪c‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـل ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـ‬
‫ـﺎﺭﻴﻙ ﻭﺼـ‬
‫ﺘﺸـ‬ ‫‪As‬‬ ‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﺭﻀــﻲ‬ ‫'‪As‬‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬

‫‪ht Ht-ht‬‬
‫‪Ht‬‬

‫‪As 1‬‬ ‫‪As 2‬‬

‫ـﻲ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀـــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫‪a1‬‬ ‫‪a2‬‬ ‫‪a3‬‬

‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﺭﻀــﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬
‫'‪As‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪As‬‬

‫‪Ht‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـل ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـ‬
‫ـﺎﺭﻴﻙ ﻭﺼـ‬
‫ﺘﺸـ‬

‫'‪As‬‬
‫‪As‬‬

‫ـﻲ ‪2 - 2‬‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟـــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫‪c‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـل ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـ‬
‫ـﺎﺭﻴﻙ ﻭﺼـ‬
‫ﺘﺸـ‬ ‫‪As‬‬ ‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﺭﻀــﻲ‬ ‫'‪As‬‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬
‫‪ht Ht-ht‬‬
‫‪Ht‬‬

‫‪As 1‬‬ ‫‪As 3‬‬

‫ـﻲ ‪3 - 3‬‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀـــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫‪-25 -‬‬
‫ﻭﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ )‪ (As3‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﺻـﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (ht‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫـﺎ )‪ (a1‬ﻭ )‪(b1 – C1‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ )‪ (a‬ﻭ )‪ (b1 – C1‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (a1‬ﻭ )‪ .... (b2 – C1/2‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴـﻤﻮﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ )‪ (80 cm‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻋﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴـﻤﺎﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ )‪.(5 ~ 8cm‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﻣﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺿﻼﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺻـﺒﺎﺕ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﳏﻠﺰﻥ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗـﻢ‬
‫)‪ – ٢-١‬ﺁ( ﻭﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ٢-١‬ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ ﺭﻗـﻢ‬
‫)‪ – ٣-١‬ﺁ( ﻭﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ٣-١‬ﺏ( ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺻﺒﺎﺕ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ) ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ( ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺻﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﺷﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺛﻘـﻮﺏ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻭﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﻛﻞ ) ‪ ٤٠ – ٣٠‬ﺳﻢ( ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺭﺵ ﺭﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿـﻲ ﻭﻓـﻖ ﺍﻷﺑﻌـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-26 -‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺗﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪‬ﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺺ ﻋﻦ )‪ (25mm‬ﻭﻋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﱵ )‪. (400 Kg/m3‬‬
‫‪ -٣-٢-٢-٢-١‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﺷﻐﺎﻻﺕ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻒ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺑﺈﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﳍﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻭﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻛﺴﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﱴ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ )ﺯﺭﻳﻘﺔ( ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﻭﺗﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺳﻮﺀﺍﹰ ﺑﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﺿﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻛﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺴﻨﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎﹰ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺿﻼﻋﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ٤-١‬ﺁ( ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﺗﺂﻛـﻞ‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﻭﺟﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺎﻥ ) ‪ (M x‬ﻭ ) ‪ (M y‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﻤـﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫) ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺘﺔ( ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀـﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻔـﻮﻻﺫ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﲢﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Asx‬ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Asy‬ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪-27 -‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Asx1‬ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Asy1‬ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ‪ Asx  Asx  Asx1 :‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ‪ ، Asy  Asy  Asy1 :‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ٤-١‬ﺏ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴـﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Asx  Asx‬ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Asy  Asy‬ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺑﺴـﻴﻄﺔ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺃﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﻮ ‪ Asx‬ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﻋـﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ‪ Asy‬ﻓﻬـﻮ ﺗﺴـﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺃﺻﻐﺮﻱ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ – ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ٤-١‬ﺏ( ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﻳﻨﻈﻒ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﺷﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺤﲔ ‪ Asx‬ﻭ ‪ Asy‬ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺤﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﻃـﻼﺀ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛـﺔ ﺃﻭﺟـﻪ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫) ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺿﻬﺎﺭﺓ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﲝﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﲰﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ )‪. (4 cm‬‬

‫‪-28 -‬‬
 ‫‪b‬‬

‫ـﻤﺎﻜﺔ ‪ht‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴـ‬

‫‪Mx‬‬
‫‪My‬‬
‫‪Asx 1/2‬‬
‫‪Asx 1/2‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪Asy 1/2‬‬
‫‪Asy 1/2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -4-1‬ﺃ(‬

‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺠـ‬ ‫ـﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠـ‬‫ـﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﺴـ‬
‫ـﺫ ﻭﺭﻗـ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴــﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﺒﻼﻁــﺔ ﻤﺼــﻤﺘﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠــﺎﻫﻴﻥ‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـ‬
‫ﺍﺸـ‬
‫ﺘﺜﺒـــﺕ ﺒﺎﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴـــﻲ‬ ‫‪Asy 1‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪Asx 1‬‬
‫‪Ht‬‬

‫‪Asx‬‬ ‫‪Asy‬‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -4-1‬ﺏ(‬

‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘــﺔ ﺘﻨﻔﻴــﺫ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗــﺔ ﺍﻻﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴــﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺠــﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴــﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﺒﻼﻁــﺔ ﻤﺼــﻤﺘﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠــﺎﻫﻴﻥ‬

‫‪-29 -‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﺒﲎ ﲡﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ ﳛﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﳛﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻼﺕ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﳑﺮﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﺭﺷﻮﺣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ) ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ(‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺇﻛﺴﺎﺋﻪ ﺑﻄﻼﺀ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻠﺮﺷﺢ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻭﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﻼﺷﻐﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ -٤-١‬ﺝ( ﻳﺒﲔ ﺟﺰﺀﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﲤﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﰎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫)‪ (STAAD – PRO‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫)‪-٤-١‬ﺩ( ﺑﻌﺾ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻹﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﲤﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﰎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳏﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻲ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻔﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺬﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﰲ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﲏ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-30 -‬‬
 ‫‪S3‬‬

‫‪S1‬‬ ‫‪S1‬‬

‫‪300‬‬
‫‪90‬‬
‫‪S1‬‬ ‫‪S1‬‬ ‫‪S1‬‬

‫‪355‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪270‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪270‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬

‫‪S2‬‬ ‫‪S2‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬

‫‪S3‬‬

‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪320‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪320‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫‪645‬‬
‫‪90‬‬

‫‪S1‬‬ ‫‪S1‬‬ ‫‪S1‬‬

‫‪315‬‬
‫‪90‬‬

‫‪S1‬‬ ‫‪S1‬‬ ‫‪S1‬‬

‫‪330‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪-4-1‬ﺠـ(‬

‫ـﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ـﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـ‬
‫ـﻔﻠﻲ ﻓـ‬‫ـﻭ ﺍﻟﺴـ‬
‫ـﻘﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺒـ‬
‫ـﻁﺢ ﺴـ‬‫ـﻥ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﻡ ﻤـ‬ ‫ﻗﺴـ‬
‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺠـ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﺴـ‬ ‫ـﺫ ﻭﺭﻗـ‬
‫ـﻪ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴـ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ﻓﻴـ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁـ‬
‫ـﺭﻯ ﺘـ‬
‫ـﺫﻱ ﺠـ‬‫ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ـﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒـﻼﻁــــ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـــ‬

‫‪-31 -‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪-٤-١‬ﺩ(‬
‫ﳐﻄﻂ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ‪ Mx‬ﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺈﲡﺎﻫﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ ) ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ (‬

‫‪-32 -‬‬
 ‫‪20~30‬‬ ‫‪300~320‬‬ ‫‪20~30‬‬

‫ﻟﺤـﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪4mm‬‬

‫‪T10/30cm‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻭﺭ ﻤﺘﺩﻟﻴـ‬
‫ﺠﺴــ‬

‫‪T8/30cm‬‬
‫‪B3‬‬

‫‪S1‬‬ ‫‪S1‬‬
‫‪15151515‬‬

‫ﻟﺤـﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪4mm‬‬

‫‪T10/30cm‬‬

‫ﻤﺴـــﻤﺎﺭ ﺘﺜﺒﻴــﺕ ﺒﺸـــﻜل ‪L‬‬

‫‪T8/30cm‬‬ ‫ﻗـﻁ ﺭ ‪12mm‬ﺍﻨﻅــﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼــﻴل‬
‫‪B3‬‬

‫‪B3‬‬

‫‪15151515‬‬ ‫‪B3‬‬

‫ﻤﺴـــﻤﺎﺭ ﺘﺜﺒﻴــﺕ ﺒﺸـــﻜل ‪L‬‬

‫ﻗـ ﻁﺭ ‪ 12mm‬ﺍﻨﻅــﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼــﻴل‬
‫‪S1‬‬ ‫‪S1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪-4-1‬ﻫـ(‬

‫ﺘﻔﺼــﻴﻠﺔ ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺒﻼﻁــﺔ ﻤﻠﻴﺌــﺔ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴــﺫ ﻭﺭﻗــﺔ ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ـﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫ـﺎ ﺍﻟﺴـ‬‫ـﻰ ﻭﺠﻬﻬـ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠـ‬

‫‪-33 -‬‬
 ‫‪L=300‬‬
‫‪L=300‬‬
‫‪2T12‬‬

‫‪2T8‬‬

‫‪~25‬‬
‫‪B3‬‬

‫‪S2‬‬ ‫‪S3‬‬

‫‪60‬‬

‫‪110‬‬
‫‪10~20 50‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪50 10~20‬‬
‫‪2T20‬‬
‫‪L=300‬‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪110~120‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪110~120‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫‪150‬‬
‫‪3T10‬‬ ‫‪3T10‬‬

‫‪L=300‬‬
‫‪2T20‬‬
‫‪L=600‬‬ ‫‪L=600‬‬

‫ﻤﺴـــﻤﺎﺭ ﺘﺜﺒﻴــﺕ ﺒﺸـــﻜل ‪L‬‬ ‫‪2T8‬‬

‫ﻗ ـﻁﺭ ‪ 12mm‬ﺍﻨﻅــﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼــﻴل‬ ‫‪L=600‬‬
‫‪151515‬‬

‫‪L=300‬‬
‫‪6T8‬‬

‫‪200‬‬
‫‪L=300‬‬
‫‪5T12‬‬

‫‪2T8‬‬
‫‪L=600‬‬
‫‪B1‬‬

‫‪B1‬‬

‫‪150‬‬
‫‪2T20‬‬
‫‪L=300‬‬

‫ﻟﺤـﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪4mm‬‬

‫‪110‬‬
‫‪~ 25‬‬

‫‪15151515‬‬ ‫‪B3‬‬
‫‪L=300‬‬
‫‪L=300‬‬

‫‪S1‬‬ ‫‪S1‬‬
‫‪2T8‬‬
‫‪2T12‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪-4-1‬ﻭ(‬

‫ﺘﻔﺼــﻴﻠﺔ ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺒﻼﻁــﺔ ﻤﻠﻴﺌــﺔ ﺘﺤــﻭﻱ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻓﺘﺤــﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴــﺫ ﻭﺭﻗــﺔ ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺴــﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻭﺠﻬﻬــﺎ ﺍﻟﺴــﻔﻠﻲ‬

‫‪-34 -‬‬
 ‫ـﻭﻱ‬
‫ـﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـ‬
‫ـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺒـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺃﺭﻀـ‬
‫ـﻙ ﻓـ‬ ‫ـﻼﻁ ﻤﻭﺯﺍﻴﻴـ‬‫ﺒـ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﺴـ‬‫ﻤﻭﻨـ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺘﻨﻘــﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺠــﻪ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤــﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺘــﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴــــﻤﺎﺭ ﺘﺜﺒﻴــﺕ ﺒﺸـــﻜل ‪L‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴــــﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒـــﻼﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻁ ﺭ ‪12mm‬‬ ‫ﺜﻘﺏ ﻗﻁــﺭ ‪22mm‬‬
‫ﻴﻤــﻸ ﺒﺎﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴــﻲ‬

‫ﻟﺤـﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ‬
‫‪4mm‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺜــﺎﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘــﺩﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺜــﺎﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴــﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴــﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴــﺩ‬ ‫ـﺩﻴﻡ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﻘــ‬
‫ـﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴــ‬

‫‪-35 -‬‬
‫‪12‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫ـﺭ ‪12mm‬‬ ‫ـﺕ ﻗﻁـ‬ ‫ـﻤﺎﺭ ﺘﺜﺒﻴـ‬

‫ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪-4-1‬ﺯ(‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔـﻭﻻﺫ ﻋﺎﻟـــﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـــﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁـ‬‫ـﻲ ﻟﺘـ‬
‫ـﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠـ‬ ‫ـﻊ ﺸـ‬‫ﻤﻘﻁـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻋﻤـ‬
‫ـﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴـ‬
‫ـﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴـ‬
‫ـﻊ ﺸـ‬
‫ـﻡ ﻤـ‬
‫ﻴﻠﺤـ‬
‫ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴــﺫ ﻭﺭﻗــﺔ ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺴــﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻭﺠﻬﻬــﺎ ﺍﻟﺴــﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪fy >4000 kg/cm2‬‬
‫‪Scale 1/10‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ )‪ (STAAD – PRO‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻐﲑﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﲰﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ )‪ -٤-١‬ﻫـ ‪،‬ﻭ ‪ ,‬ﺯ( ﺗﺒﲔ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻫﲔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﲢﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﲔ ﻟﻺﻧﺎﺭﺓ‪ ,‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﱄ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﻲ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻣﲑ ) ﺍﻟﺸﻨﺎﻛﻞ( ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – ٤-٢-٢-٢-١‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (CFRP‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ )‪ (FRP‬ﰲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸـﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻨـﺬ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺪﻳﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺒﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺃﺳﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﲑﺍﺕ )‪ (Fiber Reinforced Polymer‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﺑـ )‪(FRP‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻦ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺜﻴﻼ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻻ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻠﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺧﻼﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﳋﻔﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-36 -‬‬
 ‫‪ .٤‬ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻭ ) ﻛﻮﻓﺮﺍﺝ( ﻛﺒﲑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺧﻔﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (FRP‬ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻧﻌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻣﻴـﺪ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻮع اﻷﻟﯿﺎف‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫‪Type of fiber‬‬ ‫‪Modulus of elasticity‬‬ ‫‪Tensile strength‬‬
‫)‪(Kg/cm2‬‬ ‫)‪(Kg/cm2‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﯿﺔ )‪(Corbon‬‬ ‫‪2500000~ 6000000‬‬ ‫‪25000 ~ 50000‬‬
‫أراﻣﯿﺪ )‪(Aramid‬‬ ‫‪1200000 ~ 1300000‬‬ ‫‪30000 ~ 40000‬‬
‫زﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ )‪(Glass‬‬ ‫‪600000 ~ 700000‬‬ ‫‪17000 ~ 30000‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺗﻼﺣﻢ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ ) ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﺮﻳﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻻﺻﻖ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﲟﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌـﻮﻳﺾ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳـﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﹰ ﻏﲑ ﳎﺪﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ )‪ (Saadatmanesf and Malek‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﻠﻔﺢ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ )‪ (Bencardino, Spadea , Swamy‬ﰲ‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﺼﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫‪-37 -‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ )‪ (Fanning, Kelly‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠١‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﺍﺓ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ (Norris, Saadatmanesh, Ehsani‬ﻋـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﻣﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﳐﻄﻂ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻒ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ )‪ -٤ -١‬ﺡ( ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍﹰ ﻣﻨﻌﻄﻔﺎﹰ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ )‪ (M‬ﻋﺮﺿﻪ )‪ ) (b‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ‬
‫‪ (b=1m‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ )‪ (ht‬ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺎﹰ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻓﻮﻻﺫﻱ ﻣﺸﺪﻭﺩ )‪ (As‬ﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﻭﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻓﻮﻻﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻋﻠﻮﻱ )‪. (A`s‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﻘﻮﻯ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (CFRP‬ﻣﻠﺼﻮﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ )‪ ، (Af‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – y‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ )‪ (N.A‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – d1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ )‪. (A`s‬‬
‫‪ – d2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ )‪. (As‬‬
‫‪ – s‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – `s‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – `c‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – f‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪. (CFRP‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺩﺓ )‪ (Ns‬ﻭ )‪ (Nf‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ )‪ (N`c‬ﻭ )‪ (N`s‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N`c = . `c. y. b‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ΣN = 0 = Nf+ Ns – N`s- N`c = 0‬‬
‫‪ΣM = 0 = Nf (ht-y) + Ns (d-y) + N`s(y-d1) + N`c(y-y1) – M= 0‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (0.5‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-38 -‬‬
 ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪o~~c‬‬ ‫'‪o~~c‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬ ‫‪N's‬‬ ‫'‪N's = As'. o~~s‬‬

‫‪d1‬‬
‫‪d1‬‬
‫‪N'c‬‬ ‫‪N'c‬‬

‫‪y‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪N.A‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪N.A‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪N.A‬‬

‫‪d‬‬
‫‪d‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪h -y‬‬

‫‪-39 -‬‬
‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪Ns‬‬ ‫‪o~~s‬‬ ‫‪Ns = As. o~~s‬‬

‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪d2‬‬

‫‪Nf‬‬ ‫‪o~~f‬‬ ‫‪Nf = Af . o~~f‬‬

‫‪Af‬‬

‫ـﻑ‬
‫ـﺭ ﻤﻨﻌﻁـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻋﻨﺼـ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ﻓـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼــﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻁــﻑ ﺍﻨﻌﻁﺎﻓــﺎ ﺒﺴــﻴﻁﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌــﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴــﺔ ﺤﺴــﺏ‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻨـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘـ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -4 -1‬ﺡ(‬

‫ـﺔ(‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﻠﻴﺌـ‬
‫ـﻴﻁﺎ )ﺒﻼﻁـ‬
‫ـﺎ ﺒﺴـ‬
‫ـﻑ ﺍﻨﻌﻁﺎﻓـ‬‫ـﺘﻁﻴل ﻤﻨﻌﻁـ‬
‫ـﻊ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻓـ‬
‫ـﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـ‬
‫ـﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘـ‬
‫ـﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌـ‬
‫ﻤﺨﻁـ‬
 ‫‪ – M‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (CFRP‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻭﻛﺘﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺩﺓ )‪ (s‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺘﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﻱ )‪ (Nf=0‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ns = N`s + N`c‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ )‪ ،(N`s‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫‪As.s = 1/2. b.y. `c‬‬
‫‪y= .d‬‬‫ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪s=As/b.d :‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫`‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪dy‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n c‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫`‪ s  n c‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 2  2n s  2n s  0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪  ( 2n s  n 2  s ) 2  n s‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ )‪ (N`c‬ﳒﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪M=Ns. Z = s.As.Z‬‬

‫‪-40 -‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪Z dy‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪ (1  ) d   .d‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪M= s.As..d.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪s ‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪As ‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪As . , d‬‬ ‫‪ s . , d‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ . s‬‬
‫‪ `c ‬‬
‫) ‪n(1  ‬‬

‫‪Nf  0‬‬ ‫ﺏ – ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬

‫‪s s‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ c   `c‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -  s‬ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -  `c‬ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Nf +Ns = N`s + N`c‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ )‪ (N`s=0‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫`‪A f . f  As . s  12 .b. y. c‬‬
‫ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪dy‬‬
‫`‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪n c‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬

‫‪-41 -‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫`‪ s  n c‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺻﻼﺡ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫‪ 2  2 (   f .‬‬ ‫‪  s .n)  2 s .n  0‬‬
‫`‪ c‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪  (2  s .n  2 f `   s2 .n 2 ) 2   s .n‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ )‪ (N`c‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪M = Nf(ht – d1) + Ns.Z‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Z dy‬‬ ‫‪ (1 ‬‬‫‪)d   .d‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪M  A f . f ( ht  d1)  As . s . .d‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪M  As . s . .d‬‬
‫‪Af ‬‬
‫)‪ f (ht  d1‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔـﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ )‪ (% ٧٠‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫= ‪(ℓ‬‬ ‫ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ )‪380cm‬‬
‫ﲰﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (15cm‬ﲪﻮﻻ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – 350 Kg/m2‬ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻃﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 300 Kg/m2‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫‪-42 -‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ‪ (f`c= 140 Kg/cm2) :‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴـﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴـﺔ ﻫـﻲ )‪، (As = 6 cm2/m‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻪ ‪ (fy = 3000 Kg/cm2) :‬ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺍﻟﻀـﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (CFRP‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﱐ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪.  f  8000 Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫ﺍﳊـﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ s  0.55  3000  1650Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪ c  0.4  140  55Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪  (2  15  0.00462  225  9.5  10 6 ) 2  15  0.00462  0.306‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪  1   0.898‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ )  s  6  0.00462 :‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ (‬
‫‪100  13‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ ) n = 15‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ(‬
‫‪W = 0.15 x 2500 + 350 +300 = 1025 Kg/m‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪M  w.‬‬ ‫‪ 1850 Kg.m/m‬‬
‫‪8‬‬

‫‪M = W.ℓ 2/8 = 1850 Kg/m/m‬‬

‫‪185000‬‬
‫‪s ‬‬ ‫‪ 2641Kg / cm 2  1650 Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪6  0.898  13‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬

‫‪M  As . s . .d‬‬
‫‪Af ‬‬
‫) ‪ f ( ht  d1‬‬

‫‪-43 -‬‬
 ‫‪185000  6  1650  0.898  13‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫)‪8000(15  0‬‬

‫`‪Af = 0.58 cm2/m‬‬

‫ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻃـﻮﱄ‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ )‪ (2cm‬ﻭﲰﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎ )‪ , (1m‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗـﻢ‬
‫)‪-٤-١‬ﻁ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪Mf = 0.58 x 8000 x 15 = 69600 Kg.cm :‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ Ms = 115573 Kg.cm :‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‪Mf< 0.7. Ms :‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﳎﺎﺯﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ) ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ( ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟـﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺴـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻃﻼﺀﻩ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﻌـﺰﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﲟﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻄﻼﺀ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻠﺮﺷﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ )‪ (CFRP‬ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﳌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﳎﺘـﺎﺯﺓ ﻣﺴـﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-44 -‬‬
 ‫‪13‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪As = 6 cm‬‬

‫‪32‬‬

‫‪-45 -‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴــﺎﻑ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴــﺔ ﺘﻠﺼــﻕ ﻋﻠــﻰ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺠــﻪ ﺍﻟﺴــﻔﻠﻲ ﺒﻤــﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴــﻲ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻌﺔ‬
‫ـﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸـ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼـ‬
‫ـﻤﺎﻜﺔ ‪1mm‬‬ ‫ﺒﺴـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -4-1‬ﻁ(‬
‫ـﺔ )‪(CFRP‬‬
‫ـﺎﻑ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴـ‬
‫ـﻠﺤﺔ ﻤﺩﻋﻤـ‬‫ـﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺒﻼﻁـ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ﻓـ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠــﺔ ﻨﻘــﺹ ﺃﻭ ﻀــﻌﻑ ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸــﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴــﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٣ – ٢ – ١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١-٣-٢-١‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺸـﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺴـﻠﻴﺤﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻸﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﺎﻣﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻌـﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﱵ ) ﺍﳍﻮﺭﺩﻱ (‬
‫ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﻭﲤﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻖ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫)‪ (45‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺪ ﳉﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﻭﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺰﻝ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎﹰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٣-٢-١‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١-٢-٣-٢-١‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺻﺒﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ )‪. (Z‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ )‪ (T‬ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄـﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘـﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﺐ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺗﺴـﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻋﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﻏﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻻﺫ ‪ ،‬ﳛﺴﺐ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺤﻤﺔ ﺑﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳـﺪ ﻋـﻦ ﻋـﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﺻﺒﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ – ٢‬ﺻﺒﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﻭﻃﻮﳍـﺎ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻫﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ٥-١‬ﺁ( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃـﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﺷﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺛﻘﻮﺏ ﲤﻸ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ –ﺭﺵ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﺻﺐ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫـ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﳏﻠﺰﻥ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ )‪ (20 mm‬ﻭﻋﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﲰﻨـﺖ‬
‫)‪. (400 Kg/m3‬‬
‫‪-٢-٢-٣-٢-١‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (CFRP‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﻋﺼﺎﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻌـﺰﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺸـﺪﻭﺩ ﳋﻄـﺄ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺴﻮﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺭﺷﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﲟﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺷﺢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﳜﺺ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻸﻋﺼﺎﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻸﻋﺼﺎﺏ ‪ .‬ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ‬

‫‪-48 -‬‬
‫ـﻲ‬
‫ـﺕ ﺒﺎﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴــ‬‫ـﺎﻴﺭ ﺘﺜﺒــ‬
‫ﺃﺸــ‬
‫ـﺔ‬‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁـ‬
‫ﻓـ‬ ‫‪Asx‬‬ ‫‪Asy‬‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬
‫‪6~8‬‬
‫‪6~8‬‬
‫‪20~32‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -5-1‬ﺃ(‬

‫ـﻁﺢ‬
‫ـﻰ ﺴـ‬
‫ـﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠـ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺒﺔ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ـﺫ ﺼـ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴـ‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﻏـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁـ‬

‫‪55‬‬
‫‪2T10‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪20‬‬

‫‪T8/20 cm‬‬
‫‪3T14‬‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬

‫ﺃﻟﻴــﺎﻑ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴــﺔ )‪ (CFRP‬ﺒﺴــﻤﺎﻜﺔ‬

‫‪ 0.25mm‬ﻭﻋﺭﺽ ‪.15 cm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -5-1‬ﺠـ(‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻑ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴـ‬‫ـﺩﻋﻡ ﺒﺄﻟﻴـ‬‫ـﺔ ﻤـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﻏـ‬‫ـﻲ ﺒﻼﻁـ‬‫ـﺏ ﻓـ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼـ‬
‫)‪ (CFRP‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠــﺔ ﻨﻘــﺹ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸــﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴــﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫) ﺘﻁﺒﻴــﻕ ﻋﻤﻠــﻲ(‬

‫‪-49 -‬‬
 ‫‪bf‬‬
‫‪o~~c‬‬ ‫'‪o~~c‬‬
‫‪N'c‬‬

‫‪d1‬‬
‫‪N'c‬‬

‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪y‬‬

‫‪y‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪N.A‬‬ ‫‪O N.A‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪N.A‬‬

‫‪d‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬

‫‪M‬‬
‫‪h t -y‬‬

‫‪-50 -‬‬
‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪Ns‬‬ ‫‪o~~s‬‬ ‫‪Ns = As. o~~s‬‬

‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪d2‬‬

‫‪Nf‬‬ ‫‪o~~f‬‬ ‫‪Nf = Af . o~~f‬‬

‫‪Af‬‬
‫‪bw‬‬
‫ـﺎﺌﺯ‬
‫ـﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺠـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻋﺼـ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ﻓـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼــﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻁــﻑ ﺍﻨﻌﻁﺎﻓــﺎ ﺒﺴــﻴﻁﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌــﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴــﺔ ﺤﺴــﺏ‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻨـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘـ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -5 -1‬ﺏ(‬

‫ـﺩﻟﻲ(‬
‫ـﺭ ﻤﺘـ‬
‫ـﻴﻁﺎ )ﻋﺼﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺠﺴـ‬
‫ـﺎ ﺒﺴـ‬
‫ـﻑ ﺍﻨﻌﻁﺎﻓـ‬
‫ـﻜل ﻤﻨﻌﻁـ ‪T‬‬‫ـﻊ ﺒﺸـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻓـ‬
‫ـﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـ‬
‫ـﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘـ‬
‫ـﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌـ‬
‫ﻤﺨﻁـ‬
‫ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻣﺮﺭﻧـﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )‪ ، (٤-٢-٢-٢-١‬ﻭﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ )‪ (Norris‬ﻭﺯﻣﻼﺋﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﳐﻄﻂ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻒ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﻟﺘـﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﺐ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (T‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻒ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺷﺪﺗﻪ )‪ (M‬ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-٥-١‬ﺏ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻑ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺗـﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﲔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ )‪ ، (Nf =0‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ns = N`c‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻬﻤﻞ ﻟﺼﻐﺮﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ns = s. As = s bf.d.s‬‬

‫`‬‫‪ c`   c`1‬‬
‫‪N ‬‬‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪b f .t f‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪  c` .b f .t f (1 ‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪2y‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪y = d‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺈﳘﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪ s .b f .d . s   c` .b f .t f (1 ‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪2y‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪) 2  n. s‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪ n s‬‬
‫‪d‬‬

‫‪-51 -‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﻴﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪As ‬‬
‫‪ s .Z‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (Z‬ﻛﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Z = 0.9 .d‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫`‬‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ n. As‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪  s‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪ b .t  1‬‬ ‫`‪ 1   c‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪ f f‬‬ ‫‪d tf‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Nf  0‬‬ ‫ﺏ – ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪ s   s :‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ‪ c`   c` :‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Nf + Ns = N`c‬‬
‫‪N s`  0‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻭﻣﻬﻤﻞ ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪A f . f  As . s   c` .b f .t f (1 ‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪2y‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﺣـﻮﻝ ﳏـﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻀـﺎﻏﻄﺔ‬
‫)‪ (N`c‬ﳒﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪M  A f . f (ht  d1 )  As . s .Z‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-٥-١-١‬ﺏ( ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪M  As . s .Z‬‬
‫‪Af ‬‬
‫) ‪ f ( ht  d1‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ )‪ (% ٧٠‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-52 -‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪(ℓ = 500‬‬ ‫ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ )‪cm‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-٥-١‬ﺝ( ‪ ،‬ﲪﻮﻻ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﺼﺐ‬ ‫`‪75 Kg/m‬‬
‫`‪ 110 Kg/m‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﻣﻔﺮﻍ ) ﻫﻮﺭﺩﻱ(‬ ‫`‪70 Kg/m‬‬

‫`‪ 250 Kg/m‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻃﻊ‬

‫`‪ 220 Kg/m‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫`‪W = 725 Kg/m‬‬
‫‪f`c = 200 Kg/cm‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ‪Fy = 3000 Kg/cm2 :‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ‪3T 14 m :‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪ :‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺼﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (CFRP‬ﺇﻥ ﻟﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻣـﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ‪ f  8000 Kg / cm 2 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊـﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ s  0.55 f y  1650 Kg / cm 2‬‬

‫‪  c`  0.4  200   53  53Kg / cm 2‬ﰲ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ )‪(T‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪As ‬‬
‫‪ s .Z‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪M  725  5.0‬‬ ‫‪ 2266Kg.m‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫) ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ(‬ ‫‪As ‬‬
‫‪226600‬‬
‫‪ 6.1cm 2‬‬
‫‪1650  0.9  25‬‬

‫‪-53 -‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ ﺃﻛـﱪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﺘـﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫)‪. (3T14 = 4.62cm2‬‬
‫ﳛﺴﺐ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟـ )‪ (6.1 cm2‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫`‬‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ n. As‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪  s‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪ b t  1‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪ f f‬‬ ‫‪d  f‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪1650  15  6.1  25‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬
‫‪15  55 10  25  5 ‬‬

‫‪ 50.4   c`  53Kg / cm 2‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﳏﻘﻖ ﻭﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (CFRP‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪M  As . s .Z‬‬
‫‪Af ‬‬
‫) ‪ f ( ht  d1‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ) ‪ ( s   s‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ‪ (d1 = 5cm) :‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪226600  4.62  1650  0.9  25‬‬
‫‪Af ‬‬ ‫‪ 0.35cm 2‬‬
‫)‪8000( 25  5‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ )‪ (CFRP‬ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﰲ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻭﺑﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ )‪ (0.25m‬ﻭﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫) ﳏﻘﻖ (‬ ‫‪Mf = 560 Kg.m < 0.7 Ms = 1200 Kg.m‬‬

‫‪-54 -‬‬
 ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (CFRP‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻧﻔـﺲ ﺍﻷﺳـﻠﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺑﺄﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫)‪ (CFRP‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (٤-٢-٢-٢-١‬‬

‫‪ -٤-٢-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳـﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺼـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺧﺒﲑﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﻧﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﻠﻒ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﳌـﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ )‪(١-٣-٢-١‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢-٤-٢-١‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﺎﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﳑﺎﺛﻼﻥ ﳌﺎ ﰎ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )‪ (٢-٣-٢-١‬ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﻭﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺻﺒﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (FRP‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﻋـﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄـﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘـﺎﻭﻡ )‪(Z‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-55 -‬‬
 ‫‪ – ٣ – ١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ١-٣-١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﳍﺎ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺟﻴـﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳐﻔﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﺼﺎﻻﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍﹰ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٣-١‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ ﻋـﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﺪﺍﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﳝﻴﻞ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ )‪. (45‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ) ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣-٣-١‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﲎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻮﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﺃﻭ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-56 -‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﻭﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻫﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺒﲔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻹﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١-٣-٣-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﻫـﻲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺿﻌﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻄﺒـﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺿـﻌﻒ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺘﻐﻠﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ )‪ (60%‬ﺑﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (M‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ) ‪(M‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ‪. M  1.6M :‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ )‪ (60%‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (V‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﻗـﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ) ‪ (V‬ﺃﻱ ‪. V  1.6V :‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﻣﲔ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﺮ ﻟﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﲢﺪﺛﻪ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (٦-١‬ﻣﻘﻄﻌﺎﹰ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺎﹰ ﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﳛﻤـﻞ ﺑﻼﻃـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻤﺘﺔ ﲰﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎ )‪ ، (tf‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ )‪ ، (ht‬ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻪ )‪ ،(b‬ﰎ ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳـﺎﱐ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪ ( U‬ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﲔ )‪ (a‬ﻭﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫)`‪ . (a‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ ﺃﻱ )‪ (2a‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﱃ‬
‫)‪ (ht+a`-tf‬ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ )‪ (As‬ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (Ast‬ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪M M‬‬
‫‪V V‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ (f`c‬ﻭ )‪ (fy‬ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ )‪ (As1‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ – ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪: (٦-١‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﱄ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﻳﻨﻈـﻒ ﺑﺎﳌـﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺑـﺎﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﺛﻘﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺟﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﲔ ﺑﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ )‪(40  60cm‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻘﻄﺮ )‪. (15 cm‬‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ ﻟﻸﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄـﻮﱄ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺣﺴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺻﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﻃﻴـﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺸــﺎﻴﺭ ﻗﻀــﺒﺎﻥ ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ـﺏ‬‫ـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼـ‬‫ـﻲ ﻓﺘﺤـ‬
‫ﻓـ‬ ‫ـﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ـﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ﻟﺼـ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺤـ‬
‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪ht - tf‬‬

‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬

‫‪As‬‬
‫‪Ast‬‬
‫‪15~30‬‬
‫'‪a‬‬

‫‪As‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪10~20‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(6-1‬‬

‫ـﻥ‬
‫ـﺹ ﻤـ‬‫ـﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﻘﻤﻴـ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫ـﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـ‬

‫‪-59 -‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﳏﻠﺰﻥ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪‬ﺮﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﻒ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺺ ﻋﻦ )‪. (20m‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺖ )‪. (400 Kg/m3‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٣-٣-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻘﻔﺺ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻔﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻐﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺃﺧﻒ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺑﻘﻔﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (M‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤـﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﺒـﻖ‬
‫) ‪ (M‬ﲝﺪﻭﺩ )‪ (30%‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪. M  1.3M :‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗـﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (V‬ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘـﺔ ) ‪ (V‬ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ )‪ (30%‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪. V  1.3V :‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠـﺐ ﺃﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﻐﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ﺭﻗـﻢ )‪– ٧-١‬ﺁ( ﻭﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ﺭﻗـﻢ‬
‫)‪ – ٧-١‬ﺏ( ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺴﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ )‪ (A‬ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺰﺍﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻔﻠﻴﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻣﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟـ ‪. M  M :‬‬

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 ‫ﺇﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴـــﻲ‬ ‫ﺒــﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﺘﺜﺒﻴــﺕ‬

‫‪tf‬‬
‫ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﺘﺴــﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤـ‬
‫ﺍ ﻻﻀﻼ ﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺴــﻭﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ‪ /2/‬ﻨﻭ ﻉ)‪(B‬‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺸﺒﻙ ﺩﺠــﺎﺝ‬
‫‪ht - tf‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـ‬
‫ﺒﺴـ‬
‫ﻜل ﻤﺴــﺎﻓﺔ ‪t‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﺘﺴــﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤـ‬
‫ﺍ ﻻﻀﻼ ﻉ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ‪ /2/‬ﻨﻭﻉ)‪(A‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -7-1‬ﺃ(‬
‫ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠــﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﻘﻔــﺹ ﻤﻌــﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫ـﻲ(‬ ‫)ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀـ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﺘﺴــﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤـ‬
‫ﺍ ﻻﻀﻼ ﻉ‬
‫ﺒــﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﺘﺜﺒﻴــﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴـــﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ‪ /2/‬ﻨﻭ ﻉ)‪(B‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬

‫ـﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـ‬
‫ﺒﺴـ‬
‫‪ht - tf‬‬

‫ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﺘﺴـ‬‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤـ‬
‫ﺍ ﻻﻀﻼ ﻉ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ‪ /2/‬ﻨﻭﻉ)‪(A‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺴــﻭﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺸﺒﻙ ﺩﺠﺎﺝ ﻤﻌــﺩﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -7-1‬ﺏ(‬

‫ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠــﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﻘﻔــﺹ ﻤﻌــﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫)ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ(‬

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‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ )‪ (T‬ﻟﺘﺤﻤـﻞ ﻋـﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ‪. M‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ )‪ (t‬ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻗﻮﰐ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟـ ‪. V  V :‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ )‪ (B‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﱪﺍﻏﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ – ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺴﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴـﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ‬
‫)‪ (fy =2400 Kg/cm2‬ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪. (s=0.6 fy‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪– ٧-١‬ﺁ( ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ٧-١‬ﺏ(‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﱄ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﻌﻮﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺑﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺴﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ )‪-٧-١‬ﺁ( ﻭ )‪ -٧-١‬ﺏ ( ﺑﺎﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ )‪ (B‬ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﺍﻏﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﺪﻫﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﺑﺴﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﳏﻴﻄﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﱄ ﻟﻴﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﳊﲔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﱄ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺒﻚ ﺩﺟﺎﺝ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ )‪ (٣‬ﺳﻢ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻘﻔﺺ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺳﻘﻒ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺮ ﻗﻮﻳﻖ ﰲ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﰲ ﺳﻘﻒ ﻗﺒﻮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺒﲎ ﲡﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻼﹰ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺷﻐﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﺑﺮﻙ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﳑﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻘﻒ ‪‬ﺮ ﻗﻮﻳﻖ ﺃﻭ ﳏﻼﺕ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﳑﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻘﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺒﺖ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺗﺴﺎﻟﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺄﻛﺴﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﲤﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﰎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﱵ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻃﻮﱄ ﺇﺿﺎﰲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺍﳌﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻮﻳﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻳﺘﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﺴﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﲢﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺰﻭﺩ ﺑﺸﺒﻚ ﺩﺟﺎﺝ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﲰﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻻﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﲏ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﻗﺺ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ )‪-٧-١‬ﺝ – ﺩ – ﻫـ( ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﺎﹰ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺎﹰ ﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﺍﻏﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﺸﺒﻚ ﺩﺟﺎﺝ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-63 -‬‬
‫‪15‬‬

‫‪3~4cm‬‬ ‫‪3~4cm‬‬

‫ـﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ـﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ـﻴﺭ ﺴـ‬
‫ـﺩﻭﺩ ﺘﻜﺴـ‬
‫ﺤـ‬
‫‪40‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺴــﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﻴــﺔ ﺍﻻﺼــﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ـﺎﺌﺯ‬
‫ـﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠــ‬
‫ـﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﺼــ‬
‫ـﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴــ‬

‫‪3~4cm‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪-7-1‬ﺠـ(‬

‫ـﺎﺌﺯ ‪ B3‬ﻓــﻲ ﺴــﻘﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺒــﻭ ﺍﻟﺴــﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﺠـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻓـ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀـ‬
‫ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒــﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠــﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠــﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺒــل ﺍﻟﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ‬
‫‪Scale 1/10‬‬

‫‪2L 60x60x6mm‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺩ ﻤﻌــﺩﻨﻲ ) ﺒ ﺭ ﻏ ﻲ( ﻗ ﻁ ﺭ ‪14mm‬‬

‫ﻴﺜﺒــﺕ ﻀــﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁــﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴــﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪4mm‬‬ ‫ﺒﻌــﺩ ﺜﻘﺒــﻪ ﺒﻘﻁــﺭ ‪ 20mm‬ﻭﻁﻭل‬
‫‪15‬‬

‫‪ 14cm‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨــﺎﻭﺏ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻟﻁــﺭﻓﻴﻥ‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫ﺤـﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻁﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـ‬
‫ﺒﺴـ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﻨــﺔ ﺍﻻﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴــﺔ‬
‫‪10mm‬‬ ‫ـﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫ـﺎﺝ ﻤﻌـ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺸﺒﻙ ﺩﺠـ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ـﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ـﻴﺭ ﺴـ‬
‫ـﺩﻭﺩ ﺘﻜﺴـ‬
‫ﺤـ‬ ‫ـل‬
‫ـﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﹼﻜــ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﺴــ‬
‫ـﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴــ‬
‫‪28‬‬

‫ـﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺼـ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴـ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪4mm‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟــﻲ ﺍﻹﻀــﺎﻓﻲ ‪3T16‬‬
‫‪L 60x60x6mm‬‬
‫‪3~4cm‬‬
‫‪6‬‬

‫‪L 60x60x6mm‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـ‬
‫ﺒﺴـ‬
‫‪6x60x60 mm‬‬
‫‪25‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪-7-1‬ﺩ(‬

‫ـﺎﺌﺯ ‪ B3‬ﻓــﻲ ﺴــﻘﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺒــﻭ ﺍﻟﺴــﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ ـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻓـ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀـ‬
‫ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒــﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠــﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠــﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺒﻌــﺩ ﺍﻟﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ‬
‫‪Scale 1/10‬‬

‫‪-64 -‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺘﺩ ﻤﻌــﺩﻨﻲ ) ﺒ ﺭ ﻏ ﻲ( ﻗ ﻁ ﺭ ‪14mm‬‬
‫ﻴﺜﺒــﺕ ﻀــﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁــﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴــﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻌــﺩ ﺜﻘﺒــﻪ ﺒﻘﻁــﺭ ‪20mm‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨــﺎﻭﺏ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻟﻁــﺭﻓﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁــﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴــﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪4mm‬‬
‫‪L 60x60x6mm‬‬

‫‪150mm‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪166.67 mm‬‬

‫‪280mm‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪4mm‬‬ ‫‪100mm‬‬ ‫‪300mm‬‬ ‫‪100mm‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـ‬
‫ﺒﺴـ‬
‫‪10x100x400 mm‬‬
‫‪L 60x60x6mm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪-7-1‬ﻫـ(‬ ‫‪60‬‬

‫ـﻊ ‪ a - a :‬ﻗﺒــل ﺘﻨﻔﻴــﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻁﻴــﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺭﻗــﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫ـﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫ـﺎﺝ ﻤﻌـ‬‫ـﺒﻙ ﺩﺠـ‬ ‫ـﻊ ﺸـ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻤـ‬
‫‪Scale 1/10‬‬

‫‪-65 -‬‬
 ‫‪ -٣-٣-٣-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻃﻮﱄ ﺳﻔﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻃﻮﱄ ﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻝ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺳﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺗﺴـﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺸـﺪ ﺍﻟﺴـﻔﻠﻲ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻀـﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻃﻮﱄ ﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (M‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ) ‪ (M‬ﲝﺪﻭﺩ )‪ (25%‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ‪M  1.25M‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻴﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﻔﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫)‪– ٨-١‬ﺁ( ﻭﺭﻗﻢ )‪ -٨ -١‬ﺏ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ )‪ (As1‬ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﻭﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-66 -‬‬
 ‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫‪ht - tf‬‬

‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺴــﻭﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫ـﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺸﺒﻙ ﺩﺠـ‬
‫ﻤ ﻌﺩﻨﻲ‬

‫‪As1‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -8-1‬ﺃ(‬
‫ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠــﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﺈﻀــﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﻁﻭﻟــﻲ ﺴــﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫)ﺠﺴﺭ ﻤﺘــﺩﻟﻲ(‬

‫ﺒﻼﻁﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﻏــﺔ ) ﺃﻋﺼﺎﺏ(‬

‫‪tf‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬
‫‪ht - tf‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ‬ ‫‪As‬‬

‫‪As1‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺴــﻭﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺸﺒﻙ ﺩﺠﺎﺝ ﻤﻌــﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -8-1‬ﺏ(‬
‫ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠــﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﺈﻀــﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﻁﻭﻟــﻲ ﺴــﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫)ﺠﺴﺭ ﻤﺨﻔــﻲ(‬

‫‪-67 -‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻭ ) ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ( ﻣﻊ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ) ‪. (M‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﲢﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌـﺰﻡ ) ‪ (M‬ﻭﻟـﺘﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ )‪ ( A s‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ )‪ (As1‬ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪As1  A s  As‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ As :‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ )‪ (f`c‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ )‪ ( A s‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺰﻡ ) ‪ (M‬ﻓﺘﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺤﲔ )‪ ( A s‬ﻭ )‪.(As‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ٨ -١‬ﺁ( ﻭﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ٨-١‬ﺏ(‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﱄ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻲ ﻭﺣﱴ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺳﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ‬
‫)‪. (As‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ )‪ (As1‬ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ )‪ (As‬ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﱄ ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳﺘﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﺩﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺸﺒﻚ ﺩﺟـﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ )‪ (٤ – ٣‬ﺳﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤-٣-٣-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (45‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

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‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ‬
‫) ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ( ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﲪﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪‬ﺎﻳـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (V‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ) ‪ (V‬ﲝﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫)‪ (60%‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪V  1.6V‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﻓـﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (Ast1‬ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﻭﺟﻬﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ) ‪ (V‬ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺺ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (V‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (t‬ﺑﲔ ﻛـﻞ ﺗﺴـﻠﻴﺤﲔ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺿﻴﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺇﱃ ﻋـﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﲢﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ) ‪ ( A st‬ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ) ‪. (V‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﺇﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ast1  A st  Ast‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ Ast :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻤﺠﺭﺍﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬
‫ﺼﻤﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁـ‬
‫ـﺏ ﻓـ‬
‫ﺜﻘـ‬

‫‪tf‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀــﻲ ‪Ast1‬‬
‫ـﻊ ﺸــﺭﺍﺭ‬‫ﺒﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤـ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁــﺭﻓﻴﻥ‬
‫‪ht‬‬
‫‪ht - tf‬‬

‫ﺼﻤﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺠﺭﺍﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ ) ‪ -9-1‬ﺃ(‬
‫ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠــﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﺈﻀــﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﺭﻀــﻲ‬
‫ـﻲ(‬
‫)ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀـ‬

‫ﺼﻤﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺭﺍﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁـ‬
‫ـﺏ ﻓـ‬
‫ﺜﻘـ‬
‫‪tf‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀــﻲ ‪Ast1‬‬

‫ـﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫ـﻊ ﺸـ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻤـ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁــﺭﻓﻴﻥ‬
‫‪ht‬‬
‫‪ht - tf‬‬

‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ ) ‪ -9-1‬ﺏ(‬

‫ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠــﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﺈﻀــﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﺭﻀــﻲ‬
‫)ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻁﻭﻟــﻲ(‬

‫‪-70 -‬‬
‫ﺩ ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ )‪ (f`c‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ) ‪ ( A st‬ﻓﺘﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺤﲔ ) ‪ ( A st‬ﻭ )‪. (Ast‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ٩-١‬ﺁ( ﻭﺭﻗﻢ )‪- ٩-١‬ﺏ (‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺛﻘﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﻭﺟﻬﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (t‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﲢﻀﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﳎﺮﺍﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻘﻮﺑـﺔ ﺑﺜﻘـﺒﲔ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻘﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺛﻘﱯ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳉـﺎﺋﺰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺪ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺍﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﱪﻏﻴﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﲔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﻤﺎ )‪ (Ast1‬ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺻﻤﻮﻟﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﺪﻫﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳎﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻏﻲ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺒﻚ ﺩﺟﺎﺝ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٥-٣-٣-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (CFRP‬ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﲑﻳﺔ )‪ (FRP‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ )‪ (CFRP‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﲔ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻓﻴﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﺼـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﺮﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺭﻗـﻢ )‪(-٢-٢-٣-٢-١‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺿـﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺴـﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺼﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄـﻊ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (T‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻌﻄـﻲ ﻗـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺿﺎﻏﻄﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴـﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺷﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﺿﺤﻨﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﰲ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻗـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺻـﺔ ﻛـﺒﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﻳﺎﻧﺘـﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮ )‪ (Triantafillou‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻋــﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٨‬ﻭﻫﻮﺭﻳﻐﻮﺷــﻲ )‪ (Horiguchi‬ﰲ ﻋــﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﻭﺭﻭﺱ )‪ (Ross‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪. ٢٠٠٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ )‪ (Ross‬ﰲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴـﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (CFRP‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛـﻲ‬
‫)‪ ، (ACI‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ – ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ )‪ : (Sheets‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-٩-١‬ﺁ(‬

‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ht‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – bw‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – Nf‬ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻖ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ )‪ (45‬ﻭﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – VF‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – V‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ )‪.(45‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ )‪ (V‬ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ )‪ (NF‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V = . NF‬‬
‫‪-72 -‬‬
 ‫‪? =(4‬‬
‫‪N' c‬‬

‫‪5)°‬‬
‫‪N.A‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪NF‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪VF‬‬
‫‪Ns‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -9'-1‬ﺃ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻟﻘــﺹ ﺒﺎﺴــﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﻗــﺎﺌﻕ ﻤﺴــﺘﻤﺭﺓ )‪(Sheets‬‬
‫ـﺎﻑ )‪(CFRP‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴـ‬
‫‪w‬‬

‫‪w‬‬

‫‪L‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -9'-1‬ﺏ(‬

‫ـﺹ‬
‫ـﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـ‬
‫ـﺘﺭﺽ ﻤـ‬
‫ـﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـ‬
‫ـﻰ ﺍﻟﺸـ‬
‫ـﻔل ﻭﺃﻋﻠـ‬
‫ـﻡ ﺃﺴـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺤـ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘـ‬

‫‪-73 -‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ -  :‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪VF = V Sin = .NF. Sin‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪NF  2. u A  2 u .w.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -  u‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳊﺪﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪ u  0.72 f c` :‬‬
‫‪ – w‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺷﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-٩-١‬ﺏ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ℓ‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻖ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺽ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺗﻠﻔﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﳏﻴﻄﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪  2.ht‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺗﻠﻔﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺒﻪ ﻭﺃﺳﻔﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪  2.ht  w / 2‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺗﻠﻔﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺒﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪  2.ht  w‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ – ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﺑﻌﻀـﻬﺎ ﲟﺴـﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﳏـﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫)‪:(Straps‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – wF‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪. (CFRP‬‬
‫‪ – SF‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪-74 -‬‬
 ‫‪wF‬‬
‫‪A  w.‬‬
‫‪SF‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-٩-١‬ﺝ( ﻭﺭﻗﻢ )‪-٩-١‬ﺩ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻤﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻓﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V F  2 Sin . .. A‬‬
‫‪ = 45‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪wF‬‬
‫‪V F  2 .0,72 f c`.1w.‬‬
‫‪SF‬‬
‫‪wF‬‬
‫‪ 1,02 f c`.w.‬‬
‫‪SF‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﻼﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﲤﺰﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻭﺻﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻋﻦ ‪1.2 m‬‬

‫‪Vs  VF  0.96 f c`.bw .d‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬

‫‪SF ‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪-٣‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – Vs‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – bw‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – d‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪. ht – d2‬‬
‫‪ – d2‬ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﺩ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪VF‬‬
‫‪AF  t.wF ‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪f‬‬

‫‪-75 -‬‬
 ‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬
‫‪bw‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻟﻘــﺹ ﺒﺎﺴــﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺸــﺭﺍﺌﺢ )‪(CFRP‬ﺸــﺎﻗﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻋــﺩﺓ )‪(Straps‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -9'-1‬ﺠـ(‬

‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪ht - tf‬‬

‫‪NF‬‬

‫‪VF‬‬
‫‪wf‬‬ ‫‪wf‬‬
‫‪Sf‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -9'-1‬ﺩ(‬

‫ـﺹ‬
‫ـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﻋﻠـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘـ‬‫ـﺭﺍﺌﺢ )‪ (CFRP‬ﻓـ‬‫ـﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺸـ‬
‫ـﺎﺩ ﻭﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﺃﺒﻌـ‬

‫‪-76 -‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – AF‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻖ )‪. (ℓ‬‬
‫– ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪ -  f‬ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ )‪ (0.5‬ﻭ )‪. (0.75‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺗﺴـﻠﻴﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﲤﻴﻞ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ )‪ ، (45‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ )‪ (CFRP‬ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (SF‬ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫( ‪ =10000 Kg/cm2)  f‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vu = 16 t‬‬
‫‪bw = 30 cm‬‬
‫‪ht = 60 cm‬‬
‫‪f c`  200 Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪Ast = 2T8/20cm‬‬
‫‪Fy = 3000 Kg/cm2‬‬
‫‪  = 45‬ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ W = 25 cm‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o = 0‬ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊـﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪wF‬‬
‫‪V F  1.02 f c` .w.‬‬
‫‪SF‬‬

‫‪  60 2  85cm‬‬
‫ﳓﺴﺐ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻔﺮﺽ ‪:‬‬
‫‪wF = 3cm‬‬
‫‪SF = 20cm‬‬

‫‪-77 -‬‬
 ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪V F  1.02. 200. 25.85.‬‬ ‫‪ 4598Kg‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫ﻭﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vs = 11930 Kg‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪VF = Vu – VS = 16000 – 11930 = 4070 Kg‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V F  4070  VF  4598Kg‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ )‪ (0.65‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vu‬‬ ‫‪16000‬‬
‫‪ Vs  VF ‬‬ ‫‪ 24615Kg‬‬
‫‪0.65‬‬ ‫‪0.65‬‬
‫‪VF = 24615 – 11930 = 12685 Kg‬‬
‫‪12685‬‬
‫‪AF ‬‬ ‫‪ 1.27cm 2‬‬
‫‪10000‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪SF = 20cm‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪AF‬‬
‫‪ 0.424cm 2  3  0.15  0.45cm 2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪SF = 20cm‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪WF = 3cm :‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻭ ‪t =1.5 m‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳏﻘﻘﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪t =1.5 m> 1.2 m - (١‬‬

‫‪VS  V F  18000  0.96 f c` .bw .d - (٢‬‬

‫‪18000 < 22400 Kg‬‬
‫‪d = 55cm‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﺽ ‪:‬‬
‫‪SF = 20cm< d/2 = 27.5cm - (٣‬‬

‫‪-78 -‬‬
 ‫‪ -٦-٣-٣-١‬ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺈﻛﺴﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ ) ﺯﺭﻳﻘﺔ( ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻄﻼﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺟﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺪﻯ ﲡﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴـﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﲔ ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻴﻮﺑﺎﹰ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻫﺘﺮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﺴﻮﺀ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺻﺒﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺸﻴﺶ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺃﻭ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﲤﻠﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﺘﺮ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٠-١‬ﻣﻘﻄﻌﺎﹰ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺎﹰ ﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﺘﺪﱄ ﰎ ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺟﻬﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﱄ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﳌـﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺸﻴﺶ ﻭﺇﻣﻼﺋﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-79 -‬‬
 ‫‪tf‬‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻤﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴــــﺕ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻙ ﺩﺠﺎﺝ ﻤﻌــﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸــﺒﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌــﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫ـﻼﺀ‬
‫ـﻡ ﻁــ‬ ‫ـﺭ ﺜـ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻘﻴــ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻭﺒــﺔ ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻏﻨﻴــﺔ‬

‫ـﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻗــﺔ ﺍﺴـ‬
‫‪3~4cm‬‬

‫‪3~4cm‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪3~4cm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(10-1‬‬

‫ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠــﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﻭﺭﻗــﺔ ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺴــﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ـﻲ(‬
‫)ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀـ‬

‫‪-80 -‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ )‪ (20 x 20 m‬ﻭﻗﻄـﺮ )‪ (3m‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫)‪ (2m‬ﺃﻭ )‪. (1m‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ – ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺿـﻬﺎﺭﺓ –‬
‫ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﲟﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﲣﻠﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻄﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١-٤-١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﻓﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﳓﻴﻔﺔ ) ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ( ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻏﲑ ﳓﻴﻔﺔ ) ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ( ﻏﲑ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﺿﻐﻂ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢-٤-١‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺍﺱ ﰲ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀـﻐﻂ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-81 -‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺸﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﲢـﺪﺏ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻫﺘﺮﺍﺀ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺧﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ -٣-٤-١‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١-٣-٤-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳛﺼﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺍﺱ ﰲ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴـﺎﻗﻂ ﰲ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﻭﲢﺪﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﺘﻐﻠﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳـﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ )‪ (100%‬ﺑﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ )‪ (N‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ) ‪ (N‬ﺃﻱ ‪. N  N  2 N :‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤـﺔ ﻭﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺷﻐﺎﻻﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺼﺮ ﺟﻴﺪﺍﹰ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴـﻘﻒ ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻃﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-82 -‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ -١١-١‬ﺁ( ﻣﻘﻄﻌﺎﹰ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (a x b‬ﰎ ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓـﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ )‪. (t‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻪ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﲢﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (N‬ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫)‪ (a x b‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻬﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻻﻫﺘﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺇﳓﻨﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﲤﺜﻞ ) ‪ (N‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ )‪ (t‬ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪(a + 2t ) ( b + 2t) – a.b‬‬
‫‪N N‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺘﲔ ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩ – ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ )‪ (N‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ (f`c‬ﻭ )‪ (fy‬ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ )‪ (t‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ )‪ (f`c‬ﻭ )‪ (fy‬ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ١١-١‬ﺁ( ﻭﺭﻗﻢ )‪- ١١-١‬ﺏ (‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺗﺮﺵ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ ﻓﲑﻛﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﳚﺮﻱ ﺻﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺑﺪﺀﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﻁﻭﻟــﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬ ‫'‪As‬‬

‫‪t‬‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ‪Ast‬‬

‫‪b‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -11-1‬ﺃ(‬
‫ـﻠﺢ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺹ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬ ‫ـﺩﺓ ﺒﻘﻤﻴـ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫ـﻲ(‬‫)ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀـ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ـﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ﻟﺼـ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺤـ‬

‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ‪Ast‬‬

‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﻁﻭﻟــﻲ‬
‫'‪As‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -11-1‬ﺏ(‬

‫ـﻠﺢ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺹ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬ ‫ـﺩﺓ ﺒﻘﻤﻴـ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫ـﻊ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫‪-84 -‬‬
‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺛﻘﻮﺏ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﰲ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﺼﺐ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﺬﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲤﻠﺌﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ )‪ ( ٣٠ – ٢٠‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺎﹰ ﲜﺒﻠﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﳏﻠﺰﻥ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪‬ﺮﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺺ ﻋﻦ )‪. (25mm‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺖ )‪. (400 Kg/m3‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٣-٤-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﻘﻔﺺ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﻘﻔﺺ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺍﺱ ﰲ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻠﺤﻆ ﲢﺪﺏ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﰲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺸـﻴﺶ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺿﻌﻒ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﺘﻐﻠﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ )‪ (N‬ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ) ‪ (N‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ )‪ ،(40%‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪N  N  1.4 N‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺴﻄﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﲢﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ )‪ (A‬ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟـ ) ‪. ( N  N‬‬

‫‪-85 -‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﲢﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﲣﻔﻒ ﲢﻨﻴـﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺴﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Fy = 2400 Kg/cm2‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ١٢-١‬ﺁ( ﻭﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ١٢-١‬ﺏ(‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﻨﻈﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﺟـﻪ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺗﺮﺵ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺑﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ )‪ – ١٢-١‬ﺁ ( ﻭ )‪ – ١٢-١‬ﺏ( ﺑﺎﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﻫﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺒﻚ ﺍﻟـﺪﺟﺎﺝ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ )‪ (٣‬ﺳﻢ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣-٣-٤-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﻠﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪: (CFRP‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻧﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻧﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-86 -‬‬
 ‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﺯﻭﺍﻴــﺎ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـ‬
‫ﺒﺴـ‬

‫‪b‬‬

‫‪a‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -12 -1‬ﺃ(‬
‫ـﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫ـﺹ ﻤﻌـ‬ ‫ـﺩﺓ ﺒﻘﻔـ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫ـﻲ(‬‫)ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀـ‬

‫ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﺯﻭﺍﻴــﺎ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ‬
‫‪t‬‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـ‬
‫ﺒﺴـ‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪t‬‬

‫‪a‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -12 -1‬ﺏ(‬

‫ـﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫ـﺹ ﻤﻌـ‬ ‫ـﺩﺓ ﺒﻘﻔـ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫)ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ(‬

‫‪-87 -‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻮﺑﻮﻓﻴـﻚ ) ‪ (Popovics‬ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٧٣‬ﻭﻓـﺎﻧﻎ ﻳﻮﻧـﻎ ﺷـﻴﻪ‬
‫)‪ (Wang Yung Chih‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻭﺷﻴﺦ ‪ -‬ﺍﻭﺯﻭﻣﲑﻱ )‪ (Sheikh- Uzumeri‬ﻋـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ ‪ ، ٠٠٠‬ﺗﺒﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻠﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳜـﺺ ﺗﻠﻔـﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻨﺒﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﻠﻔﺤﺔ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (CFRP‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﻮﻗﺔ ﺃﻭﺿﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﺎﻧﻎ ﻳﻮﻧﻎ ﺷـﻴﻪ‬
‫)‪ (Wang Yung Chih‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﲤﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘـﺄﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-١٢-١‬ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻠﻔﺢ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ ، (CFRP‬ﻣﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – Acu‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – Ac‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﻟﻒ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﺑﻊ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ )‪. (r‬‬
‫‪ – Acf‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Ac = A. B – (4 - ) r2‬‬
‫‪a2  b2‬‬
‫‪Acu ‬‬ ‫‪tag‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Acf = Ac – Acu‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻮﻕ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N = Ns + Nc‬‬

‫‪-88 -‬‬
 ‫ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Nc = Nco + Ncf + Ncs‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – Nc‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – Nco‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – Ncf‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – Ncs‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻮﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﳘﻠﺖ )‪ (Ncs‬ﻟﺼﻐﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Nc = 0.3 f`c Acu +f`cc. Acf‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – f`c‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – f`cc‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (f`cc‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ )‪ (Popovics‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪f`cc = 1 . 2 .f`c‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 1  1.8(1  7.94 1` )V2  1.6 1`  1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪fc‬‬ ‫‪fc‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪ F 1 ‬‬
‫‪ 2  1.4 1  0.6( 1 ) 2  0.8 ( 1` ) 2   1‬‬
‫‪ F1‬‬ ‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪ fc ‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ F1‬ﻭ ‪ – f1‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ )‪ (x‬ﻭ )‪ (y‬ﻭﲢﺪﺩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪ f1y‬ﺃﻭ ‪F1 = max ( f1x‬‬

‫‪-89 -‬‬
 ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪Acef‬‬
‫ﻤﺴــﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﺘــﺄﺜﺭﺓ ﺒــﺎﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﻕ‬ ‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪Acu‬‬

‫‪r‬‬
‫ﻤﺴــﺎﺤﺔﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘــﺄﺜﺭﺓ ﺒــﺎﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﻕ‬

‫?‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪b‬‬

‫‪CFRP‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴــﺎﻑ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴــﺔ‬
‫‪r‬‬

‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ ) ‪ -12-1‬ﺠـ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘــﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘــﺎﺜﺭﺓ ﺒــﺎﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﻕ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁــﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴــﺘﻁﻴل ﻟﻠﻌﻤــﻭﺩ‬

‫‪D‬‬
‫‪ds‬‬

‫‪As‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴـــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟــﻲ‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻭﺭ ﻓﻭﻻﺫﻴـ‬
‫ﺃﺴـ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴــﺎﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘــﺄﺜﺭﺓ ﺒــﺎﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﻕ‬

‫‪CFRP‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴــﺎﻑ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴــﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪-12-1‬ﺩ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘــﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘــﺎﺜﺭﺓ ﺒــﺎﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﻕ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁــﻊ ﺍﻟــﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻤــﻭﺩ‬

‫‪-90 -‬‬
 ‫‪f1 = min‬‬ ‫) ‪ f1y‬ﺃﻭ ‪( f1x‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪f 1x  . x . f‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪f 1 y  . y . f‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﻭ ‪ - y‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ ‪ x‬ﻭ ‪ – y‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪x  4‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪y  4‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ -  f‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ )‪. (CFRP‬‬
‫‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ – B‬ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – tf‬ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ – ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﻔﺤﺔ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (CFRP‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﻮﺑﻮﻓﻴﻚ )‪ (Popovics‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (f`cc‬ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪f`cc = . f`c‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-١٢-١‬ﺩ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺛﻨـﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﶈـﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪f 1‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪  1.8(1  7.94 1 ) 2  1.6 1`  1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪fc‬‬ ‫‪fc‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -f1‬ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﱯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﻓﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪-91 -‬‬
 ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪f 1  . . f f‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ -  :‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – D‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – tf‬ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺢ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪f` 1‬‬ ‫`‪f‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫`‪f cc`  2.254(1  7.94 `1 ) 2  2 `1  1.254 f c‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪fc‬‬ ‫‪fc‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﻔﺤﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪: (CFRP‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﻔﺤﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Straps‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﻔﺤﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﹰ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸـﺮﺍﺋﺢ‬
‫)‪ (Sheets‬ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺤﺔ )‪. (f`cc‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ) ﺑﻮﺑﻮﻓﻴﻚ( ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﻔﺤﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ )‪ (CFRP‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N=(0.5-0.7) f cc` .D2' / 4‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – f`c‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻄﻮﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – f`1‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﱯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﻴﺢ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻳﺮ )‪ (Mander‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (f`1‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪f`1 = f1 .Ke‬‬
‫ﻭ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ae‬‬
‫‪Ke ‬‬
‫‪Acc‬‬

‫‪-92 -‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – f1‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﱯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – Ke‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – Ae‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – Acc‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪Acc = Ac (1-s‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ )‪ (s‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-١٢-١‬ﻫـ( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﺎﹰ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿـﻲ ﺩﺍﺋـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻔﺢ ﺑﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ )‪. (CFRP‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﺦ ﻭ ﻭﺯﻭﻣﲑﻱ )‪ (Sheikh and uzumeri‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ )‪(Ae‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻮﻗﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪S `‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪S` ‬‬
‫‪Ae   D    1 ‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ 2 D ‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – D‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – S‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﳏﻮﺭﻱ ﺷﺮﳛﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫`‪ - S‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺷﺮﳛﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-١٢-١‬ﻫـ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪S' 2‬‬
‫‪(1 ‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪Ke ‬‬ ‫‪2D‬‬
‫‪1 s‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﱯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪) :‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪-١٢-١‬ﻭ(‬
‫‪2 f . A f‬‬ ‫‪ f .‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪f1 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪D.S‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪-93 -‬‬
 ‫‪Strap‬‬

‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻏــﻴﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟــﺔ‬

‫'‪s‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪45°‬‬

‫‪D - s'/2‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪-12-1‬ﻫـ(‬
‫ﻤﻘﻁــﻊ ﺸــﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤــﻭﺩ ﺍﻟــﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔــﺢ ﺒﺸــﺭﺍﺌﺢ ﺍﻷﻟﻴــﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴــﺔ‬

‫‪Strap‬‬

‫‪O‬‬

‫‪?f‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪?f‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪-12-1‬ﻭ(‬

‫ﻤﺨﻁــﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺴــﻡ ﺍﻟﺤــﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﻤــﻭﺩ ﺍﻟــﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔــﺢ ﺒﺸــﺭﺍﺌﺢ ﺍﻷﻟﻴــﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴــﺔ‬

‫‪-94 -‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪A f . .D 4. A f‬‬
‫‪f ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ – f‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 2‬‬ ‫‪D.S‬‬
‫‪.D .S‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ -  f‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰲ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – tf‬ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – Af‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ) ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ( ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪Af = tf.(S – S`) :‬‬

‫ﺩ – ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﻔﺤﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪: (CFRP‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ )‪ (CFRP‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﱵ )‪ (Ke‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻭ )‪ (Ae‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﲢﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﲔ ‪:‬‬
‫`‪S‬‬ ‫`‪S‬‬
‫‪Ae  ( A ‬‬ ‫) ‪).( B ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫`‪S‬‬ ‫`‪S‬‬
‫‪(1 ‬‬ ‫‪).(1 ‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪Ke ‬‬ ‫‪2A‬‬ ‫‪2B‬‬
‫‪1  f‬‬
‫)‪(y‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (f1x‬ﻭ )‪ (f1y‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﱯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ )‪ (x‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬ ‫`‪S  S‬‬
‫‪f 1x  2‬‬ ‫(‪ f .‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬ ‫`‪S  S‬‬
‫‪f1 y‬‬ ‫(‪ 2  f .‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬

‫‪-95 -‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻭﻧﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸـﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻱ ﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻠﻔﺤﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﹰ ‪‬ﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﲔ )‪ (0.7‬ﻭ )‪. (0.5‬‬

‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻗﺼـﲑ ﻣﻘﻄﻌـﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿـﻲ ﻣﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻞ )‪(A = 40cm‬‬
‫ﻭ )‪ (B = 25cm‬ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺮﺑﻊ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )‪ ، (r = 4cm‬ﰎ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﺤﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ )‪ (CFRP‬ﺑﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ )‪ ، (tf =2m‬ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﻴﺢ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪. f`c =200 Kg/cm2‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪= 12000 Kg/cm2  f‬‬

‫ﻳﻬﻤﻞ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﺼﻐﺮﻩ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﳊــﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪N = 0.3 f`c.Ac :‬‬
‫‪N = 0.3 x 200 [ 40 x 25 - (4 -) . 16 ] = 59176 Kg‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N = Nc + Ns‬‬
‫‪ Ns = 0‬ﻣﻬﻤﻞ‬
‫‪N = Nc = Nco + Ncf + Ncs‬‬
‫‪ Ncs = 0‬ﻣﻬﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N = Nc = 0.3 f`c. Acu +f`cc .Acf‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪a2  b2‬‬
‫‪Acu ‬‬ ‫‪tng‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪-96 -‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪:‬‬
‫‪a = 40 – 8 = 32 cm‬‬
‫‪b = 25 – 8 = 17 cm‬‬
‫)‪ = (45‬‬
‫‪(32) 2  (17) 2‬‬
‫‪Acu ‬‬ ‫‪.1  438cm 2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪Ac = 40 x 25 –(4 -) .16 = 986 cm2‬‬

‫‪Acf = Ac – Acu = 986 – 438 = 548 cm2‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ) ﺑﻮﺑﻮﻓﻴﻚ( ﳓﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺤﺔ ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬

‫‪f`cc = 1.2.f`c‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x  4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ 0.032‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪250‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪y  4  4‬‬ ‫‪ 0.02‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪f 1x ‬‬ ‫‪ x . f  192 Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪f1 y‬‬ ‫‪  y . f  120Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪F1 = 192 Kg/cm2‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﱯ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﱯ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﻫﻲ ‪f1 = 120 Kg/cm2 :‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﻴﻢ )‪ (1‬ﻭ )‪ (2‬ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪192 12‬‬ ‫‪192 ‬‬
‫‪1  1.8(1  7.94‬‬ ‫‪)  1 .6‬‬ ‫‪ 1  2.75‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪200 ‬‬

‫‪ 120‬‬ ‫‪120 2‬‬ ‫‪ 192 12 ‬‬

‫‪ 2  1.4‬‬ ‫(‪ 0.6‬‬ ‫( ‪)  0 .8 ‬‬ ‫‪)   1  0.89‬‬
‫‪ 192‬‬ ‫‪192‬‬ ‫‪ 200 ‬‬

‫‪-97 -‬‬
 ‫‪f`cc=2.75 x 0.844 x 200 = 464 Kg/cm2‬‬
‫= ‪N = Nc = 0.3 f`c .Acu + f`cc. Acf‬‬
‫‪= 0.3 x 200 x 438 + 464 x 548 = 280552 Kg‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (0.5‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪N = 0.5 x 280552 = 140276 Kg‬‬

‫)‪(2‬‬‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻗﺼﲑ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ )‪ (D=40cm‬ﰎ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﺤـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ )‪ (CFRP‬ﺑﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ ‪ ،tf = 2mm‬ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻬﻤﻞ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﺼﻐﺮﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊــﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬

‫‪-98 -‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ N‬ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪) :‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ‪(0,6‬‬

‫‪ -٤-٣-٤-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﺈﻛﺴﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ ) ﺯﺭﻳﻘﺔ( ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﺟـﺪﺕ ﺗﺸـﻘﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻫﺘﺮﺍﺀ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺧﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻛﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﳉﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻛﺴﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺃﻱ )‪ (N‬ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ) ‪. (N‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪( ١٣- ١‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﻨﻈﻴـﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺸﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺇﻣﻼﺋﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﺮﺵ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-99 -‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻤﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴــــﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸــﺒﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌــﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺸﺒﻙ ﺩﺠﺎﺝ ﻤﻌــﺩﻨﻲ‬

‫‪3~4cm‬‬

‫ـﻼﺀ‬
‫ـﻡ ﻁــ‬ ‫ـﺭ ﺜـ‬‫ﺘﻨﻘﻴــ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻭﺒــﺔ ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻏﻨﻴــﺔ‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪3~4cm‬‬

‫‪3~4cm‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪3~4cm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(13-1‬‬

‫ـﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﺴـ‬
‫ـﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺭﻗـ‬
‫ـﺩﺓ ﺒﺈﻜﺴـ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫)ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ(‬

‫‪-100 -‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﻣـﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ‪ :‬ﻓﺘﺤـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (20 x 20m‬ﻭﻗﻄﺮ )‪ (3‬ﺃﻭ )‪. (2‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺿﻬﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﺰﻝ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﲣﻠﻂ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲟﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻄﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ١-٥-١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ - :‬ﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﺮﻍ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﲜﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳐﻔﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٢-٥-١‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺢ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻳـﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸـﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺼﻪ ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-101 -‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟـﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣-٥-١‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١-١-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺿﻌﻔﺎﹰ ﺣﺼﻞ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺫﺍﺗـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳـﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻔـﺮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﻐﻠﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺗﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺇﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (N‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ) ‪ (N‬ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺟﺤﺔ ‪. ( N  N  2 N ) :‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﲢﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﱘ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺱ ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٤-١‬ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﻌﺰﻝ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻨﻌـﺰﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻲ‬
‫)‪ (F = AxB‬ﻭﲰﺎﻛﺘﻪ )‪ ، (ht‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺰﻝ‬

‫‪-102 -‬‬
 ‫‪t1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪t1‬‬ ‫'‪As‬‬
‫ـﻭﺩ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫ﺒﻘﻤﻴــﺹ ﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴــﻠﺢ‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬
‫‪Ht‬‬

‫‪As1‬‬
‫‪ht1‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫ﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓـــﺔ ﺃﻭ‬

‫ـﺏ ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺴــﻴﺱ‬‫ـﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟـ‬
‫ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴﺔ ﺒـ‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪A1‬‬
‫ـﻊ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫‪t1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪t1‬‬

‫‪t‬‬
‫‪t1 b t1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪B1‬‬
‫‪t‬‬‫‪B‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(14-1‬‬

‫ـﺹ‬
‫ـﺯل ﺒﻘﻤﻴـ‬
‫ـﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﻌـ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺃﺴـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴــﻠﺢ‬

‫‪-103 -‬‬
‫)‪(ht1‬‬‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪ F1 =A1 x B1 :‬ﻭﲰﺎﻛﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Ht‬ﻭﰲ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳊﺴـﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪F1  A1  B1 ‬‬
‫‪ soil‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪ - (N‬ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ) ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -  soil‬ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬

‫‪A1 = A + 2t‬‬
‫‪B1 = B + 2t‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ ‪ :‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴـﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ‪ (Ht – ht) :‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ )‪ (M‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﻘﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ‪ :‬ﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ )‪ (As‬ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ )‪ ، (M‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ، (١٤-١‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺤﺎﻥ )‪ (A`s‬ﻭ )‪ (As1‬ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﺎﻥ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ – ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ )‪ (f`c‬ﻭ )‪ (fy‬ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪( ١٤ -١‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﲡﺮﻯ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﺣﱴ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﰒ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﰒ ﺭﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-104 -‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺸﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ ﻭﲤﻠﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗـﻢ )‪ (١٥-١‬ﻭﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺰﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﳏﻠﺰﻥ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪‬ﺮﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﻒ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺖ )‪. (400 Kg/m3‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٤-١‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻟﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺧﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ﺭﻗـﻢ )‪(١٥-١‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺻﺐ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻨﺴـﻮﺏ ﺃﺳـﻔﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻭﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺃﻱ ﺑﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ )‪ (H‬ﻭﻳﱪﺯ ﻋﻦ ﻃـﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻤـﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ )‪. (H/2‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ، (١٥-١‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺘﺼﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪e + t + H/2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ e :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢-١-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﲝﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﲢﺘﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﲝﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﲢﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲟﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫‪-105 -‬‬
 ‫ـﻭﺩ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫ـﻠﺢ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴـ‬‫ـﺹ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﻤﻴـ‬
‫‪t1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪t1‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪A1‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬ ‫'‪As‬‬

‫‪e=10~20cm‬‬
‫‪Ht‬‬

‫‪As1‬‬
‫‪ht1‬‬

‫‪H/2 -t t‬‬ ‫‪H/2‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬

‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ـﺏ‬
‫ـﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟـ‬
‫ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴﺔ ﺒـ‬ ‫ـﺏ‬
‫ـﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟـ‬
‫ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴﺔ ﺒـ‬

‫‪H‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﺴــﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺴــﻴﺱ‬
‫‪t1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪t1‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪t‬‬

‫‪H/2 -t t‬‬ ‫‪H/2‬‬

‫‪b t1‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪B1‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪t1‬‬
‫‪t‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(15 -1‬‬

‫ـﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ـﺹ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬ ‫ـﺯل ﺒﻘﻤﻴـ‬
‫ـﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﻌـ‬‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺃﺴـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫ﻤﺴــﻠﺢ ﻤــﻊ ﺘﺨﻔﻴــﺽ ﻤﻨﺴــﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺴــﻴﺱ‬

‫‪-106 -‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﺨﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﱐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺰﻝ ﻻ ﳛﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺴﲑ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺷﻐﺎﻻﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﲎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺼﻠﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﲢﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﲤﺎﺳﻚ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻦ )‪: (Compaction Grouting‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺭﻭﺑﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﺭﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﰒ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺤﺐ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ‪.‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺩ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺭﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲰﻨﺖ ﻭﻣﺎﺀ ﻭﺭﻣﻞ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎﹰ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺲ ﺍﳌﻄﻔﺄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﶈﻘﻮﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫)‪-١٦-١‬ﺁ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺚ )‪: (Jet Grouting‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲝﻔﺮ ﺳﱪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻘﻄﺮ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ )‪ (٢٠‬ﻭ )‪ (٣٠‬ﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﳊﻔﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﲪﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻔﺚ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﱄ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ )‪(٤٠٠‬‬
‫ﻛﻎ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪ ٢‬ﻭﺑﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺣﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻟﻴﺼﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺇﱃ )‪ ١٠٠ ~ ٥٠‬ﺳﻢ( ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ‬

‫‪-107 -‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻤــﻭﺩ‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A-a‬‬ ‫‪A-a‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﻌﺯل ﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴــﻠﺢ‬

‫‪ht‬‬

‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓــﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻘـﻥ‬

‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﺼــﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀــﻐﻁ‬

‫ـﻥ‬
‫ـﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘــ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠـﺔ ﻋـ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪-16-1‬ﺃ(‬

‫ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﺯﻟــﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘــﺔ ﺍﻟــﺭﺹ ﺒــﺎﻟﺤﻘﻥ‬

‫‪-108 -‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻄﻔﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺸﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻔﺚ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﲝﺪﻭﺩ )‪ ٢٠ – ١٠‬ﺳﻢ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻘﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺸﻨﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ )‪ (٧٥ – ٥٠‬ﻛﻎ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪.٢‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭﺗﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﲝﺪﻭﺩ )‪ (١٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﱪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﲢﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﻮﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺩ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺻﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺩ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-١٦-١‬ﺏ( ﻳﺒﲔ ﺷﻜﻼﹰ ﻣﺒﺴﻄﺎﹰ‬
‫ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣-١-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻭﺗﺎﺩ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﲢﺘﻬﺎ )‪:(Micro Piles‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻳﺼﺎﻝ ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺳﱪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺰﺍﻝ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻣﺜﻘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﳏﻴﻄﻪ ﻭﺫﻭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﳐﺮﻭﻃﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﱪ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﱪ ﲝﺪﻭﺩ )‪٤٠‬ﺳﻢ( ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ )‪٢٠‬ﺳﻢ( ﻭﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‬
‫)‪ ٢ – ١‬ﺳﻢ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪-109 -‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻤــﻭﺩ‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A-a‬‬ ‫‪A-a‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﻌﺯل ﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴــﻠﺢ‬

‫‪ht‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺭﻓﻊ‬

‫~‪20‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0 cm‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻴـ‬
‫ـﻊ‬‫ـﺤﺏ ﻤـ‬ ‫ـﻥ ﻴﺴـ‬‫ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻘـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺤﻘﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺒــﺔ‬
‫~‪50‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪00‬‬
‫‪cm‬‬

‫ـﺎﺀ‬
‫ـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺤﻘـ‬

‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺤﻘــﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺒــﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺴـــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪-16-1‬ﺏ(‬

‫ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﺯﻟــﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘــﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘــﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔــﺙ‬

‫‪-110 -‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻤــﻭﺩ‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A-a‬‬ ‫‪A-a‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ـﻠﺢ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺯل ﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﻌـ‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫ﺨﺭﺴـﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓـﺔ‬

‫ـﺩﻗﻴﻕ‬
‫ـﺩ ﺍﻟـ‬‫ـﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺘـ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻴـ‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻘﻭﻨـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﺴـ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻨـ‬ ‫ـﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﻨــﺔ‬
‫ـﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘـ‬
‫ﺒﻌـ‬
‫‪40‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫ـﻥ‬
‫ـﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﻘـ‬
‫ـﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﺜﻘـ‬
‫ـﻭﺏ ﻤﻌـ‬
‫ﺃﻨﺒـ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺘــﺩ‬

‫ـﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـ‬
‫ـﻭﺏ ﻟﻤــﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻨـ‬
‫ﺜﻘـ‬
‫ـﻭﺏ‬
‫ـﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻨﺒـ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨـ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴــﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -16-1‬ﺠـ(‬

‫ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﺯﻟــﺔ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴــﺫ ﺃﻭﺘــﺎﺩ ﺩﻗﻴﻘــﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻬــﺎ‬

‫‪-111 -‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺦ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻝﹴ ﻟﻴﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺑﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﲣﺮﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻘﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﻭﺗﻐﻠﻔﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﲢﺼﺮﻩ ﺟﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﺿﻤﻦ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﱪ ﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺪ ﻭﳏﻴﻄﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺿﻤﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻃﻮﱄ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٣‬ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﱄ ﺑﺄﻥ ﳜﺘﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺻﻐﺮ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪_١٦-١‬ﺝ( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺷﻜﻼﹰ ﻣﺒﺴﻄﺎﹰ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١-٢-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺪﺓ ﺑﻜﺘـﻒ‬

‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (١٧-١‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺇﺫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻛﺘﻒ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻓﻮﻗﻪ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ )‪ (t‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ )‪(H‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ، (١٧-١‬ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻒ ﰲ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﰲ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﳏﻘﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻒ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ )‪ (t‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ )‪ (H‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫)‪ (A`s1‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

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‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺃﺭﻀــﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁــﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﺴــﻔﻠﻲ‬

‫‪As'1‬‬

‫‪b/2‬‬ ‫‪b/2‬‬
‫‪(b-t)/2‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪(b-t)/2‬‬
‫‪H‬‬

‫‪As1‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‪Ast1‬‬

‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬

‫'‪As‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫‪As‬‬

‫ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺼــﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺴــﻴﺱ‬

‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓــﺔ‬

‫ﺍ ﻟ ﻤ ﻘﻁﻊ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪(b-t)/2‬‬
‫‪b/2‬‬

‫‪As1+As'1‬‬
‫‪t‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ‪Ast1‬‬
‫‪(b-t)/2‬‬
‫‪b/2‬‬

‫ﺍﻨﻅــﺭ ﺘﺴــــﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤــﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸــﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ ) ‪( 11-1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪L‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(17-1‬‬
‫ـﺩﺓ‬
‫ـﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـ‬
‫ـﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻴـ‬
‫ـﻠﺢ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ـﻠﺢ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴـ‬‫ـﻑ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬‫ﺒﻜﺘـ‬

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‫ﺁ – ﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻼﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ )‪ (M‬ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ )‪ (b x ht‬ﻭﻣﺴـﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻪ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ )‪ (A`s‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ )‪ (V‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﳛﺴﺐ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻤﺮ ) ‪(M‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ) ‪ (V‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﳛﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻒ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻣﲔ ) ‪ ( (M  M‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻗـﻮﰐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ) ‪. (V  V‬‬
‫ﺩ – ﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ )‪ (A`s1‬ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ )‪ (Ast1‬ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (١٧-١‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ )‪ (H‬ﻭﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ )‪. (t‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻳﺮﻛﺐ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻤﻲ )‪ (A`s1‬ﻭ )‪، (Ast1‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. ( ١١-١‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻒ ﻭﻗﻤﻴﺺ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٢-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺪﺓ ﺑﺼـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻮﻗﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫) ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺮﻥ( ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻮﻗﻪ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻛﺘﻒ ﺧﺮﺳـﺎﱐ‬

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‫ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﳏﻘﻘﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ )‪ (t‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺸـﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ )‪ (A`s1‬ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (١٨-١‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﳛﺴﺐ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺱ )‪ (M‬ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗـﺎﹰ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺑﻌـﺎﺩﻩ )‪ (b‬ﻭ )‪(ht‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻪ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ )‪ (A`s‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ )‪ (V‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﳛﺴﺐ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ) ‪، (M‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ) ‪ (V‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﲢﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ )‪ (t‬ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻱ ‪ (ht +t) :‬ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ) ‪ (M‬ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ) ‪ (V‬ﰲ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ – ﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ )‪ (A`s1‬ﻟﺘﺤﻤـﻞ ﺍﻟﻌـﺰﻡ ) ‪ (M‬ﻭﲢﻘﻴـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻭﳚﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ ﺗﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺳـﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺪﺩ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (١٨-١‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺴـﺎﺣﺔ ﺳـﻄﺤﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ )‪ (L‬ﻭﻋﺮﺽ )‪ (b‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄـﻮﱄ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺱ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺘﻨﻘﻴﺭﻭﻜﺸـــﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺴـــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـــﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﺸــﺎﺭﻴﻙ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ ﺘﺜﺒــﺕ‬
‫ـﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻻﺴــــﺎﻭﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟــﻲ ﻭﺘﺴــــ‬ ‫ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻷﺴــﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺼــﻠﻲ ﺒﺎﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴــﻲ‬
‫‪H/2‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪H/2‬‬

‫‪As'1‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫'‪As‬‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪As‬‬
‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓــﺔ‬

‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟــﺏ‬
‫‪H‬‬

‫ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺼــﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺴــﻴﺱ‬ ‫‪H/2 H/2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟ ﻤ ﻘﻁﻊ ‪1 - 1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪H/2‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪H/2‬‬
‫‪b/2‬‬
‫‪b/2‬‬
‫‪H/2‬‬
‫‪H/2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪L‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(18-1‬‬
‫ـﺩﺓ‬
‫ـﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـ‬
‫ـﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻴـ‬
‫ـﻠﺢ ﻤﺴـ‬ ‫ـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻭﻗـ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴـ‬‫ـﺒﺔ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ﺒﺼـ‬
‫ـﻤﺎﻜﺘﻬﺎ ‪t‬‬
‫ﺴـ‬

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 ‫ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﺷﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﺐ ﺭﻭﺑﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﳑﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ )‪ (A`s1‬ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ )‪ (A`st1‬ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ )‪ (t‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻓـﻮﻻﺫ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺐ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٨-١‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺯﻉ ﲪﻮﻟﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ )‪. (H+b‬‬
‫‪ -١-٣-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﲪﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﲟﻨﺴـﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺃﺧﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﲝﺪﻭﺩ )‪ (1 ~ 2m‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺇﻳﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﻃﺮﺃﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻪ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻤﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﲪﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-117 -‬‬
 ‫‪ .١‬ﺇﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (N‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ) ‪ (N‬ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺟﺤﺔ ‪. ( N  N  2 N ) :‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﲢﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺃﺧﻔﺾ‬
‫ﲟﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (H‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓـﻮﻻﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻴـﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸـﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٩-١‬ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ )‪ (b‬ﻭﲰﺎﻛﺘﻪ )‪ ، (ht‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﲢﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﺘﱪﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (H/2‬ﻛﺤﺪ ﺃﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻭﲰﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎ )‪. (H‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ )‪ (H‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ )‪ (H +b‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪H b ‬‬
‫‪ soil‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -  soil‬ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺼـﻒ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ )‪ (H/2‬ﻛﺤﺪ ﺃﻋﻈﻤﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (١٩-١‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺸﻴﺶ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻫﺘـﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﲪﻮﻻﺗﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-118 -‬‬
 ‫‪H/2‬‬ ‫‪b/2‬‬ ‫‪b/2‬‬ ‫‪H/2‬‬
‫‪H/2‬‬ ‫‪(b-t)/2‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪(b-t)/2‬‬ ‫‪H/2‬‬
‫ـﺘﻤﺭ‬
‫ـﻠﺢ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﻤﺎل‬

‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓــﺔ‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫ﺼﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴــﺔ‬

‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴــﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟــﺏ‬
‫‪H‬‬

‫ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺼــﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺴــﻴﺱ‬

‫ـﻊ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪H/2‬‬

‫‪100~120‬‬ ‫‪100~120‬‬
‫‪(b-t)/2‬‬
‫‪b/2‬‬
‫‪(b-t)/2‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪b/2‬‬
‫‪H/2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(19-1‬‬

‫ـﺎل‬
‫ـﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﻤـ‬
‫ـﺕ ﺠـ‬
‫ـﺘﻤﺭ ﺘﺤـ‬‫ـﻠﺢ ﻤﺴـ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴــﺔ‬

‫‪116‬‬

‫‪-119 -‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٩-١‬ﺃﻱ ‪ (H) :‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪ (b+H‬ﻭ )‪ (100 – 120‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﻘﻂ ‪ ،‬ﲤﻸ ﺍﳊﻔﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳـﻴﺲ ﺍﳉﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢-٣-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﲪﺎﻝ ﺑﺰﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﲜﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﲔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (٢٠-١‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺇﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ )‪ (N‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻫﻲ ) ‪ (N‬ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺟﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪. N  N  1.5 N‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﻔﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﻃـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻰ ﰲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲝﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ )‪ (B1‬ﲡﺘﺎﺯ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋـﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (L‬ﻓﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-120 -‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﲢﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺴـﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺃﺧﻔﺾ ﲟﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (H‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (٢٠-١‬ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳉـﺎﺋﺰ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ )‪ (B1‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (L‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﲝﻴﺚ ﳛﻔﺮ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﲢﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ )‪ (b1‬ﻭﻋﻤﻖ )‪ ،(H‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪.(٢٠-١‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺍﻥ )‪ (B2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮﻱ )‪ (B1‬ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﲟﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳉـﺎﺋﺰ‬
‫)‪ (B2‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (t1‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ )‪ (B1‬ﻭ )‪ (B2‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ )‪ (t1‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ )‪: (B2‬‬
‫‪b  2t1 ‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ soil‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -  soil‬ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – ٢‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – H‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ )‪ (B1‬ﻭ )‪. (B2‬‬
‫‪ – b1‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮﻱ )‪. (B1‬‬
‫‪ – L‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ )‪ (B1‬ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﰲ )‪. (B2‬‬

‫‪-121 -‬‬
 ‫‪H/2‬‬ ‫‪b/2‬‬ ‫‪b/2‬‬ ‫‪H/2‬‬
‫‪t1‬‬ ‫‪(b-t)/2‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪(b-t)/2‬‬ ‫‪t1‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﺎﻤل‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ـﻠﺢ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴــ‬‫ﺃﺴــﺎﺱ ﺨﺭﺴـــ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﺎﻤــل‬
‫‪B2‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪B2‬‬ ‫‪As'1‬‬

‫‪As‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ‪Ast‬‬

‫‪H‬‬

‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓــﺔ‬

‫‪B1‬‬ ‫'‪As‬‬ ‫‪As 1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ـﻲ ‪3 - 3‬‬ ‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠــﺎﺌﺯ ‪B1‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪L‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪B1‬‬ ‫‪B1‬‬

‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪As‬‬
‫‪H‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ‪Ast‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ‪Ast‬‬

‫'‪As‬‬ ‫'‪As‬‬
‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓــﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓــﺔ‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟــﻲ ‪1 - 1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(20-1‬‬

‫ـﺎل‬
‫ـﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﻤـ‬
‫ـﺕ ﺠـ‬ ‫ـﺘﻤﺭ ﺘﺤـ‬
‫ـﻠﺢ ﻤﺴـ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﺒﺯﻴــﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺭﻀــﻪ ﺒﺠــﺎﺌﺯﻴﻥ ﺠــﺎﻨﺒﻴﻴﻥ‬

‫‪-122 -‬‬
 ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪b1‬‬ ‫‪ht‬‬ ‫‪b1‬‬
‫‪B1‬‬ ‫‪As' 1‬‬ ‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪B1‬‬

‫‪Ast 1‬‬
‫‪H‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ‪Ast‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ‪Ast‬‬

‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓــﺔ‬
‫‪As 1‬‬ ‫'‪As‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫ـﻲ ‪2 - 2‬‬‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟـ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠــﺎﺌﺯ ‪B2‬‬

‫‪H/2‬‬ ‫‪b/2‬‬ ‫‪b/2‬‬ ‫‪H/2‬‬

‫‪t‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪(b-t)/2‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪(b-t)/2‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﻤﺎل‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ـﻠﺢ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴــ‬‫ﺃﺴــﺎﺱ ﺨﺭﺴـــ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﻤــﺎل‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪As'1‬‬
‫‪H‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ‪Ast 1‬‬

‫‪As 1‬‬
‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓــﺔ‬
‫ـﻲ ‪4 - 4‬‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠــﺎﺌﺯ ‪B2‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﺒـــﻊ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(20-1‬‬

‫‪-123 -‬‬
‫ﲢﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ (B2‬ﻭ )‪ (B1‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ‪  soil‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ )‪ (B2‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﻮ )‪ ، (L‬ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮﻱ )‪ ، (B1‬ﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮﻱ‬
‫)‪ (B1‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ )‪. (B2‬‬
‫‪ – ٣‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ )‪ (B1‬ﻭ )‪ (B2‬ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄـﺎﻑ ﻭﻗـﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (As‬ﻭ )‪ (A`s‬ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ )‪(B1‬‬
‫ﻭ )‪ (As1‬ﻭ )‪ (A`s1‬ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ )‪ (B2‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ( ﺃﻱ‬
‫)‪ (Ast‬ﰲ )‪ (B1‬ﻭ )‪ (Ast1‬ﰲ )‪. (B2‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (٢٠-١‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﳚﺮﻱ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴـﻒ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﲡﺮﻱ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰒ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮﻱ‬
‫)‪ (B1‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ )‪ (B2‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻳﺪﻙ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ )‪ (B1‬ﲢﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰒ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ )‪(B2‬‬

‫ﰲ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ )‪ (B1‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺪﻗﻪ ﻭﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﲤﻠﺌﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺗﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ )‪ (B2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﳝﻜﻦ ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ )‪ (B1‬ﻭ )‪ (B2‬ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻨﺴـﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺣﻔﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉـﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ )‪ (B1‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪. (B2‬‬

‫‪-124 -‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺇﻥ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ )‪ (B1‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻩ ﺳـﻴﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﺴﲑ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (b1‬ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ )‪ (B1‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣-٣-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﲪﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﻔﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﻧﻘﺺ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﺗﻮﻫﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﻫﻲ )‪ ، (N‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ) ‪ (N‬ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺟﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N  N  1.7 N‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ (N‬ﻭ ) ‪ (N‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٣‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻔﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﻨﲔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻔﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﲔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - N‬ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻃﻮﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - b‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – t‬ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻔﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -  soil‬ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-125 -‬‬
 ‫ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺤﺎﻤل‬
‫ـﺎﺒﻘﺎ‬
‫ـﺫ ﺴـ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻔـ‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺭﻜـ‬ ‫ـﻠﺢ‬
‫ـﻭﻥ ﻤﺴـ‬ ‫ـﻴﻨﺎﺝ ﺒﻴﺘـ‬
‫ﺸـ‬
‫ـﺎﺒﻘﺎ‬
‫ـﺫ ﺴـ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻔـ‬ ‫ـﺎﺒﻘﺎ‬
‫ـﺫ ﺴـ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻔـ‬

‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪7.5‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪7.5‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻗﻁــﺭ ‪ 20‬ﻤﻡ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﻀــﻤﻥ‬
‫‪25‬‬

‫‪4T20‬‬ ‫‪4T20‬‬ ‫ـﻕ ‪ 20‬ﺴ ﻡ‬‫ـﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﺒﻌﻤـ‬

‫ـﺫ ﺴـ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔـ‬
‫ـﻊ‬‫ـﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻤــ‬‫ـﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـــ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻨــ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻴـﺒـﻭﻜـﺴــﻲ ﺒـﻤـﻌـــﺩل ‪ 8‬ﻗﻀــﺒﺎﻥ‬
‫ـﺎﻭﺏ‬‫ـﻜل ﻤﺘﻨــ‬ ‫ـﻊ ﻭﺒﺸــ‬ ‫ـﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒــ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤـ‬
‫‪15‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﻁـﻭل ﻜﻠـﻲ‪ 40‬ﺴـﻡ ﻭﺘﺒـــﺎﻋﺩ‬

‫'‪5T8/m‬‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 35‬ﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻻﺘﺠــﺎﻫﻴﻥ‬
‫‪35‬‬

‫'‪5T10/m‬‬
‫'‪5T10/m‬‬
‫'‪5T8/m‬‬
‫‪35‬‬

‫ﺃﻜﺘﺎﻑ ﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺘــﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴــﻠﺢ‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫‪10 10‬‬

‫‪4T20‬‬ ‫‪4T20‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫‪120‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪-20-1‬ﺃ(‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴـ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﻤﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ـﻠﺤﺔ‬‫ـﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ـﻥ ﻤـ‬‫ﺒﻜﺘﻔﻴـ‬

‫‪-126 -‬‬
 ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪(b  2t )100 ‬‬
‫‪ soil‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‪ b‬‬
‫‪2 100. soil‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪-٢٠-١‬ﺁ(‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ )‪ (t‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﻜﻜﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (t‬ﲝﺪﻭﺩ )‪ (60cm‬ﻟﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﰒ ﻓﻜﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻮﻻﺫﻳﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﲡﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻔﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﻨﻈﻒ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺗﻐﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺇﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻤﺘﻠﻰﺀ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻳﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻔﲔ ﻭﺗﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﲟﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ )‪ (٣ – ١.٥‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-٢٠-١‬ﺁ( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺜﺎﻻﹰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺔ ﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﲪﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-127 -‬‬
 ‫‪ -٤-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﻣﻨﻔﺬﺓ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺮﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺴـﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻌـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﳌﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺼﲑﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﰒ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١-٤-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻛﺘﻒ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻋﻤﲔ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ‬
‫)‪ ، (١-٢-٣-٥-١‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻴﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻛﺘﻒ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ )‪ (t‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ )‪ (H‬ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﺼﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (٢١-١‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ) ﻣﺮﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ( ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻤﻴﻘـﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴـﺬ‬
‫ﻛﺘﻒ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ )‪ ، (H‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﳌﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ‬
‫)‪ . (٢-٢-٣-٥-١‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (٢٢-١‬‬

‫‪-128 -‬‬
 ‫‪X1‬‬ ‫‪X2‬‬

‫‪t‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﺩﻋﻤﺔ ﺒﻘﻤﻴــﺹ‬
‫‪Y1‬‬

‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴــﻠﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺒﺄﻜﺘــﺎﻑ‬
‫ـﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﺨﺭﺴـ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪t‬‬‫‪1‬‬

‫‪b1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Y2‬‬

‫ـﻴﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫ـﺩﻭﻥ ﺠـ‬‫ـﺔ ﺒـ‬
‫ـﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺯﺌﻴـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻟﺤﺼـ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠـ‬
‫ـﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺎﻑ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻋﻤﺔ ﺒﺄﻜﺘـ‬

‫‪b/2‬‬ ‫‪b/2‬‬ ‫‪b 1 /2‬‬ ‫‪b1 /2‬‬

‫‪(b-t)/2‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪(b-t)/2‬‬ ‫‪(b1 -t1 )/2 t1 (b 1 -t1 )/2‬‬

‫‪As1‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ‪Ast1‬‬ ‫‪As1‬‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ‪Ast1‬‬

‫‪H1‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬

‫ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺼــﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺴــﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓــﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺼــﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺴــﻴﺱ‬

‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓــﺔ‬

‫ـﻊ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬ ‫ـﻊ ‪2 - 2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(21-1‬‬
‫ـﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺤﺼــﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺯﺌﻴــﺔ ﺒﺄﻜﺘــﺎﻑ ﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴـ‬

‫‪126‬‬

‫‪-129 -‬‬
 ‫‪X1‬‬ ‫‪X2‬‬

‫‪b‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Y1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪b1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Y2‬‬

‫ـﻴﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫ـﺩﻭﻥ ﺠـ‬‫ـﺔ ﺒـ‬ ‫ـﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺯﺌﻴـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻟﺤﺼـ‬‫ﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠـ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻋﻤﺔ ﺒﺼــﺒﺎﺕ ﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴــﻠﺤﺔ‬

‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬
‫‪b1‬‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻘـــﻴﺭ‬
‫‪t1‬‬
‫‪t‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬

‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓــﺔ ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺼــﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺴــﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻓــﺔ ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺼــﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺴــﻴﺱ‬

‫ـﻊ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬ ‫ـﻊ ‪2 - 2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(22-1‬‬

‫ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺤﺼــﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺯﺌﻴــﺔ ﺒﺼــﺒﺎﺕ ﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴــﻠﺤﺔ‬

‫‪-130 -‬‬
‫ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺟﻴﻮﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻴﻀﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺴﺎﰊ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﲑﺓ ﳍﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢-٤-٣-٥-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺩﻯﺀ ﺫﻱ ﺑﺪﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻊ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺗـﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﺼـﺎﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﰒ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺗﻌـﻴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﲑﺓ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﻠﺨﺼﺎﹰ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳍﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺗﺰﻳـﺪ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﳊـﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻭﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺩ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﳜﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳍﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛـﺪ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﻃﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﺓ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤـﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﲑﺓ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﱯ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﲡﺮﻯ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﲝﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳊﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﺟﺪﻭﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴـﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﲢـﺪﺩ ﻧـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﺲ ﺍﳊﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳊﱯ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑـﺔ ﺍﶈﻘﻮﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﲤﻜﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺝ – ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﲢﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺴـﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﺒـﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ ﻭﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﳏﻘﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳊﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻳﻜﻤـﻦ ﰲ ﺿـﻌﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴـﻠﻴﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘـﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻛﺘﺎﻑ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﺑﻘﻤﺼﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﲰﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ، (١٧-١‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺻﺒﺎﺕ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻛﺘﺎﻑ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٨-١‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﲰﺎﻛﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴـﻠﺤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻴـﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﲝﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺼﺐ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻭﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟـﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎﺀ‪‬ﺎ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ – ٦ – ١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ) ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻨﺎﺟﺎﺕ ( ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴـﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻـﻠﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺪﺓ‬
‫) ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ( ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﻸﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺗﺸـﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻃﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺳﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺟﺴـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﲤﻴﻞ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (45‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻃﻊ ﺃﻭ ﲪﻮﻻﺕ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻗﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﲪﻮﻻﺕ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺗـﺆﺩﻱ ﻟﻈﻬـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻤﺼﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋـﻖ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﳍﺎ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١-٦-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ) ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻨﺎﺟﺎﺕ ( ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﺳﻄﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ‬

‫‪-133 -‬‬
 ‫ـﺭﺍﺒﻁ‬
‫ـﻰ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﺤﻤﻭل ﻋﻠـ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪As‬‬

‫‪Ast‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴــﻠﺢ‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴـ‬
‫ﺃﺴــﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟــﺏ‬
‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴــﻠﺢ‬

‫ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺼــﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺴــﻴﺱ‬

‫‪L‬‬
‫‪L/2‬‬ ‫‪L/2‬‬
‫ﺃﺴــﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴــﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴــﻠﺢ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺒﻁ ﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴــﻠﺢ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪b‬‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴـ‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟــﺏ‬

‫ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻁﻊ‬

‫'‪As = As‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ‪Ast‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫'‪As‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(23-1‬‬
‫ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟــﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ )ﺍﻟﺸــﻴﻨﺎﺠﺎﺕ(ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴــﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ـﻲ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫‪-134 -‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺰﺭﻉ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﻐﺮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﳎـﺎﺯ ﺍﻟـﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ )‪(L‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪(b‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪(ht‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (٢٣-١‬‬

‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪WL2‬‬
‫‪M max  M min  ‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪Vmax  WL 2‬‬
‫)‪(W‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ )‪ (L‬ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪WL2‬‬
‫‪M 1max  M 1min  ‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪V 1max  WL 4‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (b x ht‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺍﻟﺴـﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫ـﻮﺩ‬‫ـﻞ ﺍﳉﻬـ‬‫ـﺎﻭﺭ )‪ (Ast‬ﻟﺘﺤﻤـ‬‫ـﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺳـ‬‫ـﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴـ‬ ‫ـﻮﻱ )‪ (As = A`s‬ﻭﻛـ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠـ‬
‫‪ M1max = M1min‬ﻭ ‪. V1max‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺼﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﺻـﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ ،A x B x H :‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (٢٣- ١‬‬
‫ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-135 -‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﺗﻜﺴﲑ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻮﻗﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺣﻔﺮﺓ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩ )‪ (A x B‬ﻭﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﺻﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻠﺌﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻻ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﳍﺪﻡ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٧-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١-٧-١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻛﺎﻟﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺟﺰﺀﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺑـﺪﻻﹰ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﺔ ﻭﺛﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳐﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٧-١‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺂﻛﻠﻪ ﻭﺗﺄﻛﺴﺪﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪-136 -‬‬
 ‫‪ -٣-٧-١‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﲎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﲎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻣـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻫﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﲔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١-٣-٧-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘـﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (M‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ )‪ (60%‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ) ‪ (M‬ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (V‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫)‪ (60%‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ) ‪. (V‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١-٣-٣-١‬ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (٦-١‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﳍﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٣-٧-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﻔﺺ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄـﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘـﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (M‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ )‪ (30%‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄـﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘـﺔ ) ‪(M‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (V‬ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ )‪ (30%‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ) ‪. (V‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (٢-٣-٣-١‬ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻘﻔـﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ -٧-١‬ﺁ( ﻭ )‪-٧-١‬ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﲔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣-٣-٧-١‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ )‪ (45‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﺮﺏ‬

‫‪-137 -‬‬
 ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪MB‬‬

‫‪MB‬‬

‫‪-‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪MB‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪MB‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪L1‬‬

‫‪L2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -24-1‬ﺃ(‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻓﻴـ‬‫ـﻲ ﻋﻘـ‬‫ـﺎﻟﺏ ﻓـ‬
‫ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴـ‬
‫‪C‬‬

‫‪+‬‬

‫‪L1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫'‪As‬‬ ‫‪As' 1‬‬ ‫‪Ast 1 Ast‬‬

‫'‪a‬‬

‫‪As' 1‬‬ ‫'‪As‬‬

‫'‪a‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬
‫'‪a‬‬

‫'‪As‬‬
‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪As 1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪L2‬‬

‫‪Ast‬‬ ‫‪As' 1‬‬

‫‪Ast 1‬‬ ‫‪As 1‬‬
‫‪As 1‬‬ ‫‪As‬‬
‫'‪a‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀــﻲ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫'‪a‬‬ ‫'‪a‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪-24 -1‬ﺏ(‬

‫ـﻠﺢ‬
‫ـﺹ ﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴـ‬ ‫ـﺎﺭ ﺒﻘﻤﻴـ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻁـ‬

‫‪-138 -‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺃﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺂﻛﻠﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻟﻴﺤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻻ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ٢٤-١‬ﺁ( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – MB‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﺓ )‪. (B‬‬
‫) ‪ - (M B‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﺓ )‪. (B‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ٢٤-١‬ﺏ( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴـﻠﺢ ﺑﻘﻤـﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻳﻐﻠﻔﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – b‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻼﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ht‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻼﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – a‬ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻠﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫`‪ – a‬ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻠﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻴﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ ﺃﻱ )‪ (2a‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﻟــ )`‪(ht+2a‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ )‪ (A`s1‬ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ‬
‫)‪ (As1‬ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ )‪ (Ast1‬ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪(M B  M B‬‬
‫ﻭ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪(VB  V B‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ – ٢٤-١‬ﺏ(‬

‫‪-139 -‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﲑ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ )‪ (ℓ1‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻑ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ )‪. (ℓ2‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺴﲑ ﺣﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ )‪ (a‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭﺑﻄﻮﻝ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫)‪ (ℓ1‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻣـﻊ ﺗﺴـﻠﻴﺤﻪ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﺻﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﻃﻴﺐ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺭﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺑـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﲜﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﺗﺴـﻠﻴﺤﻪ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﺻﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﻃﻴﺐ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﻭﺭﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺑـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﻳـﺪ ﺃﺑﻌـﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺺ ﻋﻦ )‪ (20mm‬ﻭﺑﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﲰﻨﺖ )‪ (400 Kg/m3‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻓﻬـﻮ‬
‫ﳏﻠﺰﻥ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (٢٥-١‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﺔ ﺇﻃـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺒﲎ ﺻﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﲝﻠﺐ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻧﻔﻼﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻀـﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺸـﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-140 -‬‬
 ‫‪325‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ﺠﺩﻴـ‬ ‫ـﻭﺩ ‪4T16‬‬
‫ـﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـ‬
‫ـﺘﻤﺭ ﻤـ‬
‫ـﻠﻴﺢ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﺘﺴـ‬ ‫ـﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤــﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴـ‬

‫‪II‬‬
‫‪T10/20cm 3‬‬
‫‪25‬‬

‫‪2x1T12 5‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤـ‬
‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـ‬
‫‪2x1T12 5‬‬
‫‪125‬‬

‫‪125‬‬
‫‪2x1T12 5‬‬

‫‪2x1T12 5‬‬
‫‪15‬‬

‫‪15‬‬
‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴــﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤــﺔ‬

‫‪II‬‬
‫‪210‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘــﺔ ﺘﻜﺴــﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﻴـــﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺼﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴــــﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻀــﺎﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻴــﺩ‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤـ‬
‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـ‬ ‫‪10T25 1‬‬
‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻀــﺎﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻴــﺩ‬
‫ـﺘﻤﺭﺓ‬
‫‪4T16‬ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻔــﺔ‬
‫‪4T16‬‬

‫‪260‬‬

‫‪350‬‬
‫ـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ﺠﺩﻴـ‬
‫‪T10/20cm 2‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫‪15 40 15‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻀــﺎﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻴــﺩ‬
‫ـﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪ 10T25 1‬ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﺴـ‬
‫ـﺭ ﺍﻷﺼـ‬
‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻀــﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫‪25‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟــﻲ‬
‫‪4T12 5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘــﺩﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ﻗﺩﻴﻤــﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘــﺔ ﺘﻜﺴــﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪32~34‬‬

‫‪60‬‬
‫ـﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ـﺎﺩﺓ ﺼـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻋـ‬ ‫ـﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـ‬ ‫ـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ﺠﺩﻴـ‬
‫‪T10/20cm 3‬‬
‫‪ 110‬ﺍﻷﺼﻠـــﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﻴـــﻤﺔ‬
‫ـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ﺠﺩﻴـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴــــﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪+370‬‬
‫‪T10/20cm 3‬‬
‫_ﺴﻤﺎﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁــﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘــﺔ ﺘﻜﺴــﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘــﺔ ﺘﻜﺴــﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫ـﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ـﺎﺩﺓ ﺼـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻋـ‬ ‫‪2x6T12 4‬‬
‫ـﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ـﺎﺩﺓ ﺼـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻋـ‬

‫ـﺘﻤﺭﺓ‪ -‬ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺠﺩﻴــﺩ‬‫‪ 2T16‬ﻤﺴـ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴــﺩ‬

‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ 4T16‬ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻔــﺔ ‪ -‬ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺠﺩﻴــﺩ‬ ‫ـﺘﻤﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ 2T16‬ﻤﺴـ‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪125‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟــﻲ ﺍﻟﻘــﺩﻴﻡ‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫ـﻠﻲ‬
‫ـﺭ ﺍﻷﺼـ‬
‫ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﺴـ‬
‫ـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ ﺠﺩﻴـ‬
‫ـﻊ ‪II - II‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬ ‫ﻃ ﻮل اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮد اﻷﺻ ﻠﻲ ‪125‬‬
‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻀــﺎﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻴــﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻷﺴــﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤــﺔ‬
‫‪T10/20cm 2‬‬
‫‪6T12‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘــﺔ ﺘﻜﺴــﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ـﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ـﺎﺩﺓ ﺼـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻋـ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‬
‫‪15 40 15‬‬

‫ﻋ ﺮض اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮد اﻷﺻ ﻠﻲ ‪40‬‬

‫ﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺘ ﻮن اﻟﺴ ﻠﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫‪32~34‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴــــﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﻴـــﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻀــﺎﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻴــﺩ‬ ‫‪6T12‬‬ ‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻀــﺎﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻴــﺩ‬

‫ـﻰ‬ ‫ﺔ)‪ (4) (110~115‬ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻟﻸﻋﻠـ‬ ‫ﻠﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤ‬ ‫ﻮن اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺘ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‬ ‫‪10T25 1‬‬
‫}‬
‫‪ (4) 15‬ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻨــﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴــﺭ‬ ‫‪125‬‬
‫‪165‬‬
‫‪25‬‬

‫‪I - I‬‬ ‫ـﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(25-1‬‬

‫ـﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ـﺹ ﻤـ‬ ‫ـﻠﺢ ﺒﻘﻤﻴـ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺎﺭ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬‫ـﺔ ﺇﻁـ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻴـ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﺡ ﺘـ‬
‫ـﺏ‬
‫ـﺒﺎﺏ ﺒﺤﻠـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﺸـ‬
‫ـﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻋﺎﻴـ‬
‫ـﻨﻰ ﺼـ‬‫ـﻲ ﻤﺒـ‬
‫ﻓـ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪-141 -‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ -١-٢‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﻏﻤﺲ ﺣﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﳏﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸـﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳـﻘﻮﻑ‬
‫ﳏﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻭﻓﻴﻼﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻛﺎﳌﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﻭﺍﳌـﺪﺍﺭﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺨـﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﲪـﺮ ﰲ ﺗﻐﻄﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻮﺍﻓﺬ ﺗﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﲪﻮﻻﺕ ﺳـﻘﻮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻨﺎﻃﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺣﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺣﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻣﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎﹰ‬
‫ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺪﺩ ﻛﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﲔ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ (١٩٩٤‬ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻫﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻨﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺼﻼﹰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼﹰ ﺑﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-142 -‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺪﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﰒ ﻧﺄﰐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺁﺧﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٢‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١-٢-٢‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺐ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺿﻐﻄﺎﹰ ﻣﺎﺋﻼﹰ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﺪﺍﹰ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﺮ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﳍـﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺷﻘﻮﻗﺎﹰ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﺮ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﺒﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ،(١-٢‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ )‪(A‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )`‪ (A‬ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺸﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺒﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪‬ﺒﻂ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪(B‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )`‪. (B‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٢-٢‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﺪﺍﺩ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺐ( ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺯ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺛﻠﺞ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲢﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﺮ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﺒﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ )‪ (R‬ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳﺘﻬﺎ )‪(‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﳏﻴﻄﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ )‪ (g‬ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (Nφ‬ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺘﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (P‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻲ )‪ (H‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ،(٢-٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪g .R‬‬
‫‪N ‬‬
‫‪1  cos ‬‬
‫‪P = N.sin‬‬
‫‪H = Np.cos‬‬
‫‪-143 -‬‬
 ‫‪B‬‬
‫'‪B‬‬

‫‪R‬‬
‫?‬ ‫?‬
‫‪A' A‬‬ ‫'‪C C‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪+‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(1-2‬‬
‫ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻑ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺒــﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻴــﺔ‬

‫‪g‬‬

‫‪R‬‬
‫?‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫‪NO‬‬
‫‪NO‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪I‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(2-2‬‬

‫‪-144 -‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﳉﺴﺮ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ )‪ (D‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ ) ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ( ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪N = H.D/2:‬‬

‫ﻧﺒﲔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﲜﺎﺋﺰ ﺣﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺒـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﺣﻠﻘﻲ )‪ (B‬ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ )‪ ،(C‬ﺗﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻠﺘﺼﻖ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﺳـﺘﻨﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ )‪ (b‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ )‪ (ht‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ )‪ (As‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ ﳛﺴﺐ ﻟﻴﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ ﻭﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﻈﻤﻴﺎﹰ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ )‪.(C‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ )‪ (Ast‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ )‪ (t‬ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ ﻓﺘﺤﺴـﺐ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻭﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ )‪. (P‬‬
‫ﲢﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ )‪ (C‬ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ )‪ (A`s1‬ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﻭﺭ )‪ (Ast1‬ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫)‪ ، (a xb‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ )‪ (3-3‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ، (٣-٢‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ )‪. (H‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪(٣-٢‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻭﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ )‪. (C‬‬

‫‪-145 -‬‬
 ‫‪t=b‬‬ ‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪As‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬
‫‪Ast‬‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫‪b‬‬

‫'‪As‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪Ast 1‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬

‫‪H‬‬

‫‪H‬‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ‪3 - 3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤ ﻘﻁﻊ ‪2 - 2‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ‪1 - 1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺠﺎﺌﺯ ﺤﻠﻘــﻲ )‪(B‬ﻤﻥ‬

‫ـﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـ‬

‫‪a‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺩﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴــﻠﺤﺔ )‪(C‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺤﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠــﺎﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘــﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(3-2‬‬

‫ـﺎﺌﺯ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺒﺠـ‬‫ـﺔ ﺤﺠﺭﻴـ‬ ‫ـﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻗﺒـ‬
‫ـﻁ ﺍﺴـ‬
‫ﺘﻁﻭﻴﻕ ﻤﺤﻴـ‬
‫ﺤﻠﻘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـــﻠﺤﺔ‬

‫‪-146 -‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ )‪ (C‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ )‪ (a xb‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ )‪ (A`s‬ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ )‪ (B‬ﺗﺼـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ )‪. (H‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ )‪ (B‬ﺫﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (b xht‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ )‪ (As‬ﻭ )‪ (Ast‬ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻴﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ )‪. (C‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﻄﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺷﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪(٤-٢‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ‪ .‬ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻪ )‪ (As‬ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪N = H. D/2‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺷﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ )‪ (As‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒـﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﺰﻥ ﻭﲣﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ )‪ (8, 10,12 mm‬ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠـﺎﻭﺯ‬
‫ﲰﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎ )‪ . (4cm‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (٤‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ : (FRP‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪(٥-٢‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﺍﹰ ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﺃﻗﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﲝﻘﻨـﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﲤﻠﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﲟﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﲤﺪ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (FRP‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻲ )‪. (N‬‬

‫‪-147 -‬‬
 ‫‪3~4cm‬‬ ‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪3~4cm‬‬ ‫‪As‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬
‫ﺃﺸﺎﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺸﺎﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬
‫‪H‬‬

‫‪H‬‬
‫ﺍ ﻟﻤ ﻘﻁﻊ ‪2 - 2‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﻟﻤﻘﻁ ﻊ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺴــﻠﺤﺔ‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(4-2‬‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺒﻭﺭﻗـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺤﺠﺭﻴـ‬
‫ـﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻗﺒـ‬
‫ـﻁ ﺍﺴـ‬
‫ـﻕ ﻤﺤﻴـ‬
‫ﺘﻁﻭﻴـ‬
‫ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺴــﻠﺤﺔ ﺒﻘﻀــﺒﺎﻥ ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺤﻠﻘﻴــﺔ‬

‫‪-148 -‬‬
 ‫ـﻕ‬
‫ﺭﻗﺎﺌــ‬ ‫ـﻕ‬
‫ﺭﻗﺎﺌــ‬
‫‪Fiber Carbon‬‬ ‫‪Fiber Carbon‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬

‫‪ht‬‬
‫‪H‬‬

‫‪H‬‬
‫ـﻊ ‪2 - 2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬ ‫ـﻊ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ـﻕ‬‫ﺭﻗﺎﺌــ‬
‫‪Fiber Carbon‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(5-2‬‬

‫ـﺎﻑ )‪(FRP‬‬
‫ـﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺤﺠﺭﻴـ‬‫ـﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻗﺒـ‬
‫ـﻁ ﺍﺴـ‬
‫ـﻕ ﻤﺤﻴـ‬
‫ﺘﻁﻭﻴـ‬

‫‪-149 -‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ )‪ (Aramid‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (Aramidic‬ﺍﻟـﱵ ﳍـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪. (FRP‬‬
‫‪ -٣-٢‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١-٣-٢‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺿﻐﻄﺎﹰ ﻣﺎﺋﻼﹰ )‪ (Nφ‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺳـﺘﻨﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺘﺎﻩ ﳘﺎ ‪ P :‬ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ )‪ (H‬ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ )‪ (H‬ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )‪ (H‬ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺩﺍﹰ ﻣﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ )‪ (L‬ﻭﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ )‪. (f‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺪ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )‪ (H‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ (B‬ﻭ )‪ (C‬ﻭ )‪(D‬‬

‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ (D‬ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ )‪ (B‬ﻭ )‪. (C‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺃﻗﻮﺍﺱ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ )‪ (C1, B1, A1‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﺒﻮﻃﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-٦-٢‬ﺁ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺒﲔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٣-٢‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﲔ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺳـﻘﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻗﻮﺍﺱ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﺏ‬

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 ‫‪A1‬‬ ‫‪B1‬‬ ‫‪C1‬‬
‫‪f‬‬

‫‪HA‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬

‫‪C‬‬
‫‪PA‬‬

‫‪I‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪NO‬‬

‫‪h‬‬

‫'‪A‬‬ ‫'‪B‬‬ ‫'‪C‬‬ ‫'‪D‬‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L1‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -6-2‬ﺃ(‬

‫ـﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ـﻲ ﺴــﻘﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻓـ‬

‫ﺭﺩﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﺼﻭﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺴــﻁﺢ‬

‫ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺴــﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺴــﻁﺢ‬
‫‪f‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬

‫ﺤﻘﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻥ‬ ‫ـﺩ‬

‫ﺸﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻏﻤـ‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـ‬
‫ﻁﺒﺸـ‬
‫‪h‬‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L1‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -6-2‬ﺏ(‬

‫ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺸـﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻌـﺩﻨﻲ ﻅـﺎﻫﺭ ﻴـﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻁـﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺭﺠﻴﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺴــﻘﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤــﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺠــﺭﻱ‬

‫‪148‬‬

‫‪-151 -‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ‪ ,‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺷﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ )‪ (H‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ )‪ (As‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (HA‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (HD‬ﺍﻷﻛﱪ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ) ‪ ( s‬ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪H max‬‬
‫‪As ‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎﹰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ )‪ (H‬ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳒﺪﻩ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﳓﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺟﺴﺎﺀ‪‬ﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴـﺔ )‪ (H‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ‪ .‬ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ (D‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺘﲔ ﻣﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ‬
‫)‪ (B‬ﻭ )‪ (C‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺘﲔ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ ، (D‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ -٦-٢‬ﺏ( ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻓﻮﻻﺫﻱ ﻋـﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻴﻈﻬﺮ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﻨﺪﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﲟﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ) ﺑﺮﻭﻓﻴﻠﻴﻪ ( ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ) [ (‬

‫ﺃﻭ )‪ (I‬ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺷﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸـﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻟـﻮ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺧﻮﻓﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻰ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺷﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-٦-٢‬ﺏ (‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-152 -‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺛﻘﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﲣﺘﺮﻕ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺏ )‪، (h‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ -٦-٢‬ﺁ( ﻭﺭﻗﻢ )‪ -٦-٢‬ﺏ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻃﺒﺸﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﲔ ﺃﻱ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ (D‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﲣﻔﻰ ﺑﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺲ ﺣﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ -٦-٢‬ﺝ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﻘﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻘﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﻐﻠﻒ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻜﺸﻮﻑ ﺑﻐﻤﺪ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣-٣-٢‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﳐﻔﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﲔ ﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻡ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﳐﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﲡﺮﻯ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻗﻮﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻲ )‪ (H‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﺎﻁ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪(D‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ )‪. (As‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺣﲔ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻴﻼﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪(D‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺒﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ -٦-٢‬ﺩ( ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺃﺧﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬
‫ﻳﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﻳﻦ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺸﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻏﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺸﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻏﻤﺩ‬

‫‪A‬‬
‫ـﺱ‬
‫ﺠﺤــﺭ ﺘﻠﺒﻴـ‬
‫ﺤ ﻘﻥ‬ ‫ﺤ ﻘﻥ‬

‫ﺼــﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺼــﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬

‫) ﻁ ﺒ ﺸ ﺔ(‬ ‫) ﻁ ﺒ ﺸ ﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -6-2‬ﺠـ(‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴـ‬
‫ـﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﺠـ‬
‫ـﺎﻫﺭ ﻓـ‬
‫ـﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻅـ‬
‫ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺸـﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـ‬

‫ﺭﺩﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﺼﻭﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺴــﻁﺢ‬

‫ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺴــﻁﺢ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺴــﻁﺢ‬

‫‪a‬‬
‫‪f‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪h‬‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L1‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -6 -2‬ﺩ(‬

‫ـﺎﺭﺠﻴﻴﻥ‬
‫ـﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨـ‬
‫ـﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻁـ‬‫ـﻲ ﻴـ‬
‫ـﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﺨﻔـ‬ ‫ـﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻌـ‬
‫ـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺸـ‬
‫ﺍﺴـ‬
‫ﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺴــﻘﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤــﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺠــﺭﻱ‬

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 ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-٦-٢‬ﺩ( ﻭ )‪ -٦-٢‬ﻫـ(‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﲟﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺃﺧﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﺑﻌـﺮﺽ‬
‫)‪ (60  80 cm‬ﻭﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﳝﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻓﻮﻻﺫﻱ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﳛﻔﻆ ﺿـﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻏﻤﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ‪ ،‬ﳝﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻤﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ . (D‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﺼﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﳊﺎﻡ ﺃﺷـﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﺷﺎﻳﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗـﻢ‬
‫)‪ -٦-٢‬ﺩ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻲ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺑـﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻓﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﲔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻗﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻭﻗﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻱ ﲝﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (STAAD-3‬ﺩﻟﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺸـﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺷﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﳐﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺘﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﻳﻦ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺒﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺴــﻁﺢ‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ﺭﺩﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﺼﻭﺼـ‬
‫‪60~80cm‬‬

‫ـﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺸﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻌـ‬ ‫ﻏﻤﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪ -6-2‬ﻫـ(‬

‫ـﻲ ‪a - a‬‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪20~30‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫ﺸﺩﺍﺩ ﻓــﻭﻻﺫﻱ ‪I 20mm‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪=~ 160‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫ﻏﻤــﺩﻟﻠﺼـﺨــﺩﺃـﺎﺹ ‪2‬‬
‫ﻤﻁﻠﻲ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎﻨﻌــﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻀــﻤﻥ‬

‫‪IO10‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫ﻗﻀــﺒﺎﻥ ﺘﺜﺒﻴــﺕ ﻤﺎ ﺌﻠﺔﻋــﺩﺩ ‪/4 /‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫‪O10‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫ـﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔــﻭﻻﺫﻱ ?‪20‬ﻤﻡ‬‫ﺘﻠﺤﻡ ﻤــﻊ ﺍﻟﺸـ‬ ‫‪O12/25cm‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪I 12/25cm‬‬

‫‪O‬‬
‫ـﺭﺽ ‪ 50‬ﺴــﻡ ﺘﺜﺒــﺕ ﻭﺘﻠﺘﺼــﻕ‬ ‫ـﺩﻴﻙ ﻋـ‬
‫ﺭﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺃﺭﺍﻤﻴـ‬ ‫‪IO10‬‬ ‫‪IO10‬‬
‫ـﻁﺢ‬‫ـﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـ‬
‫ـﺩ ﺘﺴـ‬
‫ـﻔل ﺒﻌـ‬
‫ـﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺴـ‬‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﻠـ‬

‫‪IO10‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫‪O10‬‬

‫ـﺯﻥ‬
‫ـﻭﻻﺫﻱ ﻤﺤﻠـ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺩ ﻓـ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ ‪IO 20mm‬‬

‫‪I 16‬‬
‫‪5O‬‬

‫‪I 12/25cm‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪45‬‬

‫ـﺔ ‪I 25mm‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫ـﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـ‬
‫ـﻭﻻﺫ ﻋـ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔـ‬
‫ﻟــﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﺘــل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺘﻭﻨﻴــﺔ ﻤــﻊ ﺍﻻﻋﻤــﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺒﻁــﻭل ﺘﻘﺭﻴــﺒﻲ ‪ 200‬ﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸــﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺒﻠﻴـــ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(7-2‬‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﺨﻔﻴـ‬
‫ـﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـ‬
‫ـﺏ ﺒﺸـ‬‫ـﺭﻱ ﺒﺤﻠـ‬‫ـﺎﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـ‬
‫ـﻘﻑ ﺍﻟﺠـ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺴـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫ـﺎﺌﻕ )‪(Fiber Carbon‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗـ‬

‫‪-156 -‬‬
 ‫‪5O‬‬‫‪I 16‬‬
‫ﺸﺩﺍﺩ ﻓــﻭﻻﺫﻱ ‪I 20mm‬‬
‫‪O‬‬

‫‪=~ 105 cm‬‬

‫ﻤﻁﻠﻲ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎﻨﻌــﺔ ﻟﻠﺼــﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﺤﻔﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺒﺸــﻜل ﺨﻨــﺩﻕ ﻋــﺭﺽ ‪ 50‬ﺴ ﻡ‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫ـﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ـﺭﺹ ﺒﻌــﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴــﺏ ﺍﻟﺸـ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺩﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺭﺩﻡ ﺘــﺭﺍﺒﻲ‬
‫‪I 10 mm‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫ـﺩﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻗـ‬ ‫ﺸﺩﺍﺩ ﻓــﻭﻻﺫﻱ ‪IO20mm‬‬
‫‪=~ 205 cm‬‬

‫ﻤﻁﻠﻲ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎﻨﻌــﺔ ﻟﻠﺼــﺩﺃ‬

‫ـﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﺴـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺒﺭﻭﺒـ‬
‫ﺭﺸـ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴــﺕ ﺠﻭﺍﻨــﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺭﻴــﺔ‬

‫‪I 12/25cm‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫ـﺭﺽ ‪ 50‬ﺴــﻡ ﺘﺜﺒــﺕ ﻭﺘﻠﺘﺼــﻕ‬ ‫ـﺩﻴﻙ ﻋـ‬
‫ﺭﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺃﺭﺍﻤﻴـ‬
‫‪I 16‬‬
‫‪5O‬‬ ‫ـﻁﺢ‬
‫ـﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـ‬
‫ـﺩ ﺘﺴـ‬‫ـﻔل ﺒﻌـ‬
‫ـﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺴـ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﻠـ‬

‫‪50‬‬ ‫ـﻊ ‪2 - 2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫ـﻊ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫ـﺯﻥ‬
‫ـﻭﻻﺫﻱ ﻤﺤﻠـ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺩ ﻓـ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤــﺔ ‪I 20mm‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫‪20‬‬

‫ـﻤﺎﻜﺔ‬‫ـﺎ ﻟﺴـ‬
‫ـﻡ ﺘﺒﻌـ‬
‫ﺜﻘﺏ ﺒﻁــﻭل ‪ 40‬ﺴـ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـ‬ ‫ـﻸ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﻨـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠــﺩﺍﺭ ﻴﻤـ‬

‫ـﺯﻥ‬
‫ـﻭﻻﺫﻱ ﻤﺤﻠـ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺩ ﻓـ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤــﺔ ‪I 20mm‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪20‬‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫ـﻤﺎﻜﺔ‬‫ـﺎ ﻟﺴـ‬
‫ـﻡ ﺘﺒﻌـ‬
‫ﺜﻘﺏ ﺒﻁــﻭل ‪ 35‬ﺴـ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ـﻸ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﻨــﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـ‬
‫ـﺩﺍﺭ ﻴﻤـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠـ‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪40~6‬‬

‫ﺘﻘــﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﺜﺒﻴــﺕ ﺃﻭﺘــﺎﺩ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨــﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺠــﺭﻱ‬

‫‪-157 -‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ )‪ ( ٧ – ٢‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘـﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺻـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻱ ﲝﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺭﻗـﻢ‬
‫)‪ (٣-٣-٢‬ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻲ ﰲ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻲ ﰲ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻄﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮ ﺃﺧﺎﺩﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﻭﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺳـﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﻤـﺲ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺴﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺑﻌﺮﺽ )‪ (60 – 80cm‬ﻭﲢﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸـﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌـﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﻗـﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫)‪ (Fiber Carbon‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﲤﻠﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻛﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻮﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ‪ .‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (٧-٢‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻗﺎﺋﻖ )‪. (Fiber Carbon‬‬

‫‪ -٤-٢‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١-٤-٢‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻌـﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒـﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﻘﻮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺭﲟﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀـﻐﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-158 -‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺼﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺍﺱ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺼﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻫﺘﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﲪـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢-٤-٢‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁ – ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳـﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﹰ ﺣﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ )‪ (80%‬ﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ )‪ (N‬ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ) ‪ ، (N‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( N  N  1.8 N‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺼﺮ ﺟﻴﺪﺍﹰ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳـﺔ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﻭﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻃﺎﺑﻖ ﺁﺧﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (٨-٢‬ﻣﻘﻄﻌﺎﹰ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﲪﺎﻝ ﺃﺑﻌـﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫)‪ (a x b‬ﰎ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻘﻪ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﲰﺎﺗﻜﺘﻪ )‪ . (t‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ )‪ (t‬ﲝﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻦ )‪ (10cm‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻦ )‪. (N‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲤﺜﻞ ) ‪ (N‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-159 -‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ )‪ (t‬ﻟﻠﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ )‪ (N‬ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫) ‪(N )  (N‬‬
‫‪ (a  2t )(b  2t )  a.b‬‬
‫`‪ c‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ) ‪. (N‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ‪ c`  0.3 f c` :‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ ( f c` ) :‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪:‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪(-١-٣-٤-١‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (FRP‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰُ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ )‪ (N‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻦ )‪ (30%‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻮﺩ ) ‪ ، (N‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( N  N  1.3N‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪(٩-٢‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﻠﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺼﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺴﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ﲟﺴـﺎﻣﲑ ﻓﻮﻻﺫﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﻣﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﻓﺘﺤـﺔ )‪ (20 x 20m‬ﻭﻗﻄـﺮ‬
‫)‪. (2 - 3m‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧـﺔ ﻭﻓـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪-160 -‬‬
 ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬

‫‪t‬‬
‫‪Ast‬‬

‫‪a‬‬
‫'‪As‬‬
‫‪t‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(8-2‬‬

‫ـﻠﺢ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺹ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬‫ـﺎ ﺒﻘﻤﻴـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺒﺘﻁﻭﻴﻘﻬـ‬
‫ـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻴـ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﻤـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬

‫‪3~4cm‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪3~4cm‬‬

‫‪3~4cm‬‬

‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺴــﻠﺤﺔ‬

‫‪a‬‬

‫ـﺎﻑ )‪(FRP‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴـ‬
‫‪3~4cm‬‬

‫ـﻲ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫ﺸﺒﻙ ﺩﺠﺎﺝ ﻤﻌــﺩﻨﻲ‬ ‫= ‪t1‬‬ ‫‪t 2 = 0.2 ~ 0.3‬‬

‫‪t1‬‬
‫‪d‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪t2‬‬

‫ـﺎﻑ )‪(FRP‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴـ‬
‫‪t1‬‬
‫‪d‬‬

‫‪t2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪d‬‬

‫‪3~4cm‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪3~4cm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(9-2‬‬

‫ـﺎﻑ )‪(FRP‬‬‫ـﺔ ﺒﺄﻟﻴـ‬
‫ـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻴـ‬
‫ـﻕ ﺍﻻﻋﻤـ‬
‫ﺘﻁﻭﻴـ‬
‫ـﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴــ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﻭﺭﻗـﺔ ﺍﺴـــ‬

‫‪158‬‬

‫‪-161 -‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﲤﺪ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (FRP‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺠـﺮﻱ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﲔ )‪ (5cm‬ﻭ )‪ (10cm‬ﻭﲤﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﺻـﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪t1 t 2‬‬
‫‪  0.2  0.3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻖ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪a b‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻭﻓﻖ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻧﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﲤﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻀﻬﺎﺭﺓ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻛﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﲑﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﺀ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﳉﻬـﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳـﻖ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﲣﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺤﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺴـﻘﻮﻑ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺭﺩﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻼﻁ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﲣﻔﻴﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺷﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﳐﻔﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ ‪ (٣-٢) :‬ﻭ )‪. (٣-٣-٢‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺩﻯ ﲣﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ) ‪( N  N‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ) ‪ (N‬ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻮﺩ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ )‪ ، (N‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻰ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺠـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﻮﻧﺔ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ -٥-٢‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١-٥-٢‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻮﺍﺱ ﻏﻤﺲ ﺣﺠﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﲢﺼﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺷﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻـﻠﺔ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺍﺱ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻫﺘﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ – ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٥-٢‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﲪﺎﻝ ﲜﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻼﺻﻖ ﻟﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٠-٢‬ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﺑﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻼﺻﻖ ﻟﻪ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﻪ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺸـﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻷﺳـﻔﻞ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳚﺐ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔﻪ ﰒ ﺭﺷﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻣﻼﺀ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺧﻠﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﺠـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (١٠-٢‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﺼﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﲪﺎﻝ ﺑﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١١-٢‬ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﲪﺎﻝ ﺑﺼﺐ ﻗﻤﻴﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﻼﺻﻖ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻮﱃ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻤـﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﻓـﻖ ﺍﻷﺳـﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﻭﺍﳉـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴـﻠﺢ‬
‫) ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ( ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﻭﺗـﻨﻘﲑﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻣﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﻠﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﻩ ﻹﻣﻼﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺻﺒﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﺷﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺻﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳚﺐ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣـﻊ ﺑﻼﻃـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺛﻘﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻓﻮﻗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﻠﺌﺔ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺎﹰ ﲞﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍﹰ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻙ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (10 – 15cm‬ﰲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻟﺘﺤﺼـﺮ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﻴﺺ ﻭﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﲪﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﲔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٢-٢‬ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﲪﺎﻝ ﺑﺘﻐﻄﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻬﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ـﻑ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴـ‬
‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗــﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟـﺭﺵ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻭﺒـﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﺭ ﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭ‬

‫‪20cmt=20cm‬‬
‫ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﻗﺩﻴﻡ‬

‫ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺩﺍﻋﻡ‬

‫ـﻡ )‪(10-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗـ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺤﻤﺎل ﺒﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻼﺼﻕ ﻟﻪ‬
‫)ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﻓﻘــﻲ(‬

‫ﺃﺸﺎﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬

‫‪15~20cm t=20cm‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﻘﻴﺭ ﺜــﻡ ﺭﺵ ﺭﻭﺒــﺔ ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺸــﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ ﺃﻓﻘــﻲ‬
‫‪As'1‬‬ ‫'‪As‬‬
‫ـﻡ )‪(11-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗـ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺤﻤﺎل ﺒﻘﻤﻴﺹ ﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴــﻠﺢ‬
‫)ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﻓﻘــﻲ(‬

‫ﺒــﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴــﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻘﻴﺭ ﺜــﻡ ﺭﺵ ﺭﻭﺒــﺔ ﺍﺴــﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌــﺩﻨﻲ‬
‫‪3~4cm‬‬

‫‪t=20cm‬‬

‫‪3~4cm‬‬

‫ﺃﺸﺎﻴﺭ ﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻙ ﺩﺠﺎﺝ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ‬

‫‪T10/5~8cm‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠــﺎﻫﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪20x20x2~3mm‬‬

‫ـﻡ )‪(12-2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗـ‬

‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺤﻤﺎل ﺒﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻤــﻥ ﺍﻟــﻭﺠﻬﻴﻥ‬
‫)ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﻓﻘــﻲ(‬

‫‪-165 -‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﻭﻓـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴـﺖ‬
‫ﺃﺷﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﱪﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﻲ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺘﲔ ﻭﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺗﻼﲪﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺷﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴـﺎﻣﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ )‪ (20x20cm‬ﻭﺑﺄﺳﻼﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ)‪(2-3m‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ )`‪. (5T6/m‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ] ‪[٢‬‬
‫ﻭ ] ‪[٧‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻴﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ] ‪[٢‬ﻭ ] ‪ [٧‬ﺍ‪‬ﺮﺍﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺣﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﱵ ﺍﳌﻠﻲﺀ ﻣﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﲝﺜـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰً ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦-٢‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﱭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧـﺎﹰ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﻳﻦ ﺇﺫ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ )‪. (4 – 5m‬‬

‫‪-166 -‬‬
 ‫‪ -١-٦-٢‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (١٣-٢‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (A‬ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺷﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪(B‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﰲ )`‪ (B‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀـﺎﻏﻄﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (A‬ﺑﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪. (D‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﺍﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺿﺎﻏﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋـﻦ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ,‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺏ )‪ (x‬ﻫﻲ )‪ (Px‬ﻭﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ )‪ (qx‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﻫـﻲ )‪(tx‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪.(١٤-٢‬‬

‫‪Px‬‬ ‫‪6Mx‬‬
‫‪ 1.2 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪1  tx 1  t x2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x x‬‬ ‫‪x2‬‬
‫‪M x  qx‬‬ ‫‪  qx‬‬
‫‪2 3‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ )`‪ (B,A ,B`, A‬ﳚﺐ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺟﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PH 2‬‬ ‫‪6M H 2‬‬
‫‪ A` ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ad‬‬
‫‪1  (t 2  t 3 ) 1  (t 2  t 3 ) 2‬‬

‫‪-167 -‬‬
 ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪t4 t 3 t2 t1‬‬

‫‪t4 t 3 t2 t1‬‬

‫‪H3‬‬
‫‪t‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫'‪B‬‬ ‫'‪A‬‬
‫‪H2‬‬
‫‪H‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪H1‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ـﻲ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ ) ‪(13-2‬‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ‬
‫ـل ﺍﻟﺘـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻗﺒـ‬‫ـﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﻜﺘﻠـ‬
‫ـﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺴـ‬
‫ـﺭﺍﻫﻥ ﻟﺠـ‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀـ‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫‪qx‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬
‫‪H‬‬

‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪H/3‬‬

‫‪p max‬‬

‫‪qmax‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(14 - 2‬‬
‫ـﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ـﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺴـ‬
‫ـﻰ ﺍﻟﺠـ‬
‫ـﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜـ‬

‫‪-168 -‬‬
 ‫‪PH 2‬‬ ‫‪6M H 2‬‬
‫)ﺿﻐﻂ(‬ ‫‪ B` ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪1  (t 2  t 3 ) 1  (t 2  t 3 ) 2‬‬

‫‪Pmax 6M H‬‬
‫‪A ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  soil‬‬
‫‪1 t 1 t 2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪6M H‬‬
‫)ﺿﻐﻂ(‬ ‫‪ B  max ‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪1 t 1 t 2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -  ad‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -  soil‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ) ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ( ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1.5.M A  M A‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - M A‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪. (A‬‬
‫‪ - M A‬ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪.(A‬‬
‫ﻻ ﲢﻘﻖ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﳏﻔﻮﺭﺍﹰ ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﳏﺼﻮﺭﺍﹰ ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢-٦-٢‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﺘﻠﻲ ﺑﺼﺐ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﻋﻢ ﺧﻠﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٥-٢‬ﺟﺪﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻛﺘﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋـﻪ )‪ (H‬ﻭﻋـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ )‪ (t‬ﻣﺪﻋﻤﺎﹰ ﲜﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻠﻔﻪ ﻳﺼﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺣﻢ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﻭﲤﻠﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻢ )‪ (H‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ )`‪. (t‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺠـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ (t + t`) :‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-169 -‬‬
 ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪t4 t 3 t2 t1‬‬

‫‪t4 t 3 t2 t1‬‬
‫'‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬

‫‪H3‬‬
‫''‪t‬‬ ‫''‪t‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪h2‬‬

‫‪H2‬‬
‫‪B1‬‬
‫'‪B‬‬ ‫'‪A‬‬
‫‪H‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪h1‬‬

‫‪H1‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ـﻲ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(15-2‬‬

‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـﻡ ﺨﻠﻔـ‬
‫ـﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﻋـ‬
‫ـﺏ ﺠـ‬‫ـﻲ ﺒﺼـ‬ ‫ـﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﻜﺘﻠـ‬
‫ـﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺴـ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺠـ‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴـ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـ‬

‫‪-170 -‬‬
 ‫‪ A1   ad‬‬
‫)ﺿﻐﻂ(‬ ‫‪ B1  0‬‬

‫‪ A   soil‬‬
‫)ﺿﻐﻂ(‬ ‫‪ B  0‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪. (A‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ )‪: (١‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫–‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﺘﻠﻲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٣-٢‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪t1 = 15 cm‬‬
‫‪t2 = 20 cm‬‬
‫‪t3 = 30 cm‬‬
‫‪t4 = 10 cm‬‬
‫‪H1 = 170 cm‬‬
‫‪H2 = 140 cm‬‬
‫‪H3 = 130 cm‬‬
‫‪h1 = 200 cm‬‬
‫‪h2 = 110 cm‬‬
‫‪h3 = 130 cm‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪p = 2400 Kg/m3‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪t = 1800 Kg/m3‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ‪ ad  50 Kg / cm 2 :‬‬
‫‪ =30‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ soil  2 Kg / cm 2‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ‪ t`=100cm‬ﻭﺃﻥ ‪t''=50cm‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺒﺖ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻓﻊ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﻭﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-171 -‬‬
 ‫‪ A1   ad‬‬
‫)ﺿﻐﻂ(‬ ‫‪ B1  0‬‬
‫‪ A   soil‬‬
‫)ﺿﻐﻂ(‬ ‫‪ B  0‬‬
‫ﺏ –ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﺘﻠﻲ ﺑﺼﺐ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﺧﻠﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٦-٢‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﺢ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٥-٢‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﰎ ﺑﺼﺐ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﺧﻠﻔـﻪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ )‪ (ℓ1‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ )‪ (ℓ‬ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﻋﺪ‪‬ﺎ )`‪(t‬‬

‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ ‪. t + t` :‬‬

‫ﲢﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ (B‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ‬
‫)‪ (x – x‬ﺍﳌﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (٥‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪S A‬‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ΣSA‬ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻑ‬
‫)‪.(A‬‬
‫‪ – F‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﺸﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (١٦-٢‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – Mx‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ‬
‫)‪ (x-x‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪. (ℓ‬‬
‫‪ – Ix-x‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﻋﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﺸﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٦-٢‬ﺣﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻮﺭ )‪. (x-x‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P M x . y‬‬
‫‪A ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  soil‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪I x.x‬‬

‫‪-172 -‬‬
 ‫)‪(t+t'-Y‬‬ ‫‪Y‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤــﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘــل‬

‫ﻟﺴــــﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﺴــــﺘﻨﺎﺩ‬

‫ـﺎﺭ‬
‫ـﺏ ﻋﻴـ‬‫ـﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟـ‬
‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴﺔ ﺒـ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺕ ‪ 200‬ﻜﻎ ‪/‬ﻡ‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴـ‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪L1‬‬

‫‪L‬‬
‫‪L2‬‬
‫‪L‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫''‪t‬‬
‫‪O‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(16-2‬‬

‫ـﻪ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺨﻠﻔـ‬
‫ـﺎﺌﺯ ﺩﺍﻋﻤـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺒﺭﻜـ‬‫ـﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﻜﺘﻠـ‬
‫ـﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺴـ‬
‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺠـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴـ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـ‬

‫‪-173 -‬‬
 ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪t4 t 3 t2 t1‬‬

‫‪H3‬‬
‫ـﺎﺭ‬
‫ـﺏ ﻋﻴـ‬
‫ـﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟـ‬
‫ﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴﺔ ﺒـ‬
‫ـﻤﻨﺕ ‪ 200‬ﻜﻎ ‪/‬ﻡ‪3‬‬‫ﺍﻻﺴـ‬ ‫''‪t‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪h2‬‬

‫‪H2‬‬
‫‪B1‬‬
‫'‪B‬‬ ‫'‪A‬‬
‫‪H‬‬

‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠــﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠــﻲ‬

‫‪h1‬‬

‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴـ‬‫ـﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل ﺼـ‬

‫‪H1‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ـﻲ ‪A - A‬‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪t4 t 3 t2 t1‬‬ ‫‪H3‬‬

‫‪D‬‬
‫‪H2‬‬

‫'‪B‬‬ ‫'‪A‬‬
‫‪H‬‬

‫‪H1‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ـﻲ ‪B - B‬‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫‪171‬‬

‫‪-174 -‬‬
 ‫) ‪P M x (t  t ` y‬‬
‫‪B ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪I x. x‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1.5.M A  M A‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ )‪: (٢‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠـﻲ )‪ (١‬ﻭﰎ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻪ ﺑﺼﺐ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﺧﻠﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﻋﻢ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٦-٢‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ℓ = 400 cm‬‬
‫‪ℓ1 = 200 cm‬‬
‫‪t` = 150 cm‬‬
‫‪t`` = 85 cm‬‬
‫‪h1 = 200 cm‬‬
‫‪h2 = 110 cm‬‬
‫‪h3 = 130 cm‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻠﻪ )‪ (O‬ﻭﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ )‪ (Mx‬ﻭﻋـﺰﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ )‪ (Ix-x‬ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ )‪ (x-x‬ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫) ‪ A1‬ﻭ ‪ B1‬ﻭ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ ، (B‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1.5.M A  M A‬‬

‫‪ – ٧ – ٢‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﺍﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻫﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫‪-175 -‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻻﺣﺠﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ) ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ( ﺃﻭ ﺑﺘﻘﻮﻳﺘﻪ ﺇﻣﺎ ﲝﻘﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺇﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﲔ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻣﺮﺭﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﲪﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﲪﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﻃﻮﱄ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫ﻟﺮﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﲜﺎﺋﺰ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﻐﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﲜﺎﺋﺰ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (٣-١-٣-٥-١‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻴﻮﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﻭﻣﻨﺴﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٧-٢‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬
‫ﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ ﲪﺎﻝ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﲪﻮﻟﺘﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﲜﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﲔ ﻳﺮﺑﻄﺎﻥ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﲜﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﳍﻤﺎ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﺘــﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺌﺯ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﺘــﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺌﺯ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤل‬

‫ـﺔ )‪ (Micro Piles‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﻟــﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﺘــﺎﺩ‬

‫ـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘـ‬
‫ﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻻﻭﺘـ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(17-2‬‬

‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﻀﻌﻴﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻭﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺤﺠﺭﻴﺔ ﺤﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻭﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘــﺔ )‪(Micro Piles‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪-177 -‬‬
 ‫ﺸﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻌــﺩﻨﻲ‬

‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺼــﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﺠﻴــﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﺠﻴــﺩ‬

‫ـﺎﻙ‬
‫ـﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜـ‬‫ـﻥ ﻁـ‬ ‫ـﺎﺩ ﻋـ‬ ‫ـﻰ ﺍﻻﻭﺘـ‬‫ـﺎﺕ ﺇﻟـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـ‬
‫ﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﻨﻘل ﺤﻤﻭﻟـ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴــﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀــﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸــﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻌــﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬــﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴــﺫ‬

‫ـﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ـل ﻟﻠﺠـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀـ‬
‫ـﻭﻉ ‪IPN‬‬‫ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨـ‬

‫‪IP‬‬ ‫‪IP‬‬

‫ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﺠﻴــﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﺠﻴــﺩ‬

‫ـﺭﻴﻕ‬
‫ـﻥ ﻁـ‬‫ـﺎﺩ ﻋـ‬‫ـﻰ ﺍﻻﻭﺘـ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ﺇﻟـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـ‬
‫ﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﻨﻘل ﺤﻤﻭﻟـ‬
‫ـﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺭﺴـ‬
‫ـﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﻐﻠـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻤﻌـ‬‫ﺠﺎﺌﺯ ﻋﺭﻀـ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀــﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤــل ﻟﻠﺠــﺩﺍﺭ‬

‫ـﻭﻉ ‪IPN‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨـ‬

‫ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺒــﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﺠﻴــﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﺠﻴــﺩ‬

‫ـﺭﻴﻕ‬
‫ـﻥ ﻁـ‬
‫ـﺎﺩ ﻋـ‬
‫ـﻰ ﺍﻻﻭﺘـ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ﺇﻟـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـ‬
‫ﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﻨﻘل ﺤﻤﻭﻟـ‬
‫ـﻠﺢ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺨﺭﺴـ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺌﺯ ﻋﺭﻀـ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺒـــﻊ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(17-2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪-178 -‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ١ – ٣‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻘﻮﻑ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ )ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻨﺪﻭﻳﺶ( ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺻﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻠﱯ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺻﻒ ﻭﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻀـﻌﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼـﺮ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﱐ ﺍﳊﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺻﺎﹰ )‪(Compact section‬‬

‫ﺃﻡ ﻻ ‪ .‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺻﺔ ﺟﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ )‪ (┌ ,  , T . I‬ﻭﻻ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻲ )‪ (AISC‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻴـﺔ ﻟﻔـﻮﻻﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ‪ American Institude of Steel Construction :‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺇﻳﻨﻤﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎﹰ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺻﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – ١‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﳉﺬﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍﹰ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-179 -‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻢ ﺇﱃ ﲰﺎﻛﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺟﺤﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (١-٣‬‬
‫‪bf‬‬ ‫‪545‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬ ‫‪fy‬‬

‫‪ – ٣‬ﺇﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻢ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲰﺎﻛﺘﻪ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺟﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (٢-٣‬‬
‫‪b 1593‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬ ‫‪fy‬‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻗﻲ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺟﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (٣-٣‬‬

‫‪b 1593‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬ ‫‪fy‬‬
‫‪ – ٥‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺇﱃ ﲰﻚ ﺍﳉﺬﻉ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ)‪.(٤-٣‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ‪ 0.16 :‬‬
‫‪fy‬‬
‫‪d 2155‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪fy‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ‪ 0.16 :‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪fy‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪(1  3.74 ) :‬‬

‫‪d 5366‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪fy‬‬ ‫‪fy‬‬

‫‪ – ٦‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﻮﺩ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ ) ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻗﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﰊ ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪-180 -‬‬
‫‪bf‬‬ ‫‪bf‬‬ ‫‪bf‬‬ ‫‪bf‬‬

‫‪tf‬‬

‫‪tf‬‬

‫‪tf‬‬

‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫ﺠﺫﻉ‬ ‫ﺠﺫﻉ‬
‫ﺠﻨﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺠﻨﺎﺡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(1- 3‬‬

‫‪b‬‬

‫‪tf‬‬
‫‪tf‬‬

‫‪b‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(2- 3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(3- 3‬‬

‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪d‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(4- 3‬‬

‫‪-181 -‬‬
 ‫‪637b f‬‬
‫‪Lc ‬‬
‫‪fy‬‬
‫‪1406200‬‬
‫‪Lc ‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪.fy‬‬
‫‪Af‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :d‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Af‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (٥-٣‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺻﺤﺔ ) ﻏﲑ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﺰﺓ ( ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺷـﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﲡﻤﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻱ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﺰﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻲﺀ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ – ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﱯ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ – ﲢﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﺬﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻲﺀ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺺ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﲢﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﺬﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺗﻘﻮﺱ ﺍﳉﺬﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻲﺀ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺬﻉ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-182 -‬‬
 ‫‪Lc‬‬

‫‪bf‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(5- 3‬‬

‫‪55‬‬
‫‪10 35 10‬‬ ‫‪6x35‬‬
‫ﺼــﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺘــﺩﻋﻴﻡ‬
‫‪6‬‬

‫‪d 1 =16‬‬
‫‪120‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬

‫‪? =3.5°‬‬
‫‪6‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(6- 3‬‬

‫‪-183 -‬‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ – ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺎﹰ ‪:‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﻰﺀ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿـﻲ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺹ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎﹰ ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ‪:‬‬

‫ﳚﺐ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ ‪ .‬ﻭﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺸـﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﺘﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻲ )‪.(AISC‬‬
‫‪ – ٢ – ٣‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺻﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ) ﺳﻨﺪﻭﻳﺶ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺻﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﲪﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪ ( ‬ﺃﻭ ) ‪ ( Z‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺜﺒـﺖ ﺃﻟـﻮﺍﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬

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‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻶﺻﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻴﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻖ‬
‫ﻳﻌﲏ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﱄ ﻣﻊ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻄﺎﻟـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻶﺻﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ )‪ (Vy , Vx , My , Mx‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘـﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻭﺍﺻﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﺍﺻﻒ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺻﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺗﻘﻮﻳـﺔ ﺍﳌﻘـﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (max‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ) ‪ ، ( ad‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺰﻡ ﻋﻄﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺗﻠﺤﻢ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺟﻨـﺎﺣﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (max‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ) ‪ ، ( ad‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺟﺴﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺩﻋﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﺍﺻﻒ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺻﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺗﻠﺤﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺻﻒ ﻏـﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺻـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺺ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ﰲ ) ﺃﻭﻻﹰ – ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻔﺔ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ )‪: (١‬‬
‫ﺁﺻﻒ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺹ )‪ ([PN120‬ﳛﻤﻞ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺳﻨﺪﻭﻳﺶ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻃﻮﻟـﻪ‬
‫)‪ (L=5.5m‬ﳝﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻖ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ )‪ (=3.5‬ﳎﻤـﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﻤـﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴـﺔ‬

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‫ﻭﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ (W = 200 Kg/m`) :‬ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (٦-٣‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪200  5.5‬‬
‫‪Mx ‬‬ ‫‪ 756.25Kg .m‬‬
‫‪8‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ )‪ ([PN120‬ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪H = 120 m‬‬

‫‪f = 55 m‬‬
‫‪Ix = 364 cm4‬‬
‫‪Iy = 43.2 cm4‬‬
‫‪Wx = 60.7 cm3‬‬
‫‪Wy = 11.1 cm3‬‬
‫‪75625. cos  75625. sin ‬‬
‫‪ max ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪Wx‬‬ ‫‪Wy‬‬
‫‪Cos = 0.998‬‬
‫‪Sin = 0.061‬‬
‫‪ max  1659.5 Kg / cm 2   ad‬‬
‫‪ ad  0.6 B y  1440 Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ )‪ (6 x 35m‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ix = 530.7 cm4‬‬
‫‪W`x = 80.4 cm3‬‬
‫‪I`y = 53.04 cm4‬‬
‫‪W`y = 13.6 cm3‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﳏﻘﻖ‬ ‫‪ max  1278  1440   ad‬‬

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 ‫ﺏ – ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﺍﺻﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﲪﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ) ﺳﻨﺪﻭﻳﺶ( ﻭﺃﻭﺍﺻﻒ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻘـﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(I‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺃﻱ )‪ ،(y‬ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺻﻒ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﲟﻴﻼﻥ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿـﻲ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺹ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺹ ﺃﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺹ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺒﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺹ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (max‬ﺃﻛـﱪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ) ‪ / ( ad‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺰﻡ ﻋﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺻـﻔﺎﺋﺢ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﺎﺣﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (max‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺳـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ) ‪ ( ad‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﺑﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﺤﻢ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺿـﻊ‬
‫ﺩﻋﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﻭﲟﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺹ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (I‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻋﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺺ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻄﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﲰﺎﻛﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺩﻋﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﲟﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺒﲔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ )‪ (٣‬ﻣﻮﺿﺤﲔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻇـﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺹ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳـﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒـﻊ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳉﺴﺮ ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺟﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻭﲢﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺩﻋﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﻇﻔﺎﺭ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﲟﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻇﻔـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﺘﻔﺤﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﻣـﻊ ﺑﻌﻀـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ – ﲢﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ – ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﺰ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺹ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﻄـﻊ ﻋﺮﺿـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪. (I‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﺨﺺ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﲝﻴﺚ ﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﲢﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺰﻡ ﻋﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺟﺴﺪﻩ ﺑﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﺤﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺩﻋﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﻭﲟﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪-٢-٣‬ﺏ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺯﺭﻉ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻴﲔ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﳎﺎﺯ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺎﺯﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﳎﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ )‪ : (٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪( ٧-٣‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﳉﺴﺪ ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ )‪ (600cm‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﻄﲔ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ )‪ (IPE300‬ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﲪﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻣﻦ )‪ (4t‬ﺇﱃ )‪ (15t‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪:‬‬
‫`‪B =150 mm‬‬ ‫`‪g = 42.2 Kg/cm‬‬
‫‪t = 7.1 mm‬‬ ‫‪fy = 2400 Kg/cm2‬‬
‫‪Ix = 8356 cm4‬‬ ‫‪E = 2040000 Kg/cm2‬‬
‫‪Qx = 1314 cm3‬‬

‫‪-189 -‬‬
 ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬

‫‪IPE 300‬‬ ‫ـﻴﻠﺔ ‪C‬‬

‫ﺍﻨﻅﺭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼـــ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻤل ﺴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﻌــﺔ‬ ‫ـﻴﻠﺔ ‪B‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻅﺭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼـــ‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪300‬‬
‫‪2150‬‬

‫=?‬
‫‪41.3‬‬
‫‪83‬‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫‪120x120x5‬‬

‫ـﻴﻠﺔ ‪A‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻅﺭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼـــ‬
‫‪240 240 120‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(7- 3‬‬

‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺠﺎﺌﺯ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﺤﺎﻤل ﻟﺠﺴـــﺭ ﺭﺍﻓﻌــﺔ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜــﺔ‬

‫‪-190 -‬‬
 ‫ﺍﳊـﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﻣﺴﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (2m‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺒﻌﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ ، (6m‬ﻭﰎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ، (٧-٣‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻤﺮ ﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪M max‬‬ ‫‪ 7.2135 t.m‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪M min‬‬ ‫‪ 3.617 t.m‬‬

‫‪Vmax  18.051 t‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ‪:‬‬

‫‪721350  15‬‬
‫‪ max ‬‬ ‫‪ 1295  0.6 f y  1440Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪8356‬‬
‫‪18050  1314‬‬
‫‪ max‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 955Kg / cm 2  0.4 f y  960 Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪0.71 8356‬‬
‫‪ = 41.38‬‬
‫‪Cos=0.75 , Sin= 0.661‬‬
‫‪P = 24.1 t‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﻌﺪ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ) ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ( ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (200cm‬ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻪ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 303cm‬‬
‫‪0.661‬‬

‫‪-191 -‬‬
 ‫‪75 150 75‬‬

‫‪300‬‬
‫‪IPE 300‬‬

‫‪10x240x300‬‬
‫‪60 60‬‬
‫ـﺭﺒﻊ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻤـ‬‫ـﻊ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒ ـ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫‪G = 120 mm‬‬
‫‪e = 5 mm‬‬
‫‪2500‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤــل ﻟﻠﺴــﻘﻑ‬

‫‪IPE 300‬‬

‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬
‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬

‫‪90 120 90‬‬

‫ـﺭﺒﻊ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻤـ‬‫ـﻊ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒـ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪8mm‬‬ ‫‪G = 120 mm‬‬
‫‪120‬‬

‫‪e = 5 mm‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪6mm‬‬

‫‪240‬‬

‫‪IPE 240‬‬
‫‪240‬‬

‫‪10x240x300‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﺸــﻜل‬

‫ـﻡ )‪(7- 3‬‬

‫ـﻜل ﺭﻗـ‬
‫ـﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺸـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫ـﻊ ‪1 - 1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫‪-192 -‬‬
 ‫‪150‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤــل ﻟﻠﺴــﻘﻑ‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪IPE 300‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪83°‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪41.3‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫ـﺭﺒﻊ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻤـ‬
‫ـﻊ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒـ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫‪G = 120 mm‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ـﺭﺒﻊ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻤـ‬
‫ـﻊ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒـ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻁـ‬
‫‪e = 5 mm‬‬ ‫‪90 120 90‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪41‬‬

‫‪G = 120 mm‬‬

‫‪e = 5 mm‬‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪8mm‬‬
‫‪.3‬‬

‫‪26 154‬‬ ‫ـﺭﺒﻊ ‪154 26‬‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪8mm‬‬

‫‪83‬‬

‫ـﻲ ﻤـ‬
‫ـﻊ ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒـ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻁـ‬

‫‪120‬‬
‫‪120‬‬

‫‪G = 120 mm‬‬

‫‪°‬‬

‫‪e = 5 mm‬‬
‫‪l = 360 mm‬‬
‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪6mm‬‬ ‫‪240‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪6mm‬‬
‫‪240‬‬

‫‪15 120 15‬‬

‫‪IPE 240‬‬
‫‪IPE 240‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪6mm‬‬
‫‪240‬‬
‫‪240‬‬

‫‪10x240x300‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﺸــﻜل‬ ‫‪10x240x300‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤــل ﻟﻠﺴــﻘﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﺸــﻜل‬
‫‪IPE 300‬‬
‫‪75 75‬‬

‫ـﻡ )‪(7- 3‬‬

‫ـﻜل ﺭﻗـ‬
‫ـﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺸـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬
‫ـﻴﻠﺔ ‪A‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼــــ‬

‫‪-193 -‬‬
 ‫‪IPE 300‬‬
‫ﺤﺎﻤل ﺴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﻌــﺔ‬
‫‪300‬‬

‫‪100 100‬‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪8mm‬‬

‫‪10x150x200‬‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪120x120x5‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼـــــﻴﻠﺔ ‪B‬‬

‫‪IPE 300‬‬
‫ﺤﺎﻤل ﺴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﻌــﺔ‬
‫‪75 150 75‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬
‫‪300‬‬
‫‪240‬‬

‫‪IPE 240‬‬
‫‪240‬‬

‫‪10x300x240‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ‪IPE 300‬‬

‫ـﻡ )‪(7- 3‬‬

‫ـﻜل ﺭﻗـ‬
‫ـﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺸـ‬
‫ﺘـ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼـــــﻴﻠﺔ ‪C‬‬
‫‪191‬‬

‫‪-194 -‬‬
‫)‪(5m‬‬‫ﳔﺘﺎﺭ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﺎﹰ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (120 x 120 m‬ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﲰﺎﻛﺘﻪ‬
‫ـﻐﺮﻱ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻷﺻـ‬
‫ـﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟـ‬
‫ـﻒ ﻗﻄـ‬ ‫ـﻲ )‪ (A=23cm2‬ﻭﻧﺼـ‬ ‫ـﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿـ‬ ‫ـﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻌـ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺴـ‬
‫)‪ (i = r = 4.694cm‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪24100‬‬
‫‪ max ‬‬ ‫‪ 1048Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪23‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪303‬‬ ‫‪ 64.6  Cc‬‬
‫‪4.694‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 2 E‬‬
‫‪Cc ‬‬ ‫‪ 129.5‬‬
‫‪fy‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 1  K‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪1  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ fy‬‬
‫‪ 2  r.C c‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ad ‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ 1143Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪5 3 K 1 1  K ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪3 8 r C c 8  r.cc ‬‬
‫‪max = 1048<1143Kg/cm2‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ )‪: (٣‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (٨-٣‬ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻮﺯﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﺍﺻـﻒ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ )‪ (١٠‬ﻭﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺻﻒ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻫﻲ )‪ (1200Kg‬ﻣﻴﻞ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻖ ‪ . (=4) :‬ﻭﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (٨-٣‬‬
‫‪1200‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫`‪ 7.8( 2  24  0.8  0.5  80)  1362 Kg / m‬‬
‫‪1.6‬‬
‫‪Mmax = 35132 Kg.m‬‬
‫‪Vmax = 9783 Kg‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪fy = 2400 Kg/cm2 :‬‬
‫‪bf‬‬ ‫‪796‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 16.25‬‬
‫‪2t f‬‬ ‫‪fy‬‬

‫‪-195 -‬‬
 ‫‪24‬‬
‫‪ 15  16.25‬‬ ‫ﳏﻘﻖ‬
‫‪2  0.8‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪984200‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 336.7‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫)‪f y ( f y  1160‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪ 160  336.7‬‬ ‫ﳏﻘﻖ‬
‫‪0 .5‬‬

‫‪ – ٣‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ) ‪ (  ad‬ﺑﺎﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﱯ ‪:‬‬

‫‪0.8  2 4 3‬‬
‫‪I yf ‬‬ ‫‪ 922cm 4‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪AB  A W 6  24  0.8  0.5  80  25.87cm 2‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪I rf‬‬ ‫‪922‬‬
‫‪rT ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 5.97cm‬‬
‫‪Af  A‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪25.87‬‬
‫‪2 2 E‬‬
‫‪Cc ‬‬ ‫‪ 128.2‬‬
‫‪fy‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ‪E = 2000000 Kg/cm2 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺁﺻﻔﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ‪ℓ = 160 cm :‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪160‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 26.8  0.18C c2 .C b  54.4‬‬
‫‪rT‬‬ ‫‪5.97‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪. (Cb=1) :‬‬
‫‪ ad‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪ 0.6  2400  1440Kg / cm 2 :‬‬
‫‪M max‬‬
‫‪ max ‬‬
‫‪Wx‬‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪I x  2  24  0.8‬‬ ‫‪ 2  24  0.8  40.4  0.5  80‬‬ ‫‪ 84010cm 4‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫‪-196 -‬‬
 : ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬
84010
Wx   2059cm 3
40.8
. ‫ ﻏﲑ ﳏﻘﻖ‬ max 
3513200
 1706  1440Kg / cm 2
2059

: ‫ – ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬٤
Vmax .Q x
 max 
I x .t
: ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
Vmax = 9783 Kg
Ix = 84010 cm4
t = 0.5 cm
Qx = 24 x 0.8 x 40.4 + 0.5 x 40 x 20 = 1175.7 cm3
9783  1175.7
 max   274 Kg / cm 2
84010  0.5
h 80
  160
t 0.5

: ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻓﻴﺤﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬

4 4
K  5.34  2
 5.34   5.352
(  h) (14.4 0.8) 2
315500 3163500  5.352
Cv    0.276  0.8
f y  ( h t )2 2400(160) 2
f 2400
 ad  y  Cv   0.276  229   max
2.89 2.89
. ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻏﲑ ﳏﻘﻖ‬
: ‫ – ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻧﻌﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﳉﺬﻉ‬٥
2Vmax
 0.75 f y
(N  t f )

-197 -
 ‫‪160‬‬
‫‪? =4°‬‬

‫‪1224‬‬
‫‪1221.02‬‬

‫‪240‬‬
‫‪8‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Y‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪800‬‬

‫‪240‬‬
‫‪8‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪6mm‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ‬
‫‪8‬‬

‫‪4mm‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪17.5 17.5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(8- 3‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪800‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5x117.5x79.5‬‬
‫ﺩﻋﻤــﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪8‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4x100x14400‬‬

‫‪Y‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(9- 3‬‬

‫‪-198 -‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :Vmax‬ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪.(9783 Kg‬‬
‫‪ : N‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪.(20 cm‬‬
‫‪ : tf‬ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﺍﳌﻠﻲﺀ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪.(0.8cm‬‬
‫‪2  9783‬‬
‫‪ 941Kg / cm 2  0.75  2400  1800Kg / cm 2‬‬ ‫ﻭﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(( 20  0.8‬‬
‫ﳏﻘﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ )‪ (max = 1706 Kg/cm2‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) ‪ ( ad  1440Kg / cm 2‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺰﻡ ﻋﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﺪ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ) ‪. ( ad‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ ﺗﻠﺤﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ )‪،(100 x 4 mm‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ،(٩-٣‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ )‪ (Ix‬ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪I x  84010  2  2  10  0.4‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪ 2  2  10  0.4  39.8  109355cm 4‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪109355‬‬
‫‪Wx ‬‬ ‫‪ 2680cm3‬‬
‫‪40.8‬‬
‫‪3513200‬‬
‫‪ max‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 1311  1440Kg / cm2‬‬
‫‪2680‬‬
‫ﳏﻘﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫= ‪(ℓ=3 x 160‬‬ ‫‪ – ٢‬ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﺪ ﻛـﻞ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ )‪480cm‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (١٠-٣‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪K  5.34 ‬‬ ‫‪ 5.45‬‬
‫(‬ ‫‪4.8‬‬
‫‪0.8‬‬ ‫‪)2‬‬

‫‪-199 -‬‬
 ‫‪3163500  5.45‬‬
‫‪Cv ‬‬ ‫‪ 0.281‬‬
‫‪2400(160) 2‬‬
‫‪fy ‬‬ ‫‪1  Cv ‬‬
‫‪ ad ‬‬ ‫‪Cv ‬‬ ‫‪  319Kg / cm 2   max  274 Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪2.89 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1.15 ( h ) ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﳏﻘﻖ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – ٦‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺬﻉ ‪:‬‬

‫ﳚﺐ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺬﻉ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﱐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (ℓ = 480cm‬ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ‪ (W = 1362 Kg/m2) :‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪703000‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  max  (5.5 ‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪100  t‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪( ) (h ) 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ t = 0.5 cm‬ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = ℓ = 480 cm‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = h=80cm‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1362‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪703000‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 27.24 Kg / cm 2  (5.5 ‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪ 153Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪100  0.5‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪480‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫( )‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪0 .5‬‬
‫ﳏﻘﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٣ – ٣‬ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﳏﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﻻ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋـﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – A‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ℓ‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-200 -‬‬
 ‫ـل ‪480cm‬‬
‫ـﺩ ﻜـ‬
‫ﺩﻋﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴـ‬
‫‪160‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪? =4°‬‬

‫‪L=480‬‬
‫‪L=480‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪L=480‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4x100x14400‬‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(10- 3‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫ـﺩﻋﻴﻡ‬
‫ـﺩ ﺍﻟﺘـ‬
‫ـﺘﺭﺍﺹ ﺒﻌـ‬‫ـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـ‬
‫ـﺩﻨﻲ ﻏـ‬
‫ـﺎﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠـ‬
‫‪e‬‬

‫‪a‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪h‬‬

‫‪Y‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫ـﻭل‬
‫ـل ﺍﻟﻁـ‬
‫ـﻰ ﻜﺎﻤـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻋﻠـ‬
‫ﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻴـ‬
‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪5x200mm‬‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(11- 3‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪300‬‬

‫‪200‬‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪300‬‬

‫‪Y‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(13- 3‬‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫‪Y‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(12- 3‬‬
‫‪198‬‬

‫‪-201 -‬‬
 ‫‪ - r  I A‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪min‬‬

‫‪ – Imin‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – fy‬ﺣﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – E‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – N‬ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – K‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – 0.65‬ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 0.80‬ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳊﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪k .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪ :‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻲ )‪: (AISC‬‬

‫‪ – ١‬ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪:‬‬

‫‪   ad‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪:‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪  ad‬ﻓﺘﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻨﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳓﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ )‪ (λ‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 2 E‬‬
‫‪Cc ‬‬
‫‪fy‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪λ>Cc‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-202 -‬‬
 ‫‪12 2 E‬‬
‫‪ ad ‬‬
‫‪23(k ) 2‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫‪λ≤Cc‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳓﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ )‪ (λ‬ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺔ )‪ (Cc‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ k‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪1  1  r‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪ 2  Cc‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ y‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ad ‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪ 1  k‬‬
‫‪5 3  r‬‬ ‫‪  r‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪3 8  Cc‬‬ ‫‪ 8  Cc‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﰲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ‪. λ≤200 :‬‬
‫‪ – ٣‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿـﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺹ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺹ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (I‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪bf‬‬ ‫‪796‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪2t f‬‬ ‫‪fy‬‬
‫‪h 2121‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪fy‬‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﺘﺼﻐﲑ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﻘﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (λ‬ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿـﻲ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺈﻧﻘﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ )‪ (K‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀـﺎﻏﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-203 -‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﲰﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺣﲔ ﻭﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ )‪: (٤‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ )‪ (6m‬ﻣﺘﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺷﺪ‪‬ﺎ )‪(50t‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ )‪ ، (IPE400‬ﺣﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﺍﻟﻔـﻮﻻﺫ ‪fy = 3600 Kg/cm2 :‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺘﻪ ‪ E = 2000000 Kg/cm2 :‬ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻪ ﺇﻥ ﻟﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊـﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 2 E‬‬
‫‪Cc ‬‬ ‫‪ 104.7‬‬
‫‪fy‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ‪: IPE400‬‬
‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪Ix‬‬ ‫‪Wx‬‬ ‫‪Iy‬‬ ‫‪Wy‬‬ ‫‪ry=rmin‬‬
‫‪mm‬‬ ‫‪mm‬‬ ‫‪mm‬‬ ‫‪mm‬‬ ‫‪Cm2‬‬ ‫‪Cm4 Cm3 Cm4‬‬ ‫‪Cm3‬‬ ‫‪Cm‬‬
‫‪400‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪8.6‬‬ ‫‪13.5‬‬ ‫‪84.5‬‬ ‫‪23130 1160 1318‬‬ ‫‪146‬‬ ‫‪3.95‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (١١-٣‬‬
‫‪50000‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ 592Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪84.5‬‬

‫‪k 1  600‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 151.9  200‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪3.95‬‬
‫ﳏﻘـﻖ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ‪λ>Cc:‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪12 2 E‬‬
‫‪ ad ‬‬ ‫‪ 446 Kg / cm 2  ‬‬
‫(‪23‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬‫‪‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪r‬‬

‫‪-204 -‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻏﲑ ﳏﻘﻖ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ )‪ (5 x 180 m‬ﺗﻠﺤﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﲔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺎﺣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫‪I y  1318  0.5 ‬‬ ‫‪ 2  1804cm 4‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪A = 84.5+ 2 x 0.5 x 18 = 102.5 cm2‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1804‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪ 4.2cm‬‬
‫‪102.5‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪k . 1  600‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 142.9  C c  104.7‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪4 .2‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪50000‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ 488Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪102.5‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪12 2 E‬‬
‫‪ ad ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 504 ? Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪23‬‬
‫‪   ad‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﳏﻘﻘﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ )‪ : (٥‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪( ١٢ -٣‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ )‪ (5m‬ﻣﺘﻤﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻃـﺮﻑ ﺁﺧـﺮ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺷﺪ‪‬ﺎ )‪ (70t‬ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻪ ﺇﻥ ﻟﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪fy=2400 Kg/cm2‬‬
‫‪E = 2000000 Kg/cm2‬‬

‫‪-205 -‬‬
 ‫ﺍﳊـﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪A = 2 x1 x20 + 0.7 x 30 = 61 cm2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2  1  20‬‬ ‫‪30  0.7‬‬
‫‪Iy ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 1334cm 4‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫‪1334‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪ 4.7cm‬‬
‫‪61‬‬

‫‪k . 0.8  500‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 85  200‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪4.7‬‬

‫‪2 2 E‬‬ ‫‪2. 2 .2000000‬‬

‫‪Cc ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 128.2‬‬
‫‪fy‬‬ ‫‪2400‬‬

‫ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪λ<Cc‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 1  2‬‬
‫‪1  2 ( Cc )  f y‬‬
‫‪ ad‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 999Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪5 3 ‬‬ ‫‪1  3‬‬
‫) ( ‪ ( )‬‬
‫‪3 8 Cc 8 Cc‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪70000‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ 1148Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪61‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪   ad‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻏﲑ ﳏﻘﻖ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﺇﻧﻘﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (λ‬ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ )‪ (5 x200‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺎﺣﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪A = 61 + 2 x 0.5 x 20 = 81 cm2‬‬

‫‪-206 -‬‬
 ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪I y  1334  2  0.5 ‬‬ ‫‪ 2000cm 4‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪ 4.97cm‬‬
‫‪81‬‬
‫‪λ= kℓ/r=80.5<200‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺒﻘﻰ ‪λ= 80.5<Cc=128.2 :‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 1  2‬‬
‫‪1  2 ( Cc )  f y‬‬
‫‪ ad‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 1029Kg / cm2‬‬
‫‪5 3 ‬‬ ‫‪1  3‬‬
‫) ( ‪ ( )‬‬
‫‪3 8 Cc 8 Cc‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪70000‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 864  1029Kg / cm 2‬‬
‫‪81‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﳏﻘﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ‪:‬‬
‫‪bf‬‬ ‫‪796‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪2t f‬‬ ‫‪fy‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪ 6.67  16.24‬‬
‫)‪2(1  0.5‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪h 2121‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪fy‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫‪ 42.9  43.2‬‬
‫‪0 .7‬‬

‫‪-207 -‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ( ١٣ -٣‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺍﳌﻘـﻮﻯ ﺑﺼـﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺘﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻨﻴـﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼـﻔﺎﺋﺢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – ٤ – ٣‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺛـﺮ ﺍﳍـﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻳﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺭﻳﺎﺡ ﻛﺒﲑ ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﺴﺐ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﲪـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻛﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳـﺎﺡ ﺿـﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻳـﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺍﹰ ﺑﺎﻟـ )‪ (W = Kg/m2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣـﻦ ﺳـﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺁﺧﺬﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴـﻄﺢ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﻘﻖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺤﻘـﻖ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ( ١٤ -٣‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺟﺰﺀﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺒﲔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – a‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻃﺎﺭﻳﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -ℓ‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ – (H+hc‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻔﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-208 -‬‬
 ‫‪?2‬‬

‫‪c‬‬

‫‪hb‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬

‫‪hc‬‬

‫‪hd‬‬
‫‪?1‬‬
‫‪hb‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(14- 3‬‬
‫ـﺎﺡ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴــ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤــ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼــــﻴﻠﺔ ‪A‬‬
‫‪2200‬‬

‫‪70x70x7 mm‬‬ ‫‪2?1 = 40°‬‬

‫‪?1= 20°‬‬ ‫‪?1= 20°‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼــــﻴﻠﺔ ‪B‬‬ ‫‪4800‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(15- 3‬‬

‫ـﻲ ‪d , b‬‬
‫ـﺎﺭ ﻓـ‬
‫ـﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻁـ‬‫ـﻰ ﻁـ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴـﺎﺡ ﻋﻠـ‬
‫ﻡ‪1/50 :‬‬

‫‪206‬‬

‫‪-209 -‬‬
 ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪6mm‬‬
‫‪300x160x8mm‬‬

‫‪70‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫‪160‬‬

‫‪70x70x7 mm‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘــل ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴــﺔ ‪40°‬‬

‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪250‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼــــــﻴﻠﺔ ‪A‬‬
‫ﻡ‪1/5 :‬‬

‫ﻋ ﺮض ﺟﻨ ﺎح‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮد اﻹﻃﺎر‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘــل ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴــﺔ‬

‫‪200‬‬
‫‪70‬‬

‫‪?1= 20°‬‬
‫‪200‬‬

‫‪250‬‬
‫‪250x200x8mm‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪6mm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼــــــﻴﻠﺔ ‪B‬‬
‫ﻡ‪1/5 :‬‬

‫‪-210 -‬‬
 ‫)‪ – (H+hd‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻓﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – W‬ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﺮﻳـﺎﺡ ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺍﹰ ﺑﺎﻟـ )‪. (Kg/m2‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ‪:‬‬
‫‪hc  hd‬‬
‫‪A  L( H ‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪F = W.A/2‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ )‪ (F‬ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻫـﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N1‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ‪ b‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺪ ﻭﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫‪F1 ‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪N1‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ‪ d‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺪ ﻭﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫‪F1 ‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪N2‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ‪ c‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺪ ﻭﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫‪F2 ‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪F1‬‬
‫‪N1 ‬‬
‫‪cos 1‬‬
‫‪F2‬‬
‫‪N2 ‬‬
‫‪cos  2‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ )‪: (٦‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٥ - ٣‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪a = 600 cm‬‬
‫‪ℓ = 1800 cm‬‬
‫‪H = 500 cm‬‬
‫‪hc = 120 cm‬‬
‫‪hd = 60 cm‬‬
‫‪ ) W = 100 Kg/m2‬ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ (‬
‫‪fy = 2400 Kg/cm2‬‬

‫‪-211 -‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪1.2  0.6‬‬
‫‪A  18(5 ‬‬ ‫‪ 106.2m 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪106.2 10620‬‬
‫‪F  100 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 5310kg‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪ :‬ﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﲤﺘﺼﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻱ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ‪:‬‬
‫‪) F1 = 1328 Kg‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ‪ b‬ﻭ ‪(d‬‬
‫‪ =) F2 = 2655 Kg‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ‪.(c‬‬
‫ﺁ – ﺣﺴﺎﺏ )‪ :(N1‬ﳔﺘﺎﺭ )‪ (1 = 20‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪hb  220cm‬‬

‫ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪(2.2) 2  (6) 2  6.40m‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺼﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻠﲔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺴـﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ‬
‫)‪. (320cm‬‬
‫‪F1‬‬
‫‪ ) N1 ‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺪ (‬ ‫‪ 1412Kg‬‬
‫‪cos 1‬‬
‫ﳔﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )‪ (N1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠـﻰ )‪ (N1‬ﺑﻌﻨﺼـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ L 70 x 70 x 7‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪A = 9.4 cm2‬‬
‫‪r = 1.36 cm‬‬
‫) ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩﺓ(‬ ‫‪  320‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪1.36‬‬
‫‪ 235  240‬‬
‫‪1412‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ 150  0.6  f y‬‬
‫‪9 .4‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﺣﺴﺎﺏ )‪: (N2‬‬
‫‪120‬‬
‫‪tg 2 ‬‬ ‫‪ 0.2‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪ 2  (11.3)‬‬
‫‪600‬‬
‫‪Cos.2 = 0.98‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪(1.2)  (6)  6.19m‬‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-212 -‬‬
‫ﻏ ﺮض ﺟﻨ ﺎح ﺟﺴ ﺮ اﻻﻃ ﺎر‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼــــﻴﻠﺔ ‪C‬‬
‫‪? 2 = 11.3°‬‬
‫‪1200‬‬

‫‪70x70x7 mm‬‬
‫‪? 2 = 11.3°‬‬
‫‪?1= 20°‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼــــﻴﻠﺔ ‪D‬‬ ‫‪4800‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗــﻡ )‪(16- 3‬‬

‫ـﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻹﻁــﺎﺭ ‪ -‬ﻓ ﻲ ‪C‬‬
‫ـﻲ ﻤـ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴـﺎﺡ ﻓـ‬
‫ﻡ‪1/50 :‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪6mm‬‬

‫‪450x160x8mm‬‬

‫‪70‬‬
‫‪70‬‬

‫‪70x70x7 mm‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬

‫ـل ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴـ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘـ‬

‫‪22.6°‬‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪420‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼــــــﻴﻠﺔ ‪C‬‬
‫ﻡ‪1/5 :‬‬

‫‪-213 -‬‬
‫ﻋ ﺮض ﺟﻨ ﺎح‬
‫ﺟﺴ ﺮ اﻹﻃ ﺎر‬

‫ﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺩﺍﻋﻤــﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴــﺩ‬

‫‪10mm‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘــل ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴــﺔ‬
‫‪300‬‬

‫‪70‬‬
‫‪? 2 = 11.3°‬‬
‫‪120‬‬

‫‪70x70x7 mm‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ‪6mm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼــــــﻴﻠﺔ ‪D‬‬
‫ﻡ‪1/5 :‬‬

‫‪-214 -‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼـﺮ ﺍﳌﻀـﻐﻮﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺸـﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺴـﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ‬
‫)‪. (309.5cm‬‬
‫‪ ) N 2 ‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺪ (‬ ‫‪F2‬‬
‫‪ 2709Kg‬‬
‫‪cos  2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪L 70 x 70 x 7‬‬ ‫ﳔﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )‪ (N2‬ﻭﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪A = 9.4 cm2‬‬
‫‪r = 1.36 cm‬‬
‫) ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩﺓ(‬ ‫‪  309.5‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪1.36‬‬
‫‪ 228  240‬‬
‫‪2709‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ 288Kg / cm 2  0.6 f y‬‬
‫‪9 .4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻼﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٥-٣‬ﻭﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (١٦-٣‬ﻳﻮﺿﺤﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪-215 -‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﺒﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ " ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ"‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﲝﻠﺐ – ‪. ١٩٩٨‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﺃﺩﻳﺐ ﺃﻋﺮﺝ " ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺔ" ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ ‪. ٢٠٠٥ -‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﺓ ‪ -‬ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ " ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﺒﲎ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺟـﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ " ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﻓﺮﻉ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﲝﻠﺐ ‪. ٢٠٠٣ -‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ ٠‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﻱ " ﺍﻹﻧﺸـﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴـﺎﺭ " ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳊـﺮﻣﲔ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ – ‪. ١٩٩٤‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﺷﺆﻳﻒ ﺑﺮﻗﺎﻭﻱ " ﺗﺼﺪﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ – ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ – ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫" ﺩﻣﺸﻖ – ‪. ١٩٨٧‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺩﰲ ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﺃﺩﻳﺐ ﺃﻋﺮﺝ " ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ " – ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺭﻫﺎ –‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ – ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺔ – ‪. ١٩٩٥‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺩﰲ ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﺃﺩﻳﺐ ﺃﻋﺮﺝ " ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ" – ﻧﺪﻭﺓ‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪‬ﻠـﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠـﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻠـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﲪﺺ – ‪. ١٩٩٨‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺩﰲ‪ " ،‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ " ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪.٨‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﲝﻠﺐ – ‪. ١٩٩٨‬‬

‫‪-216 -‬‬
‫‪ .٩‬ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺩﰲ " ﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴـﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳉـﺪﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ – ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ – ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ – ﺣﻠﺐ – ‪. ١٩٩٨‬‬
‫‪ .١٠‬ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺩﰲ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﺒﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ "ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﱂ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ " – ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﱐ – ﻓﺮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ‬
‫ﲝﻠﺐ – ‪. ٢٠٠٣‬‬
‫‪ .١١‬ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺩﰲ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﺒﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻴﺲ "ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻘﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺒﲎ ﲡﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﲟﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺟﻬﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ"ﻧﺪﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ– ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﻓﺮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﲝﻠﺐ ‪٢٠٠٣ -‬‬
‫‪ .١٢‬ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺩﰲ " ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ" ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻭﻓﺴﺖ ﳝـﺎﻥ –‬
‫ﺣﻠﺐ ‪. ١٩٧٧ -‬‬
‫‪ .١٣‬ﻡ‪ ٠‬ﺑﺸﲑ ﺣﻴﺰﺍﻥ " ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻔﺬﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ " – ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ – ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ – ‪.٢٠٠٦‬‬
‫‪ .١٤‬ﻡ‪ ٠‬ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﲪﺸﻮ " ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺪﻉ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺋﺰ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﻻﹰ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴـﺘﲑ –‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ – ‪. ٢٠٠٧‬‬
‫‪ .١٥‬ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﲪﺼﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ ٠‬ﺳﻔﺎﻧﺔ ﲪﻮﻳﺔ " ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻫﻴﺎﻛـﻞ ﺑﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﻣﺴـﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ " ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻭﻓﺮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﲝﻠﺐ – ‪. ٢٠٠٣‬‬
‫‪ .١٦‬ﺩ‪ ٠‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻏﻴﺎﺙ ﺻﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ ٠‬ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﲪﻴﻀﺔ ‪ " ،‬ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ "‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﲔ – ﻓﺮﻉ ﺣﻠﺐ ‪. ١٩٩٣‬‬

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‫ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﺴﺎﻡ ﻛﻨﺠﻮ " ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗـﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬٠‫ ﻡ‬.١٧
"‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻔﺬﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
. ٢٠٠٥ – ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ – ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ‬

 

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