Professional Documents
Culture Documents
9 7 8 9 2 5 1 0 7 4 8 6 2
I3197E/1/02.13
FAO PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPER 214
John E. Ashburner
FAO Consultant
Josef Kienzle
FAO Plant Production and Protection Division
The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and
do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
ISBN 978-92-5-107486-2
© FAO 2013
Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
PART I 1
PRACTICAL GUIDELINES 1
3 Outline specifications 13
3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 Basic form, dimensions and weight 13
3.3 Handles 14
3.4 Material specifications 14
3.5 Heat treatment 14
3.6 Delivery 14
3.7 Other aspects
3.8 Special specifications for local manufacture and procurement 15
5 Conservation agriculture 27
5.1 Tools for conservation agriculture 27
5.2 Jab planter 27
PART II
TECHNICAL GUIDELINES
1 Procurement procedures 35
1.1 FAO procurement procedures 35
1.2 Registration as a vendor 37
1.3 Presenting an offer 38
1.4 Double checking the tool quality 39
2 Detailed specifications 41
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Basic form, dimensions and weight 41
2.3 Handles 42
2.4 Material specifications 42
2.5 Heat treatment 43
2.6 Marking 43
2.7 Preservative treatment 43
2.8 Packaging 43
4 Inspections 53
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 The scope of the inspection 53
4.3 Lot aceptance sampling 53
4.4 Sample selection 54
4.5 Sample size 54
4.6 Laboratory tests 55
Appendix 1
Specifications of materials for hand tools 57
Appendix 2
Rockwell C hardness values for hand tools 59
Appendix 3
Bibliography 61
vii
Preface
A draft document was released in 2001 under the title “Guidelines for the
technical specifications and procurement of agricultural hand tools” and this
has served as a reference document for the technical and emergency services
of FAO for the past decade. It was and still is frequently consulted by FAO
Field Officers and other aid agencies and NGOs. It is therefore opportune
to update the material.
Clayton Campanhola,
Acknowledgements
Technicians and senior staff from the Kenya Bureau of Standards, the
Uganda National Bureau of Standards and the Tanzania Bureau of Standards
provided additional information and a number of the illustrations. These
institutions also welcomed Brian Sims (FAO Consultant) for a technical visit
during 2011 when further clarifications were offered and photographic
opportunities set up for his visit.
Rodney Byers of the Chillington Tool (Thailand) Co. Ltd. has provided
valuable technical information and conducted Josef Kienzle from the
Plant Production and Protection Division (AGPM) on a visit to their
factory outside Bangkok in 2011.
x Agricultural Hand Tools in Emergencies: Guidelines for Technical and Field Officers
Part I
Practical Guidelines
Why supply hand tools in field projects? 3
Any serious gardener knows that the process of digging and cultivating
by hand is a very arduous task. In the rural areas of many developing
countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa this job is mainly undertaken
by women. In contrast the men tend to seek other activities, often in the
towns and much more rarely do they wield a hoe.
ensure that any tools supplied meet acceptable standards of quality and are
also appropriate for the needs of the beneficiaries. FAO is also very much
aware that it is dealing directly with very vulnerable and often the least
privileged groups particularly women and rural youth.
1 http://www.wfp.org/purchase-progress
Why supply hand tools in field projects? 5
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The objective of Part I of these guidelines is to assist FAO Field Officers
with the selection and procurement of agricultural hand tools. These are
often included as part of the inputs supplied under emergency programmes
but may also be needed for rehabilitation or development projects. One
of the most important aspects is the correct identification and description
of the tools which are required. A number of factors can influence this
decision and these are discussed.
Detailed technical specifications for each hand tool will eventually need to
be drawn up. Field Officers may wish to make a first draft of these although
they will have to be technically cleared in FAO Headquarters through the
responsible technical division (AGP). Certain basic specifications will
however need to be determined in the field and these are described. The
assistance of field staff will be of particular importance if part of the order
is to be purchased from local sources.
They will of course depend upon the scale of the farming operations
envisaged and on the local farming conditions, including the soil types,
crops, weed species and agro-ecological conditions. The farm household
environment and the cultural conventions of the region should also be
considered. Indeed there may be additional and important local cultural
factors such as the precise tool shape, the handle length or even the colour
of any paint, to mention only some of these aspects recorded by FAO in
the past. This serves to emphasise that above all and wherever possible,
the farmers and/or any other beneficiaries should be directly consulted.
A specification for the tool will then need to be drawn up. The Field
Officer plays a vital role in this task but does not need to be an engineer.
Selection and procurement 9
A photograph of the tool required is a very useful first step. This can
immediately resolve any language issues.
Normally however, certain other details are needed and these are described
more fully below in Section 3.
There are some distinct advantages to this approach. It can be timely and
cost-effective as the tools are already in the locality. It can offer the farmers
a greater choice of tools and take account of their particular preference.
Perhaps more importantly, it helps to further develop the existing national
and local agricultural tool and equipment supply network.
When tools are being delivered as part of a tool and seed package at
the start of the planting season it is particularly important that they are
delivered on time. A delay in planting after the start of the season can have
a serious impact on crop yield.
3. Outline specifications
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The technical specifications for agricultural hand tools form the basis for
the contract between FAO and the supplier of the tools selected. Proper
technical specifications ensure that the tool that was initially identified as
the most suitable for a particular purpose is the one that is delivered to
farmers and that the tools delivered are in conformity with what has been
requested.
At first glance it may appear that the specifications are overly complex
for simple agricultural hand tools. However, inadequate or incomplete
specifications may result in suppliers delivering a poor quality product
that would not be suitable for its intended use. In addition, insufficiently
detailed specifications may provide an opportunity for suppliers delivering
poor quality or inappropriate goods to claim that they have met the agreed
specifications. In such cases FAO risks being held liable for payment
of the goods even though they may not meet the quality requirements.
It is therefore very important that sufficiently detailed and accurate
specifications are established to protect the recipients of the tools and
FAO.
Generally only the critical parameters are specified such as those that affect
the use, acceptance and performance of the tool. For tools selected from
14 Agricultural Hand Tools in Emergencies: Guidelines for Technical and Field Officers
trade catalogues these dimensions can usually be found in the manuals. For
tools brought in from the field these dimensions can be measured directly.
The handle design should also be described in the case that there is a
preference. This applies particularly to shovels and spades.
3.3 HANDLES
The possibility of local sourcing for tool handles has already been
mentioned above under Section 2.7. This must be clearly indicated for each
tool and included in the outline specifications sent for processing.
3.6 DELIVERY
The Field Officer should clearly indicate where the consignment is to be
delivered and a target date should be included if possible. Delivery will
normally be to a central store but sometimes delivery to one or more
field destinations may be requested. This information will be included in
the finalised technical specifications and will clearly have an effect on the
freight costs.
Outline specifications 15
For well equipped and formal local manufacturers the same specifications
as those expected of international manufacturers can be drawn up, whereas
for those operating at a lower technical level, the specifications drawn
up need to reflect the capabilities of the enterprise. The specifications to
be drawn up are generally narrower and refer to a specific tool that the
manufacturer already produces or will be copying. The specifications
consist primarily of defining the basic form, the dimensions and the weight
together with drawings and/or photographs emphasising critical areas.
Generally the material composition is not specified although sometimes
(as for the blacksmiths) specific reference may be made as to categories of
scrap material that should be used, as a raw material.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The objective of this Section is to provide a description of a range of the
most common hand tools which have been supplied to FAO projects. In
most cases, important aspects are highlighted that need to be mentioned
during the identification stage for the tools in order for the detailed
specifications to be finalised.
4.2 HOE
HOUE AZADON
Secondly, the manner by which the hoe is to be fitted to the handle must
be detailed.
FIGURE 2
Digging hoes with Spike, Raised Eye and Sunken Eye
Apart from the hoes described above, the target beneficiaries may prefer
the fork hoe (Figure 3). As described above for the more conventional hoe,
the Field Officer should determine the most suitable tool weight and the
method for attaching the handle (spike, raised eye or sunken eye).
FIGURE 3
Fork Hoe - 2 kg and of rather poor quality
FIGURE 4
Double-headed Horticultural Hoe
4.5 MALODA
This is a light straight handled hoe, commonly used in Sudan but different
designs and shapes are used in other countries (Figure 5). The Field
Officer should report the requested weight of the blade without the handle
together with the main dimensions in order for the specifications to be
drawn up by AGP.
FIGURE 5
A range of shapes for the Maloda - the three on the left from Sudan
and the right hand one from Nicaragua
There is a wide range of blade shapes for machetes but it is the experience
of FAO that almost all orders are for one of the models illustrated below.
The Model numbers are those assigned in China although the chosen
supplier for an international tender does not necessarily have to be located
in that country.
20 Agricultural Hand Tools in Emergencies: Guidelines for Technical and Field Officers
The Field Officer should identify the model which is required for the
project, if necessary using one of the photographs below for identification
purposes. The blade length required will also need to be specified as again,
several options are normally available.
FIGURE 7
Machete type M206 (normally with a blade length of 18 inches)
FIGURE 8
Machete type M212 (normally with a blade length of 16 inches)
FIGURE 9
Machete type M204 (normally with a blade length of 16 inches)
Mattocks are commonly used for opening up new land, the cutting edge
being used to cut roots and the digging edge for primary tillage on very
Descriptions of hand tools 21
FIGURE 10 FIGURE 11
Mattock with a digger point and wider Pickaxe with chisel and point
cutter blade popular in South America
hard ground. Pickaxes are primarily used for digging and building works.
The types most frequently procured by FAO are illustrated in Figures 10
and 11.
Spades are primarily digging implements whereas shovels are used to move
loose or unconsolidated materials over short distances. Although there is a
wide range of designs available, two main types are normally procured by
FAO as illustrated in Figures 12 and 13.
FIGURE 12 FIGURE 13
Rectangular spade with socket Round mouth shovel with socket
fitting to a D-handle fitting to handle
4.10 SICKLE
FAUCILLE SEGADORA
FIGURE 15
The size and shape of sickles can
FAUCILLE SEGADORA
Principle dimensions to supply for sickles vary from region to region and
so it is important that the Field
Officer makes a careful study of
the type which will be acceptable
to the beneficiaries.
4.11 AXE
HACHE HACHA
4.12 BILLHOOK
SERPE MACHETE
The billhook is a cutting tool for smaller woody material and for bushes.
It is occasionally acquired for FAO projects and is illustrated in Figure 17.
The Field Officer should record the principal dimensions as indicated and
its weight. A photograph will further assist for the detailed specifications
to be prepared by the FAO technical support services.
FIGURE 17
Principal dimensions to record for a billhook
(Photograph: Unknown)
24 Agricultural Hand Tools in Emergencies: Guidelines for Technical and Field Officers
This tool should be defined by the overall blade length, the blade width
and its thickness. Preference should also be indicated for the type of handle
(wooden is recommended).
FIGURE 18
Grass cutter
The metal watering can is one of a number of tools which are well suited
for local fabrication by rural artisans. This option should be seriously
considered for at least part of the total order. These will normally be made
from galvanised sheet.
There is a wide range of designs for wheel barrows and hence if there is any
particular preference, a photograph of the model should be submitted with
the procurement request. Other information that should be supplied by
the Field Officer includes the capacity of the carrying tray (often between
75 and 90 litres for FAO projects) and the total load capacity (normally
150 kg minimum). The tyre should be of rubber, either solid or pneumatic.
The wheels should be metallic. Plastic is to be avoided both for the wheels
and the tyres.
(Photographs: Unknown)
Two main types of saw are normally procured by FAO (Figures 21 and
22). The length of the blade should be stipulated. Selection of a suitable
26 Agricultural Hand Tools in Emergencies: Guidelines for Technical and Field Officers
blade length for the Bow Saw should be based upon a survey in the local
market for the sizes available for replacement blades. Orders will normally
also include 10 spare blades.
FIGURE 22
Bow saw
(Photographs: Unknown)
4.17 FILE
LIME LIMA
Flat files (Figure 23) are normally included in procurements when axes,
machetes, mattocks or sickles are also being acquired. They should be
ordered with handles. The Field Officer merely needs to indicate for which
tool the file is required and the desired quantity.
FIGURE 23
Flat file
(Photograph: Unknown)
27
5. Conservation agriculture
A wide range of jab planter models are available (Figure 24) and it is highly
recommended that the Field Officer contact the technical services in AGP
regarding appropriate project planning and equipment specification. It will
be necessary to indicate the crops to be sown, whether graded seed will
be available (rarely the case) and whether there is a requirement for the
planter to also apply fertiliser.
4 http://www.fao.org/ag/ca
28 Agricultural Hand Tools in Emergencies: Guidelines for Technical and Field Officers
FIGURE 24
Some of the models of jab planters available from two Brazilian manufacturers
There is always of course the possibility to repair existing hoes once they
have been worn down. This is another way to engage local blacksmiths
in emergency or even rehabilitation and development programmes. FAO
has acquired a number of positive experiences in this respect as illustrated
below.
The problem is illustrated in Figure 25 where the badly worn hoes can no
longer accomplish their “digging” task but they continue to be used for
weeding. The original hoe and an even more worn example are shown in
Figure 26.
FIGURE 25
Used hoes in Burundi. The use of each is approximately (from left to right)
“more than 5 years”, about 4 years and two years
FIGURE 26
The original shape of the hoe (top right) and an even more
worn example (bottom left)
FIGURE 27
A “rehabilitated” hoe made by a blacksmith in Burundi.
Although the blacksmiths are unable to make the “eyes” they
can rivet on a strong new blade
FIGURE 28
Replacement blades welded onto old hoe eyes – Bondo District, Kenya
Part II
Technical Guidelines
Procurement procedures 35
1. Procurement procedures
The limits listed above for the Delegation of Authority can thus identify
which office is best placed to undertake the function of “Buyer” (normally
either the decentralized office or CSAP). It does not however determine
6 https://www.ungm.org/
38 Agricultural Hand Tools in Emergencies: Guidelines for Technical and Field Officers
Another common problem is that some dealers simply copy the tool
specifications from the tender documents as their reply but without
ensuring that the tool offered fully conforms to each detail specified.
This is likely to be discovered when the order is inspected either prior to
despatch or upon delivery. In the event that the tools are found to fail to
meet the specifications then heavy penalties can ensue. It also can result
in significant delays which considerably hinder the implementation of
projects.
1. The bid document must specify exactly what is being offered and
it must be possible for those evaluating the bids to verify from
the documents alone that what is being offered either meets all
the requirements specified in the tender document, or the extent
to which they do not. This applies to the tool specifications, the
packaging and the delivery to the required destinations within the
stipulated time, together with any other requirements specified.
2. Some minor deviations from the initial tool specifications may be
acceptable, but these must be fully stated in the bid document. If
after technical evaluation the bid is accepted, then the specifications
offered by the supplier in their bid, become the agreed specifications
of the goods, which are then the specifications against which the
order will be inspected.
3. The country of origin and the name and address of the manufacturer
of each tool must be specified in the bid documents.
Procurement procedures 39
4. The potential suppliers must ensure that they are capable of fully
satisfying all that they offer in their bid documents.
2. Detailed specifications
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The technical specifications for agricultural hand tools form the basis for
the contract drawn up between FAO and the supplier of the tools selected
following the tendering process. These are designed to ensure that what
is requested is what is delivered. This means that they are to ensure that
the tool that was initially identified as the most suitable for a particular
purpose is the one that is delivered to the beneficiaries.
At first glance it may appear that the specifications are overly complex for
simple agricultural hand tools. However, poorly drawn up specifications
may mean that a supplier who wins a bid may deliver a poor quality
product that would not be suitable for its intended use. In addition, loose
specifications may mean that the supplier can claim that they have met the
agreed specifications and FAO would still be obliged to pay the supplier
the full cost. It is therefore very important that good specifications are
drawn up to protect both the beneficiaries of the tools and FAO.
This section describes and explains the reasons for some of the detailed
specifications that are normally drawn up by FAO.
2.3 HANDLES
Some agricultural hand tools are normally supplied without a handle, this
being locally sourced within the country of destination. These include
hoes, spades, shovels, malodas, rakes, and sometimes, axes and pickaxes.
Most other tools are supplied with handles (machetes, sickles, files,
billhooks).
The manner by which the handle is attached to the tool is also carefully
specified. The following example refers to a wooden machete handle:
The requirements for the hardness values currently being used by FAO
in November 2012 are shown in Appendix 2. As with the material
specifications, they should also only be considered as illustrative.
2.6 MARKING
Most agricultural hand tools carry markings placed by the manufacturer.
The markings specified for agricultural hand tools will often require that
one or more of the following appear:
2.8 PACKAGING
There are normally certain packaging requirements which must be met,
particularly when goods are being despatched by sea. In addition, heavy
items without handles such as hoes, spades and shovels will always require
packing in wooden boxes. This is to ensure that even during delivery to
remote field stations under difficult conditions, the tools remain carefully
packaged. Insecure cases can cause spillage of the tools with many ensuing
problems of inventory control.
45
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Apart from testing the hardness of some agricultural hand tools, they may
also be required to pass certain strength tests and be resistant to impact
damage. The tests described in this Section form part of the technical
specifications in the tender documents. Many of the tests were first drawn
up in the mid-1970s during a major rural road construction programme
in Kenya. Indeed Kenya continues to test hand tools and has published a
series of standards, as is also the case in Tanzania and Uganda.
Figure 3
Clamping arrangements for fork hoes
Figure 4
Clamping and loading arrangement for fork hoes
Figure 5
Double-headed horticultural hoe
Strength Test: The tool is tested in two stages. Firstly the hoe blade is
tested as indicated above in Section 3.2. Then the fork tines are tested as
described above in Section 3.3.
Impact Test: With a handle fitted, the tool is dropped by gravity a minimum
height of 450 mm onto a rigidly supported 25 mm thick mild steel plate,
so that one of the working points or edges strikes squarely. Repeat the test
for the other working point or edge. There must be no damage to the head
or cutting edge.
Figure 6
Clamping arrangements for spades and shovels
In the event that the tool to be tested is already fitted with a handle, then
for long handles, the test remains the same but the load is applied precisely
where indicated in Figure 6. In the case of a short handle (of 680 mm or
700 mm), the load should be increased to 40 kg and applied at the end of
the handle.
3.7 RAKES
Strength Test: The handle is clamped in a vertical position with the rake
head resting at the edge of a flat surface in similar fashion to that shown in
Figure 3 for the fork hoe strength test. A load of 35 kg is suspended from
the centre of any spike and maintained for two minutes.
The spike tested must not show any deformation or permanent set after
removal of the load.
Impact Test: The rake is fitted with a hardwood handle the end of which is
attached to a wooden base so that when resting on a flat surface, the handle
is horizontal. The head is then raised to a height of one metre, pivoting
about the base. The head is then dropped so that the spikes fall onto a
horizontal steel plate (Figure 7).
This is repeated four times. The spikes must not flatten or chip and no
damage must be suffered by the rake head.
50 Agricultural Hand Tools in Emergencies: Guidelines for Technical and Field Officers
Figure 7
Impact test arrangement for rakes
3.8 AXES
Impact Test: The tool must withstand a minimum of twenty heavy blows
across the grain of a round hardwood bar or log without damage to the
cutting edge or loosening of the handle (Figure 8).
Figure 8
Impact test for an axe
3.9 MACHETES
Bending Test: The blade is inserted into a slot measuring 5 mm wide and
20 mm deep (Figures 9 and 10). A deflection of 45° at the handle end in
each direction is applied and the test repeated 50 times. There must be no
breakage, cracks or permanent set of the blade.
Strength and impact testing 51
Impact Test: The tool must be used to apply a minimum of twenty heavy
blows across the grain of a round hardwood bar. No damage should occur
to the cutting edge nor should the handle be loosened.
Figure 9
Method of clamping to test the flexibility of machetes
(slot dimensions: 5 mm x 20 mm)
Figure 10
Apparatus for testing machetes at the Kenya Bureau of Standards
3.10 BILLHOOK
Impact Test: The tool must be used to apply a minimum of twenty
heavy blows across the grain of a round hardwood bar or log (such as in
52 Agricultural Hand Tools in Emergencies: Guidelines for Technical and Field Officers
Figure 8). No damage should occur to the cutting edge nor should the
handle be loosened.
3.11 SICKLES
Strength Test: Clamp the handle in a horizontal position such that the
blade is also in a horizontal plane. Gradually apply a load of 5 kg to the
blade tip and maintain this for 2 minutes. Now clamp the tool so that the
blade is turned over. Repeat the test, return the blade and again repeat
testing until a total of four tests have been carried out.
Once the load is removed for the final time, there must be no signs of
damage to the head or loosening of the handle, nor any permanent set in
excess of 5 mm measured at the end of the blade.
4. Inspections
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Once the procurement has been arranged with the supplier, it is essential to
ensure that what was originally specified and ordered complies with what
is eventually delivered. Herein lays the very important role played by the
inspection company which is contracted to verify conformity of the goods.
Some aspects of the inspection are quite obvious such as the overall quantity
of the goods, the marking(s) on the tools, any specified preservative
treatment and the packaging. Other aspects require more detailed attention
such as the tool dimensions, surface finishing and weight. Yet others may
involve testing in a laboratory, including the material composition, the tool
strength and its impact resistance.
Once the samples have been selected, they should be indelibly marked (for
example 1, 2, 3, etc.) and the box from which they were taken also marked
so that each can be sourced back to the box from which it was taken.
After testing, all samples should be retained securely by the inspection
company until their release has been authorised by FAO. This is done as a
precaution in the event that a claim against any failed tests is made.
The sampling system preferred by FAO for agricultural hand tools is one
described by the Defence Contract Management Agency of the US. FAO
7 These statistical procedures and related rules were developed by Dodge and Roaming and
were originally applied to US military during World War II.
Inspections 55
Less than 90 7
91 to 150 11
151 to 280 13
281 to 500 16
501 to 1200 19
1201 to 3200 23
3201 to 10,000 29
10,001 to 35,000 35
8 See http://guidebook.dcma.mil/226/tools_links_file/stat-sample.htm
56 Agricultural Hand Tools in Emergencies: Guidelines for Technical and Field Officers
APPENDIX 1
5.- Sickle
Constituent Specified Range %
Carbon 0.50 – 0.65
Manganese 0.50 – 0.80
Silicon 0.35 maximum
Phosphorous 0.06 maximum
Sulphur 0.06 maximum
8.-File
Constituent Specified Range %
Carbon 1.1 minimum
Manganese 0.45 maximum
Silicon 0.35 maximum
Phosphorous 0.06 maximum
Sulphur 0.06 maximum
59
APPENDIX 2
The values of Rockwell C quoted in the table below have also been drawn
up by consulting various standards issued in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania,
together with those being used by FAO in November 2012. These are
regularly updated and so they should be used for guidance only. The tools
are more fully described and illustrated in Part I of these Guidelines.
Rockwell C
Hand tool Specific area on the tool
Range
PLAIN or FORK HOE Hardness within 50 mm of the cutting edge 40/46.
FIGURE 12
Hardness testing machine in the laboratories of the Kenya Bureau of Standards
APPENDIX 3
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