OOAC Open Online Academy

1 2
Northeast Pacific
May to November. A peak in late
August/early September
3 4
Atlantic and Caribbean Sea Southeeast Indian basin North Indian basin
Officially, the season spans from From late October to May. Peak season From late October to May. January
early July to the end of November. mid-January to mid-February to mid-February
Peak activity is first half September

The Philippines country is

where the Parasyut Design
5 6 7 Team focused their studies.
The country is also knowed
Southeast Indian basin Southwest Pacific Northwest Pacific as the Republic of the Philip-
From late October to May, Peak sea- Begins late October or early November All year round, but main season goes pines and it’s located in the
son mid-January to mid-February until May. Peak in February and March from July to November with a peak Pacific Ocean in South-east
between August and September of Asia.

This particular archipelago

INDIANA AZORES
UNITED STATES
has more than 7,100 islands
PORTUGAL
of territory.
MADEIRA
PORTUGAL
PHILIPPINES
Tropic of Cancer 7
Hurricanes
1 Typhoons

2 4
Equator Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean

5
3

6
Tropic of Capricorn Cyclones

img 2:World map of Ciclone Basins

HOW HIGH IS THE RISK TO BECOME A VICTIM OF NATURAL DISASTER?

Nowadays everyone is in risk of becoming a natural disaster victim, but there are those
who are in fact in more risk than others. Areas like South-east Asia and North America
are the most affected areas in the world by Earthquakes, Typhoons, Floodings, Tsuna-
mis, Landslides, and Volcano Eruptions.

Thesis Statement
Architecture for the PEOPLE

Buildings are a second layer to our fragile bodies. They shelter us from the
PARASYUT DESIGN TEAM
great dangers of the outside world. But what Parasyut Design Team really Open Online Academy | Resilient Architecture Research Course
wants to understand is: Why do our buildings fail to meet their primary and
most essential function in the face of a horrendous event such as a Typhoon?
And how does a person, a city, or even a whole country, recover from the trail
of destruction left behind when natural and political disasters are combined? TEAM members
Our goal is to show that properly applied Architecture can simplify and solve Carla Pereira | Architect
some of the greatest barriers to resilience, while unifying local and international FUNCHAL
MADEIRA | PORTUGAL arqpereira00@gmail.com
communities. We chose to work in the Philippines not only because of its
location in the western Pacific Ocean, an area hit by an average of 20 typhoons Rita L. Borges | Architect
or tropical storms every year, but also because the Filipino spirit is not easily TERCEIRA
AZORES | PORTUGAL rita.lborges@gmail.com
broken and we have much to learn from their resilient culture. In the following
weeks we will be looking at different construction methods and materials, Giovanna Araujo | Designer
BLOOMINGTON
from the past, to the future. INDIANA | UNITED STATES gbelmont044@gmail.com
 img 3

IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMS

What happened? What to do AFTER the
.meteorological phenomenon TYPHOON? CLIMATE
.thunderstorms .Tarpaulins for emergency shelter The Philippines are well knowned for there
.rains, landfalls tropical maritime climate that is usually char-
.wind, pressure .Water purification systems to areas acterized by relatevely high temperature, op-
.tropical cyclone where drinking water is necessary
pressive humidity and plenty of rainfall.1
.storm
In fact climate is one of the main reasons for
.coastal areas - waves - floods this occurences. In the Philippines territory
.climate change it’s possible to identify three types of climate
change. They are described as:
.physical and natural destruction
.death How to REBUILD?
.Safe and dignified shelter is a ba-
sic human right and in a post-disas-
ter scenario it’s more than just put-
ting a new roof over people’s heads
What do we NEED? and providing emergency shelter. It’s Legend:

about fit-out-purpose rebuilds thar Type I. Two pronouced seasons: dry from
.INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR
address the local culture, environment
TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, WATER SUP-
November to April and wet during the rest of
and economy. the year.
PLIES AND SANITATION
.Housing must improve on what went Type II. No dry season with a pronouced
before and incorporate future risk mit- rainfall from November to January.
.ECONOMIC SECTOR
igation in the design.
AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES, Type III. Seasons are not very pronouced,
FOOD SECURITY, TRADE, INDUSTRY, SER- relatively dry from November to April, and
VICES wet during the rest of the year.

What are the MAIN obstacules? Type IV. Rainfall is more less evenly distrib-
.SOCIAL SECTOR uted throughout the year.
. Damaged roads
EDUCATION, HEALTH AND NUTRITION,
img 4:Climate variations map
1
“Climate of the Philippines”
HOUSING AND SHELTER Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines
.Fallen trees and debris interfering
with the communication systems

img 5 img 6 img 7 img 8 img 9 img 10

typhoons
MASSIVE DESTRUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES OVER
THE YEARS BECAUSE OF THESE DISASTERS
Typhoons Formation and
Developement:
How a typhoon is formed? Typhoons,
or tropical cyclones, start like giant
engines, porwered by warm and
moist air rising over the ocean waters
near to the equator, according to the
US National Aeronautics and Space
img 12 Administration.2
So Typhoons are formed by:
.Sufficiently warm sea surface tem-
peratures, atmospheric instability,
.High humidity in the lower to middle
levels of the Troposphere,
.Enough Coriolis force to develop a
low pressurecenter,
.A pre-existing low level focus or dis-
turbance, low vertical wind shear.

The areas most affected are Southeast

Asia and North America. In the Philip-
pines, particularly, people are affected
img 11. Philippines map, showing the which areas
are in higher risk of being affected by Typhoons. like 20 times a year by a typhoon or
Source: http://vm.observatory.ph/findings.html img 13 tropical strom.
MATERIALS and CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES BAHAY KUBO
used in Filipino vernacular architecture: 4
Rectangular, cubic shape
Stilt houses of wood, bamboo or other
native material
12 Easily repaired or rebuilt in case of
11 natural disaster 1
2
img 15
10 Provides a natural flow of ventilation.
img 14

Bamboo Anahaw
9

7 7
7 8 img 21
5

Legend:
img 16 img 17
3 1 Warm air rises
6
Connection between construction elements 2 Rain water runoff
2 3 Stilts
Legend: 3 6
4 Cool air 4
1 Ground posts 7 Shelf 5
1 5 Storage
2 Stair entrance 8 Lower tie beam
6 Entry stairs
3 End floor joist 9 Upper tie beam img 22
7 Shaded area
4 Grass cover 10 Queen post
5 Wall board 11 Bamboo and organic material
img 18
6 Girder 12 Top tie beam

IVATAN HOUSE TAUSUG HOUSE

IFUGAO HOUSE 1

1st level
stone pavement 2

2nd level
room frame,walls, floor
3rd level
pyramidal hopped roof
img 20 - Ifugao Floor

The Ifugao house withstand in a square form floor.

This particular building is built to survive floods,
img 19 img 23 img 24
that’s why the house is elevated from the ground.

SITE AND TOPOGRAPHY

1 5
FLAT, SLOPE, WATER
2
4 img 26
ARCHITECTURAL FORMS
Kalinga Floor Plan

RECTANGULAR FLOOR 5 1 Food storage

3 2 Cooking area
3 Entrance
OCTOGONAL FLOOR 4 Bed
img 25 5 Storage

Forms, Geometry and Grounds

6 Bamboo sticks and
organic roof material
KALINGA HOUSE 7 Ground posts
Philippines Vernacular Architecture 8 Stair entrance
Supported by 12 post, 4 of
them at each corner sup- 6
Vernacular, from the Latin “vernaculus”, means native. Vernacular architecture refers to port the hipped roof made
the grammar, syntax, and diction in expressing buildings in a locale, while signifying the of bamboo
diverse range of buildings traditions in a region.1 Floor: reed mat

Vernacular architecture of Philippines can address the most common

of structural problems with its simplicity and logical arrangement of ele-
ments, space and materials.
The houses are built with a simple structure of bamboo and wood, cov-
1
ered by a thatched roof, that protect the large windows from sunlight
and rain, with vented soffits to assist in dissipating the hot air upwards 3
moderating the temperature inside.
Vernacular Architecture of Philippines promotes natural ventilation, fast
and economic construction with local and organic materials, simple 7
structure and climate concerns.
img 27
1
Book.“Arkitekturang Filipino. A History of Architecture and Urbanism in the Philippines”
Chapter 2 “Philippine Vernacular Architecture and its Austronesian Ancestry”. 8

ARCHITECTURAL FORMS
SQUARE FLOOR
RECTANGULAR FLOOR
CIRCLE FLOOR
Forms, Geometry and Grounds
Contemporary Architecture
Contemporary emergency architecture todas, seeks to respond the
needs of the population that constatly experience natural hazards; and
also seeks to respond climatic and environmental requirements that
many live in.
With a simples base design, like square, rectangular and circle floor, for
the examples that we’ve present, the goal beyond the multifunctional
spaces, the architecture re-uses or re-invent local construction tech-
niques and materials.
BB Home Project
Architects: H&P Architects
Location: Hanoi, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi,
Vietnam
Area: 44 sqm
Year: 2013
Contractor: H&P Architects
The BB (Blooming Bamboo) Home project,
was conceived and designed especially for
the Vietnam, but like any resilient architecture,
this project can also be built in different coun-
tries, the importance is that it adapts to the en-
vironment where it’s going to be built. In the
Vietnam, the natural hazards are frequent and
severe, storms, floods, sweeping floods, land-
slides, drought, Etc...are also a constante in
this area and over the years have been dam-
aging the country, it takes away about 500 per-
cent persons and 1.2% - GDP - equally assets
and reduces the involved areas’ development.
img 33
img 34
img 35
img 36
Legend:
1. Living room
2. Worship
3. Bedroom
4. Bathroom (with WC)
5. Kitchen
6. Staircase to indoor terrace
7. Laundry + Drying
8. Outdoor Terrace
9. Indoor Terrace
(Sleeping+learning)
10. Top sapce for relax
(also exit in emergencies)
11. Oil tanks (recycled)
12. Anchoring steel piles
(when floating)
Guiuan National High School Project
Architects: MAT-TER
Location: Guiuan, Philippines
Architects In Charge: Christin To, Hugo
Martinez
img 29 - Program Morphogenisis for School
Social And Feasibility Research/Development:
Charles Dhinakaran, Javi Muriel Santurino School for 1000 Students - 10,000sqm
Type: Education /Disaster Relief
Year: 2014
This project conceived and designed by MAT-
TER, is due to be constructed in the Philippines.
Guiuan National High School project, focused
it study and design in for key characteristics of
the geometry resilience,Modular Diversity, In-
ternal Grid Web-Network Structure, Scalabil-
ity and Boundary Unification; with an unique
form structure, the architects applied these el-
img 30 Proposed School Size for Guiuan
ements with the intentio of creating a compact
and aerodynamic building that serves primod-
ly as a school, but also as a community center
and mass shelter in case of a natural disaster.
Overhall The form responds to climate, con-
text and typology needs.
img 31
img 32
img 28 - Site Plan
S-House 2 Project
Architects: Vo Trong Nghia Architects
Location: Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh,
Vietnam
Area: 31.0 sqm
Year: 2014
The S-House 2 its’s project that has been de-
veloped over the year, and till now there have
been 2 forms of this house. First there was a
more fragile struture, fully covered by synthetic
roof and walls. And now we have a concrete
img 38
frame struture covered with nipa palms panels.
The main object for this project was too quick-
ly response to the urgent need of low-cost
housing. In the Vietnam people are frequently
threatened by natural hazards, and this partic-
ular construction it’s prepared to resist tropical
stroms, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes
, despite the look this house it’s well anchored
to the needs of this area and people.
img 39
Sleeping Area Living Space + Dinning Area
Natural Ventilation img 41
during the high temperatures
img 42
img 37 img 40
 Silong - floor
Kisame - living area
Babungan - Roof

Structure and Materials

Vernacular Architecture: Case of study

Vernacular architecture is a pure response to a person’s or society’s build-

ing needs, as it is crafted by individuals, the main goal is to be re- sistant
and tailored to what that individual particular needs.
The building construction methods are considered tested trough tri- al-
and-error until they achieve perfection over time with concernings re-
garding climatic, functional and social needs.
img 43
The Bahay Kubo is an example of a traditional cube house of the Phil-
BAHAY KUBO ippines. It has a simple structure of bamboo with anahaw thatching ma-
terial for the roof and besides the evolution with modern times regarding
materials and technology, it maintains its raised structure on stilts and
thatched steeped roof.

IDGE POLE
1 Silong - floor

Buffer area for rising wa- RAFTER

NIPA SHING
ters during floods and PURLIN ROOF
3
prevent pests A SHINGLES
Used for storage, may be
fenced off or not
URLIN POST
Constructed with wood
and bamboo FTER
WALL OF NIPA
img 44 img 45 GIRT SHINGLES
WINDOW
POST SILL
NIPA SHINGLES 2
2 Kisame - living area
HORIZONTAL
Tall and steeply pitched HORIZON UD
STUD
- collling effect DO
JAM FLOOR VERTICA
- water flow down quickly 1 JOIST STUD
- limited space to move Let in fresh air and natu- FLOO IRDER
img 50 HORIZO
around the house ral light IRDER BAMBOO S
POST
The cube shape - is eas-
iest to pre-build the walls
Windows - large awning
held by a wooden rod or
img 46 sliding
3 Babungan - Roof

img 47
img 49

img 51 img 52

img 48 Source: www.asiafinest.com Source: pixshark.com

S-HOUSE 2 Project Legend:
MATERIALS:
1. Steel Plate Joint (img 58) In this project the materials
2. Covering Joint by Mortar are:
(img 59) .Concrete frame structure
3. Installing the Wood furring .Nipa Palm Panels
(img 60) .Corrugated Cement Boards
4. Making the Nipa Parm 7 .Concrete Foundations
Panels (img 61) .Steel Door and Window
5. PC Foundation (img 62)
6. Installing the Nipa Parm The ultimate goal of S-House
Panels (img 63) 2 Project was to promote the
7. Roofing Cement Board low-cost housing, that’s why
(img 64) the building is built we local
and pre-fabricated materials.
1
6

3
img 53 img 54 1

BB HOME Project
4

img 57

img 55 img 56
7 6 5 4

Bamboo Roof Rope

Bamboo of 8-10 Diameter
Nylon Sheet (rain shield) Vertical Garden

Leave Roof img 68

1

Wall Materials 2

Polycarbonate Sheet Vertical Garden img 69

Rope
Bamboo Pile - Beam Connection

Structure and Materials

What are the MATERIALS?
In this project the materi-
Door Materials and door shapes
als are, BAMBOO in most
of the construction, STEEL Contemporary Architecture: Case of study
ANCHORS, OIL TANKS
and LEAVES. This is a more
modern approach to this sit-
20 L Cointaners uations, a shelter with a ver-
What are we looking for? An architecture for the people, conceived,
nacular design but a contem- designed and constructed by the people. Following this idea, a archi-
porary concept.
200 L Oil tank
tecture for the people needs to responde culture and tradition needs,
4 V-Shaped Steel bars (welded to make a cross > Ting Pile but also needs to responde local and territory needs. In this areas what
Moving direction of ting pile
are the problems? First of all, lack of constructive efficiency, meaning,
Two U-Shape steel bars (10cmx5cm - welded to make the are many construction techniques that once have answered local
steel box of 10 cm >Holding pile for up and down shifting
needs, nowadys, if climate changes and environmental transformation
Steel Slab (fixed into the ground using screws)
this techniques new to be reinforced and improved. Seconde, the ma-
Bamboo of 8-10 Diameter
terials that are use, it’s a fact that they are local and most likely they are
low-cost for the population, but today they are not so effective. Natural
hazards are becoming more and more intensive and destructive, there-
Rope
fore materials should be heavier and more resistant rather than light
Axo
Building OPEN and CLOSED when necessary and weak.
img 65 img 66 img 67
FACADES ROOFS
The facade of a building is one of its most important elements, not The roof is the most importante protection of our house from the rain and the wind. The most
only for the aesthetics but also and mainly for energy efficiency common type of roofing designs are the Hip Roof and Gable-End Roof.
matters.
Using vernacular elements like bamboo and stone is possible to The roof is regarded as the most important element
readapt construction systems from the past to present, turning in Filipino architecture. Traditional Philippine dwell-
them more resilient facing natural disasters and durability of con- ings have a teep slope for easily shedding rain, with
struction. Stone, wood and bamboo facades are more energy ef- means for capturing and storing rainwater. The steep img 79 img 80
ficient and more economic. These materials have less primary slope also helps draw hot indoor air upwards to the
HIP ROOF GABLE-END ROOF
energy requirements, they promote natural ventilation and require img 70 top of the roof and away from the living areas. Deep “Quatro aguas” is a Spanish archi-
tectural term meaning, a roof with 4
overhangs protect the large windows from harsh sun- sides instead of just the two-sided
cheaper maintenance costs.
light and rain, with vented sofftis to further assist in A-frame design. This type of roof is
more aerodynamic and more wind re-
dissipating the hot air and moderating the tempera- sistant compared to the gable, which
is a double pitched roof.
ture inside the roof structure, and consequently, the The wind flows smoothly over a hip

img 72 living spaces bellow. roof, whichever direction it comes

from.

img 82 img 83
img 71 img 81
ROOFING
STONE WALLS SYSTEM
B
img 84

img 73
WOOD | PALISADE WALLS
A
Bamboo Facade and Walls Bahay Kubo house
ROOFING SYSTEM
BAMBOO CONSTRUCTION DETAILS img 85 In the Ivatan homes, roofs are built with bamboo structure and covered up with a
net system and cogon. This houses are classified according to there roof configu-
ration, meaning, we identify two types of roofs, the maytuab (hip roof) and sinad-
maytuab umparan (gable roof); both are built with the same materials.
(hip roof)
sinadumparan
1
A img 76 (gable roof)
img 75
2
C

B img 87
img 74 img 86 Roof net
Ivatan houses, Batanes Province
img 77 img 78 Cogon roof Bamboo structure

OPENINGS
Bayanihan: “A Filipino word derived from the word bayan meaning town, nation, or community in general. ‘Bayani-
han’ literally means, ‘being a bayan,’ and is thus used to refer to a spirit of communal unity and cooperation.

img 89

img 88

Building Enclosures
Vernacular Architecture: Case of study
The windows in traditional Filipino homes can take up ore than ing the entire structure of the house even more vulnerable

50% surface in proportion to the walls. Maximizinf daylight and
cross-ventilation are prioritized in the vernacular filipino design,
including two different components: one layer of sliding panels
fitted with translucent windowpane (“capiz”), and a second lay-
er of manually operable wooden louvers. However the cheap
glass used for the windows especially in the Filipino slums,
cannot withstand 200km/ winds and are also very suscepitble
to beig hit by flying debris. This causes the glass to break, leav-
img 90
Vernacular architecture it’s a way how people reflect their culture and
to destruction.
Solutions to resist typhoons traditions. In the Philippines, architecture has it’s own way of telling the
Typhoon and Hurricane shutters can provide protection from
such failures during the storm. Shutters are often construct- story of how this particular population live their lives. A great influence
ed of steel or aluminum, but ply-wood and local materials
are low-cost alternatives. The shutters are attached to the
in the way people build their homes and public spaces, is the climate.
outside of the building using screws, clips, or a track sys- In the philippines the we have three different types of climates, and in
tem. In addition to this, another way to prevent from wind in-
vasion is by choosing sliding doors over hinged ones, once each and everyone we identify high temperatures, strong winds and
it makes ir harder for the door to be blown in by the swing-
ing. Z-shaped rods are a great option to strengthen doors
also rain. That’s why, constructions are built with light and local materi-
and windows that are made of bamboo, mats, and/or timber als. During our research we’ve realized that the Filipino architecture is
planks (without frames), or by being precisely nailed.
most likely built with wood, timber, bamboo and other local materials.
Only in the late 20th century, concrete construction start to appear, but
today people maintain the wooden structures as the perfect construc-
tion technique.
The images above, show us how building enclosures are built during
img 91 the years.
Hurricane Shutters: Made of
steel, aluminum, ply-wood Impact Resistant Glass
or local materials
FACADES ROOFS
This dome building is constructed 90% of wood, which is a very stable material In a more modern approach, we’ve found two different types of roofing systems, and more impor-
img 93
(once that does not dilate or explode do to hight temperatures) and promotes fire tantly resistant to any natural hazard that occure in this areas.
resistant because if large sections of glugam are used in the framework of this
house, it will be more resistant to fire (the charcoal surface inhibits the oxygen img 104
BB Home project, it’s an inspired Bahay Kubo house. This
penetration and slows the combustion). bamboo structure it’s ready and prepared to nateural disas-
The characteristic of being a 360º shaped building allows to maximize the amount ters, most likely Typhoons and other tropical storms, floods and
of sunlight absorbed and the big windows promote interior spaces with light. This earthquakes. The structure itself closes when it’s necessary, so
project example intends to bean ecologic, confortable, healthy, protector, modu- we are talking about strong winds or even rain.
lar and mainly, an economic project for housing using wood as main constrcution The roofing materials are BAMBOO for the structure and cover
material. up of the roof.

img 92 img 101 img 102 img 103

Simple shape for minimized wind exposure

Ability to float in case of flood Ting for solid structure

The images above, shows us the building transforma-

tion during a natural hazards.
img 94

LIGHT STEEL FRAME

img 95

Clapboard Timber
Plaster and lath interior lining
and exterior board sheating,
rosin and clapboards.
TIMBER FRAME
Timber Frame
Stave construction, timber
four-sided frame with verti-
cal exterior weatherboards.
img 105
Wattle and Daub
Tar coated exposed frame with
an early pre-evolutionary ver-
sion of exterior stucco.

img 96
S House project, is a design prepared for strong winds and
earthquakes.
The constructive system is concrete and them Nipa Plam pan-
img 98 els. First we have a concrete frame, which is the all body of the
img 99 img 100 house, it’s what supports the all house. For the facade we have
img 97 Nipa Palm Panels, that prevent the house from strong winds. img 106

OPENINGS
Wind moves faster at greater heights, an
advantage of tall buildings, which are more
effective when it comes to cross ventilation
and stack ventilation. If a building has win-
dows only on one side, natural ventilation
will not reach further than two times the floor
to ceiling height, and if the building has win-
dows on both sides, natural ventilation will
reach a limit of less than five times the floor
to ceiling height.
The most ventilation is achieved when build-
ings are oriented so that the shorter axis img 107

Building Enclosures
aligns with prevailing winds, while orientation
perpendicular to the axis will limit passive img 109 img 108
Contemporary Architecture: Case of study ventilation. Structural elements and internal
spaces can channel air through the building
in many directions in those cases.
For the contemporary architecture, we’ve tried to understand what has
been done around the world to resolve the problems resulting from the Open and Closed Window
natural hazards.
For the facades we’ve look for light structures most likely made by light img 111 img 110
steel and timber frames. The roofs systems, in the examples we have
the use of wooden materials, such us, bamboo; and also theirs the cor-
rugated steel sheets, which we believe it’s the strongest and resistant
material to apply in case of natural hazards. Finaly for the openings,
according to the vernacular architecture, and we have some inteligent
interventions, windows and doors should have a shutter system. This
way the people inside the house are protected from strong winds and
others situations. Knowing this, the example that we present is shutter
system made with polycarbonate windows and steel frames.
 img 112

Building Systems
Energy Optimization: Vernacular Architecture

Energy Production and Consumption in the Philippines Geothermal Energy img 113

How it works?
A significant share of the Filipino electricity generation comes from re-
newable energy sources such as Geothermal and Hydropower, but the
country also produces small volumes of oil, natural gas, and coal. The
country exports nearly all of the crude oil it produces. Out of the to-
tal roughly 1.3 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) consumed by the
Philippines in 2011, oil constituted roughly 41%, coal 22%, biomass
19%, and 18% from natural gas and various renewable energy sourc-
img 114
es. Petron Corporation supplies 40% of the oil needs in the country. Image Source: http://www.ausgeothermalhvac.com.au/

Energy Use and Source Energy

Energy Use Intensity (EUI) measures energy use by
floor area, which is great to set consumption targets.
Building Evelope and Energy Efficiency But when it comes to environmental impacts the ficus
needs to be the source energy and what end-uses take
In dynamic climates, the effects of heat storage in the the most energy.
envelope assemble become more complex than in
steady-state conditions, once the temperature swings
that would otherwise occur end up being moderated by
thermal resistance from the tehermal mass. High ther-
mal mass materials conduct a considerable amount of
energy deep throughout the material. Each materials
has a heat storage property, which determinates its ca-
pacity to gain or release energy.

img 115

Passive and Active Systems

Passive systems can reduce the energy demand or

meet it naturally, while active systems move heat and
moisture using gas or electricity. Active systems take
more energy to meet heating loads than to meet cooling
loads, because heating systems covert chemical ener-
gy (fuel) into heat which is 75% to 95% efficient, while
cooling systems move heat in and out of the building
rather than converting energy, and are not measured in
a percentage.
img 117
img 116
 1. Cows: Manure can be
broken down and burnt,
producing energy that can
generate electricity with a
much lower CO2 emis-
sion than burning coal.

img 118

Building Systems
img 119

Energy Optimization: Vernacular Architecture

6 Innovative ways to produce electricity for typhoon emergency

Energy Efficient Design for the Philippines
2. Lemons: Acidic fruits
and vegetables, when in
large quantities, can work The climate of the Philippines is Tropical, with high temperatures and
as batteries by insert-
ing two different metallic
oppressive humidity. For the building envelope in this climate, keeping
objects into them. The the sun off and maximizing ventilation are priorities. Reflective insulat-
chemical change in the
metal produces the ener- ed light colored roofs, and walls that pass breeze but not rain with open
gy.
eaves and porous with low-mass to prevent condensation that causes
mold growth, are essential.

img 120

3. Roads: Dark asphalt

absorbs heat from sun-
light reaching tempera-
tures of 113 degrees
Fahrenheit (45 degrees
Celsius). Water pipes em-
bedded in the asphalt can
collect that energy.
5. Trees: Wires attached
to tree trunks by nails and
connected to conductors
in the ground can produce
a faint amount of electrici-
ty, due to the imbalance in
pH between the soil and
the tree.

img 122

img 121 img 123

6. Rain: A single falling

raindrop produces vibra-
tions that can be con-
4. Humans: The human
verted by sensors into
body can give off the
electricity. An average
same amount of energy
raindrop from one to five
as a light bulb, 60 to 100
millimeters in diameter
Watts. This generates
can produce 12 milliwatts
heat which can be collect-
of energy.
ed for electricity.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: STARTING POINT

img 124

1
img 127

img 128

img 125

In Philippines they have successfully

mastered the ravages of the seasonal
typhoons with a long history of strug-
img 129
gle and adaptation.
With local resources, cost efficiency
and locally skills and materials, self
sufficiency was achieved transform-
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE img 130

ing vernacular architecture into a ver- A Modern Bahay Kubo

nacular (but more) sustainable and 2
1 Modular Tropical Apartment
contemporary approach. Complex for 2050

1 Modular building
Lower construction costs
7 and flexibility
Legend: 2
1 Warm air rises
Open porches close down
2 Rain water runoff to protect the house during
3 Stilts tropical storms
4 Cool air 3 6
4 5
5 Storage images source: http://www.homedesignfind.
6 Entry stairs com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-
7 Shaded area complex-for-2050/i
img 126

HOW TO TRANSFORM A BUILDING INTO A RESILIENT BUILDING?

FROM ZERO
img 131

Building Systems
Water Management: From Vernacular to Contemporary Architecture img 132

Prefabricated house completely self-sufficient Flat | Water | Slope

RESILIENCE: The capacity of a system – be it a landscape, a coastal Ability to operate independently, without the
area or a city – to deal with change and continue to develop. This means need for any external utility or waste disposal
the capacity to withstand shocks and disturbances such as a financial connections. ZERO HOUSE

crisis or use such an event to catalyse renewal and innovation. (www.

READAPT AND OLD BUILDING
stockholmresilience.su.se.)
The main characteristics of traditional building systems are ecology and
ROOF INSULATION

sustainability, thermal isolation, time of construction, costs, security, du- RAINWATER

COLLECTION

rability, soundproofing, quality of finishings, esthetics, functionallity and RAINWATER CASCADE SYSTEM

EXPOSED PERVASIVE
its environment. BUILDING ECOSYSTEM

The main characteristics of a Resilient building systems, besides those

SUSPENDED LED LIGHTING

mentioned above, are: Economize water and energy, ensure healthy INTERNAL GREEN WALLS

buildings, maximize buildings life, use of eco-efficient materials, low

RADIANT FLOOR PANEL

LOW VOLTAGE NETWORK

mass construction, minimize waste production and economics. IRRIGATION TRELLIS

DECENTRALIZED HEAT
RECOVERY VENTILATION

A resilient building which seeks sustainability, it is intended to meet the DECENTRALIZED SEASONAL
HEAT STORAGE AND PUMPS

needs of the present generation without endangering the ability of fu- RAINWATER CASCADE EFFLUENT

ture generations to meet their needs. img 133

BIOSWALE WITH DIVERSE
WATER AND EDGE PLANTING
 VI
img 135
CENTURY
CISTERNS
img 134

FOUNTAINS

X
Building Systems
CENTURY
Water carriers in Philippines
img 136
WELLS Water Management: Vernacular Architecture

Populations have always had a need to establish themselves near wa-

ter sources to ensure their survival. As it was not always possible to
establish near these water sources, it was necessary to create infra-
structure for water, as the case of aqueducts that carried water to the
communities. Other important infrastructure to obtain water were the
wells, fountains and cisterns, that guaranteed the rainwater storage uti-
XVI CENTURY
img 138
lization. However, other systems were designed for surviving issues,
such as those used in the Philippines rice terraces, a complex system
img 137 of articulation of native materials and construction techniques.

TERRACE WATER SYSTEM

These terraces are fed by an ancient irrigation system of dams, sluices, channels and bamboo
pipes, which drain into a stream at the bottom of the valley. BAMBOO IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
These terraces are fed by an ancient irrigation system of dams, sluices, channels and bamboo
img 139 img 140 pipes, which drain into a stream at the bottom of the valley.

Bamboo pipe water flow from one

Bamboo drip irrigation system
field to another

Images source: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrozais_em_terraços_das_Cordilheiras_das_Filipinas

SMALL PONDS FOR WATER COLLECTION

Water collection in small reservoirs - used for irrigating crops and drinking purposes.
Stone
support

img 142 img 143

Image source: http://www.fao.org/do-
crep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm#sources%20
of%20irrigation%20water

img 141
RAINWATER COLLECTION FOR GROWING CROPS RAINWATER HARVESTING AND COLLECTION

img 149 img 150

Source:http://www.cgpinoy.org/t4055p15-jadamat-ba-
hay-kubo-of-the-future_spinning-cube-final

In this examples of contemporary SH bahay kubo’s WATER COLLECTION PODS FOR RE-USE
BLACKWATER/GREYWATER SYSTEMS
there is an integrated water system. From a rain- TREATMENT TANK
water collection system on each terrace to a wa- GREYWATER STORAGE TANK
POTABLE WATER TANK
ter slowing system, that stores rainwater in a cis- Water Management WATER EVAPORATOR/AIR CONDENSER
img 144 Systems: HUMAN WASTE WATER EXTRACTOR
tern below the deck, the goal is use and reuse the
img 145
maximun amount of water. img 152 WINDMIL L
ABLE TO SUSTAIN BASIC NEEDS This water is later used as toilet water or for land- Power+ Water
scaping the area. Solar panel s
WATER | FOOD

WOOD WITH
COCONU T
Insulatio n

Rainwater collection permits

the use of vertical gardens in
the facades

img 146
img 151

RAINWATER SYSTEMS
MANAGEMENT
Instant irrigation or
store water under the houses
Modern approach to
collect rainwater

Resilient approach to
collect rain water img 147

img 148

Building Systems
Water Management: Contemporary Architecture

Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines are characterized by

achivements and challenges.
In Philippines they have successfully mastered the ravages of the sea-
sonal typhoons with a long history of struggle and adaptation.
With local resources, cost efficiency and locally skills and materials,
self sufficiency was achieved transforming vernacular architecture into
a vernacular (but more) sustainable and contemporary building.
 1 WOODEN
In the Philippines territory,
wooden materials like, tim-
ber beams, bamboo, wooden
doors and others are the ma-
terials that we’ve identified in
large amounts. Most of the
Filipino houses are built with
wooden materials.
Deconstruction Opportunity
2 CONCRETE
The concrete it’s a more con-
temporary material and it’s also
found in this disaster areas.
From these areas it’s possible
to collect, concrete walls, side-
walks and foundation.
Timber Beams
3 METALS
Materilas like corrugated steel
sheets can be applied for the
construction of new roofs. This
material. There are also the met-
al structures that can serve for
other building structures.
4 FURNITURE
The pieces of furniture, are also
a object found in disaster areas,
it’s possible to find furniture in
good condition, in this cases, the
response it’s simple, recycle then
into new and improved objects.
5 PLASTICS 6 OTHERS
Plastic nowadys it’s a material Porcelain tiles, glass, and other
that can be transformed in any- materials, are the most dificult
thing. It’s possible to collected, materials to reuse, but it’s possi-
plastic bottles and containers, ble to reuse then, but most likely
mostly; and with theses prod- they are recycle.
ucts we can create a foundation
based in water containers. An-
other example is the use of plas-
tic bottles to create light inside
and outside a shelter.

Wooden Doors

Deconstruction Opportunity

Plywood Sheets Corrugated Steel Sheets

Concrete Walls

Porcelain Tile Walls

Plastic Sheets

Bamboo
Furniture Bricks
Stones

Plastic Containers

img 153

img 155

img 154

img 156 img 157

Building Systems
Waste Management and Recycling Process: Introduction

WHAT MEANS?
Recycling is the most important of the three R’s, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.3
Along the years, the amount of waste, industrial or domestic, has been increasing. Any product as
it’s own ‘time to live and to die’, the importance of recycling it’s exactly to change this cicle of any
industrial product that has been manufacture, meaning recycling a product mean giving another
change or another life to any debris or waste that we find.

RECYCLING HISTORY
History says that recycling started long before
the concept was even created. The population
needs obligated then to reuse the materials that
were already put a side and did not had any
use to the daily activities.1
But the reuse of things came more important
during the World War II, all products and objects
were important for war instruments. Without a
concrete idea, people started doing recycling
even before the green movement were invented,
people understood the importance of recycling.
1
“The History of Recycling”
Source: http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/historyofrecycling/
All materials can be recycled, but there are those that are suited for the process. Suited for re-
cycling means that are some materials that spend more energy to recycle than others, and re-
cycling also means reducing the energy waste on manufacturing and also air and water polution.3
There is so much that we can do to prevent the massive destruction of the environment.
1
“The History of Recycling”
Source: http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/historyofrecycling/
2
“The History of Recycling”
Source: http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/historyofrecycling/
3
”Materials Best Suited to Recycling”
Source: https://suite.io/laurence-o-sullivan/yd720y
1 COGON ROOF
The Cogon it’s a fragile material and not resistant to Typhoons or any tropical storm. The roof
2 STONE WALLS
The stone walls are already prepared for Typhoon and earthquakes, but there’s a way to make them
is protected with fishing nets or bambo trellis, and the system usually last more than a decade. more resistant to any disaster.
img 158 img 159 img 164

LIMESTONE WALLS img 165 img 166

Construction of the Congon roof is made at least by 20 Wood trusses for cogon roof. The These stone walls are the brand of this area. The Batanes province is featured by this stone walls,
man. The image above, representes how do they built thatch, usually is 30 centimeters that’s is why many people agree that new and contemporary materials have to be carefully intro-
this particular roof. thick. duced in order to not destroy the architectural landscape.

can we make the roof more can we make the roof more
HOW resistant to Typhoons?
To prevent the destruction of the Ivatan
HOW resistant to Typhoons?
2 3 House, instead of building the cogon roof, There are many new con- constructions are the wrong path to
1 4 they’ve reinforce the roofs with materials structing that are been built in prevent the destruction of the Ba-
like corrugated steel sheats and concrete Batanes. For some this is the tanes homes. In the Ivatan house,
slabs. With these changes these houses perfect intervention for the con- are being constructed with mortar
Cross Section img 160 are capable to survive natural hazards. Legend:
struction of a resistant home. But and cobbles, walls have one meter
a. Concrete Walls
img 161 img 162
for others this concrete massive more of thickness. b. Limestone and Concrete Walls

img 167 img 168 img 169

img 163 a b

img 170
Cogon Roof Roof System, Rope
Cogon Roof
Roof System Roof System, Structure Eleme t

Roof System Roof Net, Structure Element

1
ructure, Bamboo Trusses Roof Net, Structure Element

Bunghalo
Roof Structure, Trusses

Cogon Roof

Stone Wall
Stone Walls

Wood Bars
Window Wood Structure
3
Wood Door Window Wood Structure
3
Wood Window

Stone Stairs
2

Building Systems
Window Wood Structure
Structure Bamboo Trusses Wood Floor

Waste Management and Recycling Process oof Structure, Bamboo Trusses

Flooring Structure

oring Structure Stone Foundation

IVATAN HOUSE, Batane Province: Case Study

The Ivatan people are unique human beings. According to William Agsunod, the mayor of Mahatao, a town in Batan, tge
archioelago’s largest island, Nature and Human beings are as one, - “We understand nature. Nature cannot live with us.
We have to live with nature”.1 Form their simplicity of life and activities they are a population capable of surviving from
3 OPENINGS No Ivatan home is ever built facing
north, the direction from which the wind
img 171 img 172 img 173 typically roars strongest. The Windows,
any natural disaster. The houses of Ivatan are constructed and repaired through a cooperative system called kayvayva-
naan or kamanyiduan. equipped with tough wooden shutters,
The Ivatan House is a UNIQUE vernacular architecture. This structure is divided into four houses, first we have the main face the oceans at the east or west.2
house with the sleeping areas, then there’s the cooking house that during the cold seasons are used as sleeping quarters,
and also there’s the toilet area and bathhouse. The houses is open in three walls and the fourth wall since it’s in direction
can we make the roof more
to the strongest typhoon winds it’s fully closed.
HOW resistant to Typhoons?
Waste Management Recycling Doors and windows, are made with
After a typhoon, as we can se in the image above, we identify a lot of potencial materials that can be used to repaired the
houses that survived the natural hazard. For the Ivatan house, the materials that are found for recycling are wood, cogon
hardwood planks, and exceptionally
leaves and limestones. For a better and resistant house, recycling materials means using materials like wood and lime- narrow and short compared with those
stones. The cogon leaves are a fragile materials and for that reason they are not useful. And finaly to complete the stage of standard houses. For bolting doors
of repairing the Ivatan houses concrete is also an important material to use and reuse. and windows, hardwood bars are used.
 img 174
img 178

TYPHOON RESISTANT HOME

WHAT SHOULD A TYPHOON READY HOME HAVE?
img 176 img 177 35º
Contemporary architecture is now conceived
and design to resist an intensive disaster, it img 175 2 img 179
4 side slope roof with an an-
doesn’t matter what’s the hazard the impor- 1
gle of 30° to 45° to prevent it
tance is that the building characteristics re-
being lifted off by the wind.
spond to it very well and with the minimun
damage possible.
With this thesis, we want to know mostly how
can we prevent the massive destruction and img 180
how can we make a already built home resis- Reinforce
tant to natural hazards, most likely, Typhoons. the bracing in the structure.

Trees
Around the house to prevent
strong winds
img 181

To avoid wide roof over-

hangs, separate the diverse
structure elements from the
house (balcony).
Stilts
can serve as a basis for
flood-resistant and storm
surge-resistant homes. img 182

img 183

Analysis
Foundations
Are constructed with
Resilient Architecture Research: Typhoon in the Philippines 4 heavy materials, most
likely concrete. This
concrete foundations
_ Easy to build and the structure is detachable - can be relocated are anchored to the
_ Highly replicable - Modular construction ground allowing the
_ Uses durable and local materials img 184 house to resist andy
_ Organic materials provide natural ventilation natural hazards.
_ The mature bamboo when properly dried is stronger Walls
_ A safe, elevated location when possible is prefered Reinforced the walls,
_ Revise building standards it’s possible to use local Fixations
_ The space under the house can be used to store water and food materials, what matters Walls, and roof structure
is to have a heavy and should be firmly fixed to-
WHAT ARE THE MATERIALS THAT anchored frame struc- gether.
CAN SURVIVE A TYPHOON? ture.
_ CONCRETE Storm Shutters
Walls, Frames Strutcture or Foundations. installing storm shutters over
_ METALS windows and doors protects
Posts; strapped on from rain and wind.
Corrugated Steel Panels and Metal Structure, it’s important to reinforce roofs and structure of
concrete footing. The
the buildings that continuosly keep survive natural disaster.
entire house is detach- Legend:
_ STONES
able from the footing 1. Structure System: Bamboo Structure
But not only industrial materials can survive typhoons, Stones are a local materials and quite
(relocation). and Metallic Structures
abundant in the Philippines that all over this year with the Ivatan Houses, proved that is not img 185 2. Roofing System: Concrete Slabs and
only the contemporary techniques that are capable of resisting the worlds natural hazards. Corrugated Steel Sheets
_ BAMBOO 3. Walls Systems: Stone and Concrete,
and Concrete Walls
It a fact that bamboo it’s a plant resistant enough to survive this situations. Bamboo it’s like the 4. Foundations Systems: anchored
metal structures from our ancestry. Bamboo it’s use more in structures and as coverering up Concrete Foundations
material.

Resilient Architecture Research: Typhoon in the Philippines
The phenomenon of observing nature in search for answers that will bring
us closer to technological advancement and scientific innovation is becom-
ing increasingly talked about each day. Mimicking those natural processes
to solve current challenges is an ecologic and pertinent strategy. In vernac-
ular Architecture, it is necessary to adapt primordial construction concepts
and techniques to contemporary materials, promoting modern Architecture
and historic preservation at the same time. The Architect must resort to
endogenous materials, but also add innovative knowledge and construc-
tion methods to obtain a more successful result from this inter-relation,
while asking the right questions towards safeguard when it comes to, in the
case of our research, Typhoon resilience. This integration should result in
sustainable, ecological, and economical Architecture with the ability to re-
sist natural disasters that are becoming ever more frequent due to climate
change. This is not only crucial to prevent from catastrophic destruction of
buildings, but also to solve and rebuild post disaster.
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. Arancon, R. 1997. “Asia-Pacific Forestry sector outlook study: focus on coconut wood”, Forestry Policy and Planning Division, Rome, Regional Office for Asia
and the Pacific, Bangkok, October 1997.
. NEDA. 2013. “Reconstruction Assistance on Yolanda, Build Back Better”, National Economic and Development Authority, Prtigas Center, Pasig City, ISSN:2243-
7576
. Article: Reconstruction Assistance on Yolanda: Build Back Better, by Republic of the Philippines, 16 December 2013
. Article: Recovery and Reconstruction Planning in the Aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda): Summary of Knowledge Briefs, by World Bank Group, October
2014
- October 2014, Washington, DC 20433, USA. “Recovery and Reconstruction Planing, In the Aftermath of Typhoon Haitan (Yolanda)”, Summary of Knowledge
Briefs, The Internacional Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
IMAGES INDEX
_TITLE PAGE - Chapter 1, NASA image courtesy LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Mike Carlowicz - October 2014, Washington, DC
20433, USA. “Recovery and Reconstruction Planing, In the Aftermath of Typhoon Haitan (Yolanda)”, Summary of Knowledge Briefs, The Internacional Bank for Reconstruction
and Development.
[page 2]
_img 2 - “The science of typhoons”; “Map of cyclone basins “, http://multimedia.scmp.com/typhoons/
_img 3 - World Map, http://www.handyandy.org.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/map-20.png, http://www.handyandy.org.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/map-20.png
_img 4 - “Types of Climates in the Philippines Territory”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines
_img 5 - “Getting Aid to Victims Of Typhoon Haiyan”, A surivor walks among the debris of houses destroyed by Super Typhoon Haiyan in Tacloban. http://www.chiangraitimes.com/
getting-aid-to-victims-of-typhoon-haiyan-videos.html
_img 6 - Typhoon Destruction, “People walk through an area devastated by Typhoon Haiyan in Tacloban November 23, 2013. Typhoon Haiyan smashed through the country
on November 8, laying waste to just about everything in its path, and killing more than 4,000 people.” http://blogs.blouinnews.com/blouinbeatbusiness/files/2013/11/2013-11-
23T080106Z_2002487810_GM1E9BN18DQ01_RTRMADP_3_PHILIPPINES-
_img 7 - Typhoon Destruction, http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/the_world_/2013/11/14/the_economic_impact_of_a_typhoon_can_be_worse_than_the_
storm/187947754.jpg.CROP.promovar-mediumlarge.jpg, http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/the_world_/2013/11/14/the_economic_impact_of_a_typhoon_can_be_
worse_than_the_storm/187947754.jpg.CROP.promovar-mediumlarge.jpg
_img 8 - Typhoon Destruction, http://filipinofreethinkers.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Typhoon-Ondoy.jpg, http://filipinofreethinkers.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/
_img 9 - Typhoon Destruction, http://www.goeringo.com/wp-content/uploads/Project-PEARLS-photo.jpg, http://www.goeringo.com/wp-content/uploads/Project-PEARLS-photo.jpg
_img 10 - Typhoon Destruction, http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02735/typhoon_2735976b.jpg, http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02735/typhoon_2735976b.
jpg
_img 11 - Risk of Typhoon Map in the Philippines, http://vm.observatory.ph/images/CW_hires/risk_typhoon.jpg, http://vm.observatory.ph/images/CW_hires/risk_typhoon.jpg
_img 12 - In the eye of a storm, “The science of typhoons”, “How Typhoon is formed?”, http://multimedia.scmp.com/typhoons/
_img 13 - In the eye of a storm, “The science of typhoons”, “How Typhoon is formed?”, http://multimedia.scmp.com/typhoons/
[page 3]
_img 14 to 27 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html
[page 4]
_img 28 - “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines “, http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cb-
1dc07a80e280000060_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_13-jpg/
_img 29 - “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines “, http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cae-
5c07a80e28000005e_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_08-jpg/
_img 30 - “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines” , http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cb-
0bc07a802de1000057_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_11-jpg/
_img 31 - A view of one of the interior courtyards, “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines” , http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resis-
tant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cabac07a80f0d900005d_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_04-jpg/
_img 32 - The School Gardens, “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines” , http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-phil-
ippines/5361cab6c07a802de1000054_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_03-jpg/
_img 33 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-04.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-
loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-04.jpg
_img 34 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-03.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-
loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-03.jpg
_img 35 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-
loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg
_img 36 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-
loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg
_img 37 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-
loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg
_img 38 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-
nam-09-16-2014/
_img 39 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-
nam-09-16-2014/
_img 40 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-
nam-09-16-2014/
_img 41 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-
nam-09-16-2014/
_img 42 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-
nam-09-16-2014/
[page 5]
_img 43 to 50 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html
_img 51 - “Bahay Kubo House, vernacular architecture”, www.asiafinest.com
_img 52 - “Bahay Kubo House, vernacular architecture”, pixshark.com
[page 6]
_img 93 - http://inhabitat.com/solaleya-domespace-homes/attachment/15216/?extend=1)
_img 94 - http://inhabitat.com/solaleya-domespace-homes/attachment/15216/?extend=1)
_img 95 - Light Steel Frame, http://www.mepsengenharia.com.br/blog/2013/04/05/light-steel-framing-e-suas-novas-possibilidades-para-a-arquitetura/
_img 96 - Timber Frame, http://cariboucreekloghomes.com/timber-frame-construction/
_img 97 - Timber Frame, http://www.fermacell.co.uk/en/content/timber_frame_1169.php
_img 98 - Clapboard Timber, http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-033-evolution
_img 99 - Timber Frame, http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-033-evolution
_img 100 - Wattle and Daub, http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-033-evolution
_img 101 - Blooming Bamboo home, BB Home Project H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/
wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg
_img 102 -Blooming Bamboo home, BB Home Project H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/
wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg
_img 103 -Blooming Bamboo home, BB Home Project H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/
wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg
_img 104 -Blooming Bamboo home, BB Home Project H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/
wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg
_img 105 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-
nam-09-16-2014/
_img 106 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-
nam-09-16-2014/
_img 107 -
_img 108 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-
nam-09-16-2014/
_img 109 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-
nam-09-16-2014/
_img 110 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-
nam-09-16-2014/
_img 111 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-
nam-09-16-2014/
[page 9]
_img 112 - Geothermal Energy Filds in the Philippines, http://www.energy.com.ph/our-projects/geothermal/
_img 113 - Geothermal Energy Filds in the Philippines, Map localization, http://www.energy.com.ph/our-projects/geothermal/
_img 114 -Geothermal house, http://www.ausgeothermalhvac.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/AusGeothermalHouse1.jpg, http://www.ausgeothermalhvac.com.au/wp-con-
tent/uploads/2014/09/AusGeothermalHouse1.jpg
_img 115 - Energy Efficiency homes
_img 116 - Energy Efficiency homes
_img 117 - Energy Efficiency homes
[page 10]
_img 118 - “10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity
_img 119 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity
_img 120 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity
_img 121 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity
_img 122 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity
_img 123 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity
[page 11]
_img 124 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html
_img 125 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html
_img 126 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html
_img 127 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/
_img 128 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/
_img 129 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/
_img 130 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/
_img 131 - Zero House, http://zerohouse.net/wordpress/
_img 132 - Zero House, http://www.decorreport.com/inline/home/en/4ba89d1d5dc8822f998564e64be7864f.jpg
_img 133 - Sustainable renovation of TU Delft Architecture Faculty, http://www.except.nl/en/projects/65-bkcity-slim-refurbishment
[page 12]
_img 134 - Building Systems, Water management, www.vilasarboretum.org
_img 135 - Building Systems, Water management, buildnative.com
_img 136 - Building Systems, Water management, https://tmanoukian.wordpress.com/2013/01/31/a-weekend-in-siena-italy-il-duomo-la-fontebranda-medicea-fortress-and-pala-
zzo-publicco/
_img 137 - Building Systems, Water management, www.wisegeek.com
_img 138 - Building Systems, Water management, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos
_img 139 - Building Systems, Water management, http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrozais_em_terraços_das_Cordilheiras_das_Filipinas
_img 140 - Building Systems, Water management, http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrozais_em_terraços_das_Cordilheiras_das_Filipinas
_img 141 - Building Systems, Water management, http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0cdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-help---00-0-
1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL4.135&d=HASH083af43596dbe513371221&gt=2
_img 142 - Building Systems, Water management, http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm
_img 53 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/
_img 54 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/
_img 55 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/52422bb1e8e44e67bf000015_bb-home-h-p-archi-
tects_-c-_doan_thanh_ha_-__-7--1000x666.jpg, http://www.archdaily.com/431271/bb-home-h-and-p-architects/52422bb1e8e44e67bf000015_bb-home-h-p-architects_-c-_doan_thanh_
ha_-__-7-jpg/
_img 56 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “The house during night light”, http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/52422e13e8e44e67bf00001c_bb-home-h-p-
architects_-c-_doan_thanh_ha__portada.jpg
_img 57 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/
_img 58 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/
_img 59 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/
_img 60 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/
_img 61 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/
_img 62 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/
_img 63 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/
_img 64 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/
_img 65 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “List of materials used in the BB HOME project”, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg, http://o.
homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg
_img 66 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “Prototype closed and open depending on the necessity”, http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2013/09/dezeen_Blooming-Bamboo-Home-
by-HP-Architects_15.jpg, http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/
_img 67 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, Axo of the project, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-08.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/
uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-08.jpg
_img 68 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “Wall Materials”, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-
loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg
_img 69 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “Wall Materials”, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-
loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg
[page 7]
_img 70 - Stone Walls, www.buildingscience.com
_img 71 - Stone Wall detail, http://www.cornerhardware.com/articles/art59.html
_img 72 - Bamboo Facade Walls, mdgroover.iweb.bsu.edu
_img 73 - Bamboo Facade Wall detail, http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-94494472/stock-photo-the-vernacular-architecture-a-wooden-house-of-a-farmer-in-the-countryside-of-chiang-mai-
province.html
_img 74 - Bamboo construction walls, https://www.flickr.com/photos/takashi_hirato/2097939666
_img 75 - Bamboo construction walls, (1999). Haq, B., Battling the storm, study on cyclone resistant housing - community based disaster preparedness programme bangladesh red cres-
cent society/german, German Red Cross, Dhaka, Bangladesh
_img 76 - Bamboo construction walls, (1999). Haq, B., Battling the storm, study on cyclone resistant housing - community based disaster preparedness programme bangladesh red cres-
cent society/german, German Red Cross, Dhaka, Bangladesh
_img 77 - Bamboo construction walls, (1999). Haq, B., Battling the storm, study on cyclone resistant housing - community based disaster preparedness programme bangladesh red cres-
cent society/german, German Red Cross, Dhaka, Bangladesh
_img 78 - Bamboo construction walls, (1999). Haq, B., Battling the storm, study on cyclone resistant housing - community based disaster preparedness programme bangladesh red cres-
cent society/german, German Red Cross, Dhaka, Bangladesh
_img 79 - “HIP ROOF”, Example of the best and more resistant roofs to natural hazards, http://www.contractortalk.com/attachments/f14/28472d1265434077-help-hip-roof-supports-gar-
den-shed.jpg
_img 80 - “DROPPED GABBLED ROOF”, Example of the best and more resistant roofs to natural hazards, http://hitec.ca/images/droppedGable.gif, http://hitec.ca/images/droppedGable.
gif
_img 81 - “BAHAY KUBO house section”, https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/v/t34.0-12/11146093_10153925591315200_1825992716_n.jpg?oh=8227975edfab4df-
f1a9d52de2883a025&oe=552B3E72&__gda__=1428902098_829f09d2c7023b8ca5bb3fc870523bc2&dl=1, https://www.facebook.com/messages/conversation-627720024026426
_img 82 -“BAHAY KUBO house section”, https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/v/t34.0-12/11146093_10153925591315200_1825992716_n.jpg?oh=8227975edfab4df-
f1a9d52de2883a025&oe=552B3E72&__gda__=1428902098_829f09d2c7023b8ca5bb3fc870523bc2&dl=1, https://www.facebook.com/messages/conversation-627720024026426
_img 83 -“BAHAY KUBO house section”, https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/v/t34.0-12/11146093_10153925591315200_1825992716_n.jpg?oh=8227975edfab4df-
f1a9d52de2883a025&oe=552B3E72&__gda__=1428902098_829f09d2c7023b8ca5bb3fc870523bc2&dl=1, https://www.facebook.com/messages/conversation-627720024026426
_img 84 -“BAHAY KUBO house section”, https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/v/t34.0-12/11146093_10153925591315200_1825992716_n.jpg?oh=8227975edfab4df-
f1a9d52de2883a025&oe=552B3E72&__gda__=1428902098_829f09d2c7023b8ca5bb3fc870523bc2&dl=1, https://www.facebook.com/messages/conversation-627720024026426
_img 85 - Ivatan House, example of house a hip roof and a gabble roof looks
_img 86 - “Sample step-by-step diagrams of construction methods”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf
_img 87 - “Sample step-by-step diagrams of construction methods”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf
_img 88 - Who windows are made in the Philippines Vernacular Architecture, http://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htm
_img 89 - Who windows are made in the Philippines Vernacular Architecture, http://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htm
_img 90 - Who windows are made in the Philippines Vernacular Architecture, http://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htm
_img 91 - Who windows are made in the Philippines Vernacular Architecture, http://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htm
[page 8]
_img 92 - http://inhabitat.com/solaleya-domespace-homes/attachment/15216/?extend=1)
_img 143- Building Systems, Water management, http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm
[page 13]
_img 144 - Rainwater Collection for growing crops, http://www.asla.org/2010studentawards/134.html
_img 145 - Rainwater Collection for growing crops, venicethefuture.com
_img 146 - Rainwater Collection for growing crops, venicethefuture.com
_img 147 - Rainwater management systems, modern way of how people can collect and then use rainwater, http://www.houzz.com/water-storage
_img 148 - Resilient approach to collect rain water, http://www.houzz.com/water-storage
_img 149 - Bahay Kubo Contemporary Architecture version, http://www.cgpinoy.org/t4055p15-jadamat-bahay-kubo-of-the-future_spinning-cube-final
_img 150 - Bahay Kubo Contemporary Architecture version, http://www.cgpinoy.org/t4055p15-jadamat-bahay-kubo-of-the-future_spinning-cube-final
_img 151 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/
_img 152 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/
[page 14]
_img 153 - Potencial Materials that can be used for future building constructions, http://media.msf.org/Docs/MSF/Media/TR1/a/4/b/9/MSB5313.jpg, http://media.msf.org/Docs/MSF/Media/
TR1/a/4/b/9/MSB5313.jpg
_img 154 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://www.lpwalliance.com/storage/Publications/HowphotoChangedTime/66e6092e605c028e1f-
c6a7be6770176e.jpg
_img 155 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/The_Home_Front_in_Britain_during_
the_Second_World_War_HU36196.jpg
_img 156 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://cdn.static.ovimg.com/episode/1613351.jpg
_img 157 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2014/02/25/ap160730063_custom-444aed211f80a4ae-
0892c6c81b66f3596bc20f10-s1100-c15.jpg
[page 15]
_img 158 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf
_img 159 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf
_img 160 - “Cross Section” from a roof system after a Typhoon, Ivatan houses new roofing systems, http://tenminutes.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/trusses.jpg, http://tenminutes.ph/
wp-content/uploads/2014/12/trusses.jpg
_img 161 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf
_img 162 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf
_img 163 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf
_img 164 - Damaged Ivatan House, http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5521/10819971603_ed9d9cab62_m.jpg, http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5521/10819971603_ed9d9cab62_m.jpg
_img 165 - Ivatan Houses, https://beyondwildimaginings.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/batanes-8.jpg, https://beyondwildimaginings.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/batanes-8.jpg
_img 166 - Openings from the Ivatan Houses, http://opinion.inquirer.net/files/2014/01/Batanes04-262x224.jpg, http://opinion.inquirer.net/68827/batanes-model-for-storm-readiness
_img 167 - New construction in the Batanes Province, Concrete housing, Ivatan Houses, http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-fGx2wDrdVc/S8nKUV3GztI/AAAAAAAAGTA/nVopKJagYWc/s1600/
P1320575.jpg, http://www.icomosphilippines.com/2010/04/new-concrete-batanes-houses-with-doors.html
_img 168 -New construction in the Batanes Province, Concrete housing, Ivatan Houses, http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-fGx2wDrdVc/S8nKUV3GztI/AAAAAAAAGTA/nVopKJagYWc/s1600/
P1320575.jpg, http://www.icomosphilippines.com/2010/04/new-concrete-batanes-houses-with-doors.html
_img 169 - Stone and Concrete walls Ivatan House, and example of how to built or reconstructed a resistant typhoon house, https://m1.behance.net/rendition/modules/107566631/disp/0d-
2643cc46011630c4e182376dc5b31e.jpg
_img 170 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf
_img 171 - Ivatan House Openings, https://socsyturvy.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/ivatan-house3.jpg, https://socsyturvy.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/ivatan-house3.jpg
_img 172 - Ivatan House Openings, http://www.geocities.ws/kitnaldo/pic_15.jpg, http://www.geocities.ws/kitnaldo/pic_15.jpg
_img 173 - Ivatan House Door Opening, http://static.rappler.com/images/batanes-16.JPG, http://static.rappler.com/images/batanes-16.JPG
[page 16]
_img 174 - Structure systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Steel Building Structure, http://www.skcthailand.com/wp-content/uploads/photo-gal-
lery/Steel%20Buildings/SKC%20Steel%20Buildings%20001.jpg
_img 175 - Structure systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Building built with Earth and Bamboo, http://constructpix.com/wp-content/up-
loads/2013/03/bamboo-structure1-960x633.jpg
_img 176 -Roofing systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Corrugated steel sheets, http://vancouverwaroofing.com/wp-content/up-
loads/2013/07/2-1-2Corrugated-Panel.jpg
_img 177 - Roofing systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Concrete Roof, http://www.tornadoproofhouses.com/images/pitched-roof-shoring.png
_img 178 - Hip Roof, 4 aguas roof, “8 features of a typhoon-resistant house”, http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/typhoon-yolanda/44283-features-typhoon-resistant-house
_img 179 - Build the roof at an angle of 30° to 45° to prevent it being lifted off by the wind, “The ten key principles of cyclone resistant construction”, http://www.dwf.org/en/content/
ten-key-principles-cyclone-resistant-construction
_img 180 -Reinforce the bracing in the structure; strengthen walls and joints/ junctions to increase stiffness, “The ten key principles of cyclone resistant construction”, http://www.dwf.org/
en/content/ten-key-principles-cyclone-resistant-construction
_img 181 - Avoid wide roof overhangs; separate the veranda structure from the house, “The ten key principles of cyclone resistant construction”, http://www.dwf.org/en/content/ten-key-prin-
ciples-cyclone-resistant-construction
_img 182 - Representative Model of a house resistant to Typhoons
_img 183 - Wall construction system, Concrete with Stones, http://www.freshpalace.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Home-Chamoson-Switzerland-Exposed-Concrete-Stone-Walls.jpg
_img 184 - Foundations system, Concrete foundation, http://blog.buildllc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/BUILD-LLC-01.jpg
_img 185 - Concrete posts used anchored the house to ground.
_img 186 - Typhoon Yolanda destruction, http://l1.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/GjeQmBKmjLhqgeZSJIi4EQ--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3M7Zmk9aW5zZXQ7aD00MjA7cT03NTt3PTYzMA--/http://
media.zenfs.com/en_sg/News/AFP/184bfdd795d06202a1c7d60e8970f2adf7384748.jpg