Chapter 10 Gases

10.4
Temperature and Volume
(Charles’ Law)

10.5
Temperature and Pressure
(Gay-Lussac’s Law)

Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

1
Charles’ Law

In Charles’ Law:
• The Kelvin temperature
of a gas is directly
related to the volume
• P and n are constant
• When the temperature
of a gas increases, its
volume increases

2
Charles’ Law: V and T

• For two conditions, Charles’ Law is written:

V1 = V2 (P and n constant)
T1 T2

• Rearranging Charles’ Law to solve for V2

T 2 x V1 = V2 x T 2
T1 T2

V2 = V1T2
T1

3
Learning Check

Solve Charles’ Law expression for T2.

V1 = V2
T1 T2

4
Solution

V1 = V2
T1 T2

Cross multiply to give

V1T2 = V2T1

Isolate T2 by dividing through by V1

V1T2 = V2T1
V1 V1
T2 = V2T1
V1

5
Calculations Using Charles’ Law

A balloon has a volume of 785 mL at 21°C. If the

temperature drops to 0°C, what is the new volume of
the balloon (P constant)?

1. Set up data table:

Conditions 1 Conditions 2
V1 = 785 mL V2 = ?
T1 = 21°C = 294 K T2 = 0°C = 273 K

Be sure to use the Kelvin (K) temperature in

gas calculations.

6
Calculations Using Charles’ Law
(continued)

2. Solve Charles’ law for V2

V1 = V2
T1 T2

V2 = V1 T 2
T1
V2 = 785 mL x 273 K = 729 mL
294 K

7
Learning Check

A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 420 mL

at a temperature of 18°C. At what temperature (in
°C) will the volume of the oxygen be 640 mL?
(P and n constant.)
1) 443°C
2) 170°C
3) - 82°C

8
Solution

2) 170°C
T2 = T1V2
V1
T2 = 291 K x 640 mL = 443 K
420 mL

= 443 K - 273 K = 170°C

9
Gay-Lussac’s Law: P and T

In Gay-Lussac’s Law:
• The pressure exerted by a
gas is directly related to the
Kelvin temperature
• V and n are constant
P1 = P2
T1 T2

10
Calculation with Gay-Lussac’s Law

A gas has a pressure at 2.0 atm at 18°C. What

is the new pressure when the temperature is
62°C? (V and n constant.)
1. Set up a data table.
Conditions 1 Conditions 2
P1 = 2.0 atm P2 =
?
T1 = 18°C + 273 T2 = 62°C + 273
= 291 K = 335 K

11
Calculation with Gay-Lussac’s Law
(continued)

2. Solve Gay-Lussac’s Law for P2

P1 = P2
T1 T2

P2 = P1 T 2
T1
P2 = 2.0 atm x 335 K = 2.3 atm
291 K
Temperature ratio
increases pressure

12
Learning Check

Use the gas laws to complete with:

1) increases 2) decreases
A. Pressure _______, when V decreases.
B. When T decreases, V _______.
C. Pressure _______ when V changes from 12 L to
24 L
D. Volume _______when T changes from 15°C to
45°C

13
Solution

Use the gas laws to complete with:

1) increases 2) decreases
A. Pressure increases, when V decreases.
B. When T decreases, V decreases.
C. Pressure decreases when V changes from 12 L to 24
L.
D. Volume increases when T changes from 15°C to
45°C.

14
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

Vapor pressure is the:

• Pressure of gas molecules
above the surface of a
liquid
At the boiling point:
• Gas bubbles within the
liquid have a pressure
equal to the vapor
pressure

15
Boiling Point of Water

The boiling point of water:

• Depends on the vapor
pressure
• Is lower at higher altitudes
• Is increased by using an
autoclave to increase
external pressure

16