Causal: output of system is independent of future value of input

Non-causal output of system depend on the future value of

input
Pink noise: In lower frequencies, the magnitude of pink noise is much higher
than in the higher frequencies
White noise: constant magnitude of random noise. It as equal energy per
frequency
Butterworth filter: ‘buttery smooth in pass band and stop band
Chebyshev : cheby type 1&2 have steeper roll offs than the Butterworth,
cheby 1 has ripple in pass band and cheby 2 has ripple in stop band
Elliptic: have a very steep roll off howeverthey significant ripple in the pass
and stop band

Strategies for beating noise

Filtering: remove noise above and below and between the frequencies
Modulation
Hamming encoding

Hamming/hanning encoding
Adv: has lower peak sidelobe level than rectangular(less leakage)
Dsadv: large mainlobe width (move spectral spread)

Matrix A times transpose matrix A

will be square matrix and det(A)=0
and not invert

linear
Time Invariant
Causal

Not linear
Time Invariant Indeter
Non-causal

Indeterminate Linear
Time variant
Causal
FIR has numerical stability issues : False
IIT has numerical stability issues: True
IIR filter do not contain feedback: FAlse
FIR filter order is same fitter length: false
IIR filters are poles:false

FIR only return zeroes always stable

IIR return both zeroes and poles

State space:
Make x1 = 1
Make x2= x1dot= s
Make x3=x2 dot =s^2
Make x3dot =s^3