Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University

Department of Electrical Engineering, Collage of Engineering

Communications Principles
EE 3200

By: Dr. Saud Alhajaj

DEC 27th, 2022
 Chapter 2: Representation of signals and systems
Signal can be described only by mathematical formulation!

This type of representation is called deterministic.

The signal is represented in a time and frequency domain form.

How can we switch it to the frequency domain?

In this chapter we will study the mathematical description of such signals using the Fourier transform that
provides the link between the time-domain and descriptions of a signal.

Deterministic signals are a frequency-domain class if frequency charstristic is needed while others apply time
domain if delay needed.

Dr. Saud Alhajaj

 • After studying this chapter, you should be able
to:
• Use frequency-domain representations of
signals and convert signals between time and
frequency domains.
Chapter • Use a table of Fourier series to find the
frequency - domain representations of
Outcomes common waveforms.
• Parseval’s Theorem for Energy Signals
• Bandwidth of a signal.

Dr. Saud Alhajaj

 Analog Message: Sine wave that is continuous in
amplitude and over time
• AM, FM are analog modulation forms for voice sound
• Traditional TV for analog video
• First generation cellular phone (analog mode)
• Record player
• Old land-line telephones.
• Audio tapes.
Analog or Digital
Digital message: Pulse wave that is a 0 or 1, or
Communications. discrete value
• DVD
• 2G/3G and other cellular generations
• Texting and social media
• Advantages of Digital Communication:
• It’s noise immunity
• More secure
• Less complexity

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 • There are two types of signals: continuous-time signals and
discrete-time signals.
• Continuous-time signal: the variable of time is continuous. A
speech signal as a function of time is a continuous-time signal.
• Discrete-time signal: the variable of time is discrete. The
Continuous- weekly Saudi stock market is an example of discrete-time
signal or speech in digital computer requires the use of a

time and discrete time sequence representing the values of the

continuous-time speech signal

discrete-
time Signals

Figure 1: Continuous- time signal Figure 2: Discrete-time signal.

Dr. Saud Alhajaj

 Time and Frequency
Domains
• A description of signal with respect to time is called time-domain
representation.
• A standard oscilloscope is a time-domain instrument.
• Oscilloscope shows the shape and instantaneous magnitude of signal
with respect to time.
• In time-domain representation, there is no direct indication to
frequency content.
• A description of signal with respect to its frequency content is called
frequency-domain representation.
• Frequency analyzer is frequency domain instrument. With spectrum
analyzer, horizontal axis represents frequency and vertical axis
amplitude.

Dr. Saud Alhajaj

Difference between time domain and frequency
domain
 Fourier transform
• Fourier transform provides the link between the time-domain and
frequency domain descriptions of a signal. Fourier transform can be
used for both periodic and non-periodic (aperiodic) signals.
• A non-periodic signal is any signal that does not repeat itself

Dr. Saud Alhajaj

 What's the difference between a continuous time Fourier
transform and a discrete time Fourier transform?

• Continuous Time Fourier Series: is usually for signals which are

periodic and continuous in time domain. It's discrete and
aperiodic in frequency domain.
• Discrete Time Fourier Transform is for signals which are aperiodic
and discrete in time domain. It's periodic and continuous
in frequency domain.

Dr. Saud Alhajaj

 Fourier Transform
• The Fourier transform of the signal g(t) is given
by the integral

where j=and the variable denotes frequency.

• The original signal g(t) is recovered exactly

using the formula for the inverse Fourier
transform

Dr. Saud Alhajaj

 Fourier Transform
• Time t measured in seconds (s), and frequency measured in Hertz
(Hz). The frequency is related to the angular frequency w as

Which is measured in radians per second (rad/s)

• A convenient shorthand notation for the transform relations of Eqs. is

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 Properties Of The
Fourier
Transform

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 Fourier
Transform

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 1. Linearity (superposition)
The Fourier transform is a linear operation based on the
properties of integration and therefore superposition
applies.

Some
properties of
the Fourier
transform

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 Properties of the Fourier Transform

1. Linearity

Proof

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2. Time Scaling
• Let x(t) and X(f) be Fourier Transform pairs and let ‘α’ be a constant.
Then time scaling property states that
x(αt) represents a time scaled signal and
X(f/ α) represents frequency scaled signal.
Where, α is a constant, called the scaling factor.
If α > 1, then the signal is compressed in time by a factor α and
the time scaling of the signal is called the time compression.
Whereas, if α < 1, then the signal is expanded in time by the factor α
and the time scaling is said to be time expansion.
 2. Time-Scaling (compressing or expanding)

Let Then

Proof

Change of variable

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 Let

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 3. Duality

It’s a symmetry or exchange between the time and frequency domains

is called duality

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 4. Exponential Pulse

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 BANDWIDTH
• Bandwidth is the difference
between the upper and lower
frequencies in a continuous signal.
• The range of frequencies of the
signal occupies is called the
bandwidth of the signal.
• The bandwidth is measured in
terms of Hertz (Hz).
• Null to Null bandwidth: is the main
lobe of the signal
• 3dB bandwidth: which is the range
of frequencies when the peak
power loss 3dB
 Parseval’s Theorem for Energy Signals
• Using the Parseval’s theorem, we can find the energy of a signal in
either the time domain or the frequency domain.

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 System Analysis with Fourier Transform

Convolution is a mathematical way of combining two signals to form a third signal.

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The End!
• Please work more on problems in the end of chapter 2.