Tiffany Fate A.

Banguiz ECE 334 A 9/7/22

BS ECE 3rd year Assignment 1

Different Classification of Signals and its Application

Signal and Signal Classification
A function of one or more independent variables which contains some information called signal.
Some signals in our daily life are music, speech, picture and video signals, in electrical sense the
signal can be voltage or current. The information signal is first converted into electrical form and
then transmitter.
Classification of Signals
1) Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals
2) Deterministic and Random Signals
3) Even and Odd Signals
4) Periodic and Non-periodic Signals
5) Energy and Power Signals
6) Analog and Digital Signals
7) Real and Complex Signals

1. Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signal

• A signal 𝑥(𝑡) is a continuous time signal if “t” is a continuous variable. This means that
continuous time signal is defined continuously in the time domain. It is hard to think of
examples of real-world discrete-time signals, since most real-world signals are
continuous; however, if you took the temperature reading of a room every day at the
same time, the result would be a discrete-time signal. Most discrete-time signals come
from sampling continuous-time signals to get them into a digitized form that can be
processed by digital computers.
2. Deterministic and Random Signals

Deterministic Signal
• Those signals which can be completely specified in time. The pattern of this type of
signals is regular and can be characterized mathematically. In addition to this nature and
amplitude increase linearly with time and can be predicted.
• True deterministic signals are very rare because unknown and uncontrollable factors
usually influence the signal as well. The effect of these factors is called noise. These are
deterministic signals that are corrupted by noise and random signals that are corrupted by
noise. Examples of deterministic signals corrupted by noise are active sonar and
nondestructive testing with high-frequency sound.

Random Signal
• On the other hand, a random signal is one whose occurrence is always random in nature.
The pattern od a such signal is quite irregular. Random signals are also called Non-
Deterministic Signals.
• Many signals processed by computers can be considered as random signal.
Examples: speech, audio, video, digital communication, medical, biological, and
economic signals.
3. Even and Odd Signals
One of characteristics of signal is symmetry that may be useful for signal analysis. Even
signals are symmetric around vertical axis, and odd signals are symmetric about origin.

Even Signal
• Is that type of signal which exhibits symmetry in time domain. This type of signal is
identical about the origin. Mathematically an even signal must satisfy the following
condition 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(−𝑡)

Odd Signal
• A signal is odd if x(t) = -x(-t). An odd signal must be 0 at t=0, in other words, odd signal
passes the origin.
4. Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

Periodic Signal
• Type of signal which has a definite pattern and repeats over and over with a repetition
period of T. In other words, a signal is called periodic if it exhibits periodicity as follow:
𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑇) = 𝑥(𝑡) , −∞ < 𝑡 < ∞
• Three important characteristics of a periodic signal are: amplitude the instantaneous value
of a signal at any time measures in volts. frequency the number of repetitions of the
period per second or the inverse of the period; it is expressed in cycles per second or
Hertz (Hz).

Aperiodic Signal
• A periodic signal is said to be aperiodic if it does not repeat. Sometime aperiodic signals
are said to have a period equal to infinity. It is a signal which does not repeat its pattern
over a period. For example, the signal created by a telephone when one or two words are
pronounced is aperiodic.
• Non-periodic signals (also known as aperiodic signals), unlike periodic signals, do not
have just one particular frequency. Instead, they are spread out over a continuous range of
frequencies. For example, a speech signal ranges from around 100 Hz to a few thousand
Hz (for telephone-quality speech, a range of 300 Hz to 3400 Hz is often assumed).
5. Energy and Power Signals
All finite duration signals of finite amplitude are energy signals. Sum of an energy signal
and power signal is a power signal. A signal whose amplitude is constant over infinite
duration is a power signal. The energy of a signal is not affected by the time shifting and
time inversion.

Energy Signal
• The energy signal is one which has finite energy and zero average power. Energy of such
signal will be infinite.
Hence 𝑥(𝑡) is an energy signal if:
0 < 𝐸 < ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 = 0
Where E is the energy and P is the power of the signal 𝑥(𝑡)
Energy of a signal can be expressed as
∞

∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
−∞

Power Signal
• The power signal is one which has finite average power and infinite energy.
• Hence 𝑥(𝑡) is a power signal if:
0 < 𝑃 < ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 = ∞
Where E is the energy and P is the power of the signal 𝑥(𝑡).
𝑇∕2
Average power of a signal can be expressed as:𝑃𝑔 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1⁄𝑇 ∫−𝑇∕2 𝑥 2 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞
The main significance is that it tells you what sort of mathematical tools you can use (or
not). Also, what is the significance of a signal which is neither energy nor power signal?
Well, such a signal would have infinite power (and also infinite energy). which is easy to
express, but has infinite power.
6. Analog and Digital signals
Analog signals when compared to digital signals are continuous and more accurate.
Digital signals are less expensive, negligible distortion, have a faster rate of
transmission. Analog signals are used in audio and video transmission, and digital signals
are used in computing and digital appliances. An analog signal is a continuous signal that
represents physical measurements. Digital signals are time separated signals which are
generated using digital modulation. It uses a continuous range of values that help you to
represent information. Digital signal uses discrete 0 and 1 to represent information.

Analog Signal
• A signal whose amplitude can take any value in the continuous range is the analog signal.

Digital Signal
• A signal whose amplitude can take only finite number of values is the Digital Signal.
7. Real and Complex Signals
• A signal 𝑥(𝑡) is a real signal if its value is a real number.
• Similarly, a signal 𝑥(𝑡) is a complex signal if its value is a complex number.
• A real-valued signal is just a complex signal where all the imaginary components of all
the complex values are strictly zero. Real valued signals have one degree of
freedom. Complex signals are often used to represent signals or data with 2 degrees of
freedom (magnitude and phase, or kinetic and potential energy, etc.)