applied

sciences
Article
Contact Pressure Algorithm of Multi-Layer
Interference Fit Considering Centrifugal Force and
Temperature Gradient
Zebing Bai, Jianmei Wang * ID
, Ke Ning and Dingbang Hou
Engineering Research Center Heavy Machinery Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Science
and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; bai732844964@gmail.com (Z.B.); ningke0811@gmail.com (K.N.);
hdb13623664261@gmail.com (D.H.)
* Correspondence: wjmhdb@tyust.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-186-3514-9106




Received: 29 March 2018; Accepted: 23 April 2018; Published: 5 May 2018


Abstract: In order to optimize the algorithm on contact pressure and interference magnitude of
multi-layer interference cylinders, the effects of centrifugal force and temperature gradient on the
performance of multi-layer interference cylinders are considered. The mathematical matrix model
of contact pressure and interference magnitude of multi-layer interference cylinder is constructed
under centrifugal force and temperature gradient. Four kinds of interference cylinder models
are established, and the numerical solutions using finite element methods are compared with the
analytical solutions. The results show that the contact pressure of each contact surface of multi-layer
interference cylinder decreases with speed increase; the slip rate of contact pressure increases with
speed increase; the maximum radial displacement of an interference cylinder under centrifugal force
occurs at the outermost layer. The contact pressure of a multi-layer interference cylinder decreases
linearly with the increase of temperature gradient. The analytical solution is basically consistent with
the numerical solution, and the maximum relative error of midpoint is 11.62% and −7.69% under
two factors. It means that the algorithm can provide a theoretical guide for the design of a multi-layer
interference cylinder considering centrifugal force and temperature gradient.

Keywords: centrifugal force; temperature gradient; multi-layer interference cylinder; contact pressure

1. Introduction
The interference fit has the advantages of simple structure, good neutrality, strong load-carrying
capacity, good impact resistance, and so on, so it has a wide application in mechanical engineering [1].
Many scholars have done a lot of research on the algorithm and influence of interference fit. Sogalad [2]
studied the influence of cylindricity and surface modification on the load-carrying capacity of
interference fit components. Zhang et al. [3] analyzed the influence of different influence factors
on the dynamic performance of oblique cone interference fit. Compared with the equal diameter
cylindrical interference fit, the influence of interference magnitude on the local contact stress is
obvious. Wang et al. [4,5] proposed a variety of algorithms for multi-layer interference fit based on
thick-wall cylinder theory and analyzed the effects of many factors on the performance of multi-layer
interference fit. McMillan [6] studied the phenomenon of torque increase during the loading cycle of
the interference specimen. By establishing a cycle wear test, the reason for the torque increase is related
to the friction coefficient between interference fit. The research provides a basis for the optimization
of interference fit design. Based on the geometric defects and surface roughness of the interference
specimen, Boutoutaou H et al. [7,8] studied its influence on the strength of interference connection. Li
J et al. [9,10] studied the effect of interference size on the fretting fatigue life of carbon fiber reinforced
polymers and titanium alloy bolts.

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 726; doi:10.3390/app8050726 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 12

surface roughness of the interference specimen, Boutoutaou H et al. [7,8] studied its influence on the
strength of interference connection. Li J et al. [9,10] studied the effect of interference size on the
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 726 2 of 12
fretting fatigue life of carbon fiber reinforced polymers and titanium alloy bolts.
The interference components usually work at high speed and under a temperature field,
variousThe rotational
interferencespeeds and temperatures
components usuallyhave work different
at higheffects
speed onand
the performance of interference
under a temperature field,
components.
various rotational At present,
speeds and sometemperatures
scholars have have made someeffects
different research
on the in performance
these fields. of For example,
interference
Kurvinen
components. [11] studied the dynamic
At present, characteristics
some scholars have made and mechanical
some research properties
in these of ball bearings
fields. with or
For example,
without
Kurvinencentrifugal
[11] studied force. Guo [12]characteristics
the dynamic established aand displacement
mechanical mathematical
properties of ball model basedwith
bearings on
centrifugal
or without force and temperature
centrifugal force. Guo in [12]the bearing inner
established ring, coupled
a displacement with the bearing
mathematical model dynamic
based on
model of bearing,
centrifugal force and andtemperature
studied change in therule of bearing
bearing interference
inner ring, coupled fit withand thethe influence
bearing on spindle
dynamic model
system dynamics.
of bearing, The results
and studied changeshow that
rule of the initial
bearing interference
interference magnitude
fit and the influence will onincrease
spindle with the
system
combined influence factors of temperature increase and centrifugal force,
dynamics. The results show that the initial interference magnitude will increase with the combined and eventually lead to the
increase
influenceof bearing
factors stiffness. Ding
of temperature increase [13]andanalyzed
centrifugalthe force,
calculation method lead
and eventually of the
to theinterference
increase of
magnitude and stress
bearing stiffness. Dingbetween the rotor
[13] analyzed and the permanent
the calculation method ofmagnet, establishing
the interference a finiteand
magnitude element
stress
model
between forthe
stress
rotoranalysis,
and theand the results
permanent were compared.
magnet, establishing Zhou [14]element
a finite established model a three-dimensional
for stress analysis,
single-layer
and the results interference
were compared. cylinder Zhou model and analyzed
[14] established influence of centrifugal
a three-dimensional single-layer force on the
interference
interference
cylinder model fit. Qiu
andetanalyzed
al. [15] proposed
influencean of algorithm
centrifugalfor calculating
force contact pressure
on the interference andet
fit. Qiu stress of
al. [15]
multi-layer
proposed aninterference
algorithm for fit under multicontact
calculating contactpressure
and temperature.
and stress An engine crankshaft
of multi-layer bearing
interference case
fit under
was
multiestablished
contact and using finite element
temperature. An enginemethod to verifybearing
crankshaft the correctness
case was of its algorithm.
established using finite element
However,
method to verify thethe
research on the
correctness ofinfluencing
its algorithm. factors of interference fit is mainly concentrated in a
singleHowever,
layer. Currently,
the research multi-layer interferencefactors
on the influencing fit is ofwidely used infit engineering,
interference for example
is mainly concentrated in
low-speed
a single layer. coupling of wind
Currently, turbine (Figure
multi-layer 1), which
interference fit iscan be used
widely usedas in the typical application
engineering, for example of
multi-layer
low-speed interference
coupling of cylinder [16]. Here,
wind turbine the 1),
(Figure effects
which of centrifugal
can be used force
as and temperature
the typical gradient
application of
on the contact
multi-layer pressure cylinder
interference of multi-layer
[16]. Here,interference
the effectscylinder are analyzed.
of centrifugal force andThe matrix model
temperature gradient of
contact pressure
on the contact and interference
pressure of multi-layermagnitude
interferenceof multi-layer
cylinder are interference
analyzed. The cylinder
matrix under
model centrifugal
of contact
force andand
pressure temperature
interference gradient
magnitudeis derived. Four kinds
of multi-layer of interference
interference cylinder cylinder models areforce
under centrifugal builtandto
respectively
temperatureanalyze gradientthe is influence
derived. Fourof centrifugal force and temperature
kinds of interference cylinder models gradientare on thetoperformance
built respectively
of multi-layer
analyze interference
the influence cylinder.
of centrifugal forceBy and
comparing
temperature the gradient
calculationon theresults of the finite
performance element
of multi-layer
numerical
interference method
cylinder. andByanalytic
comparing method, some conclusions
the calculation results of ofthethe multi-layer
finite interference
element numerical cylinder
method and
are obtained.
analytic method, some conclusions of the multi-layer interference cylinder are obtained.

Figure
Figure1.1.Low
Lowspeed
speedcoupling
couplingof
ofwind
windturbine.
turbine.

2.
2.Algorithm
Algorithmfor
forMulti-Layer
Multi-LayerInterference
InterferenceCylinder
Cylinder

According
According to to the
the Lame
Lame equation,
equation, the
the radial
radial displacement
displacementof ofany
anypoint
pointin
in the
the cylinder
cylinder can
can be
be
obtained
obtained[17]:
[17]:
1 − µ a2 p − b2 p2 1 + µ a2 b2 ( p − p2 ) 1
u ϕ = 1  · a 2 p12  b22 p · ρ +1   a 2·b2 ( p 2 1p )2 1 · (1)
u E  b 21− a 2 2    E b1 −2a  ρ (1)
E b a E b a
2 2

where a is the inner radius of the cylinder, b is the outer radius of the cylinder, ρ is the radius of any
Where is the inner
point ofacylinder, p1 is radius of thepressure
the internal cylinder, b iscylinder,
of the the outer
p2 radius pressure 
of the cylinder,
is the external is the
of the radius
cylinder,
E is the modulus of elasticity, and is Poisson ratio.
of any point of cylinder, p1 is the internal pressure of the cylinder, p2 is the external pressure of the
µ
Figure 2 is the schematic diagram of force on two cylinders with interference fit. Ci is defined as
cylinder, E is the modulus of elasticity, and  is Poisson ratio.
cylinder i; Ci+1 is cylinder i + 1; pi−1 is the internal pressure of Ci ; pi is the contact pressure between
 Figure 2 is the schematic diagram of force on two cylinders with interference fit. Ci is defined
as cylinder
Appl. i ;x FOR
Sci. 2018, 8, is cylinder
C PEER REVIEWi  1 ;
i 1 pi 1 is the internal pressure of Ci ; pi is the contact pressure
3 of 12

between Ci and Ci 1 ; pi 1 is the external pressure of Ci 1 ; r1,i is the inner radius of Ci ; r2,i is
Figure
Appl. Sci. 2018,28,is the
schematic diagram of force on two cylinders with interference fit. Ci is defined
726 3 of 12
the outer radius of Ci ; r2,i 1 is the outer radius of Ci 1 ; S is contact surface between Ci and Ci 1 .
as cylinder i ; Ci 1 is cylinder i  1 ; pi 1 is the internal pressure of Ci ; pi is the contact pressure
between Ci and Ci 1 ; pi 1 is the external pressure of Ci 1 ; r1,i is the inner radius of Ci ; r2,i is
Ci and Ci+1 ; pi+1 is the external pressure of Ci+1 ; r1,i is the inner radius of Ci ; r2,i is the outer radius
the
of Couter radius of Ci ; radius
i ; r2,i +1 is the outer
r2,i 1 is of
theCouter radius of Ci 1 ; S between
i +1 ; S is contact surface
is contactCsurface between Ci and Ci 1 .
i and Ci +1 .

Figure 2. The force diagram of interference cylinder.

According to Equation (1), the relation between the radial displacement of contact surface of
multi-layer interference cylinder Figure
Figure 2. 2.can
Thebe
The obtained.
force
force diagram
diagram ofBased
of on thecylinder.
interference
interference radial displacement relationship
cylinder.
between Ci and Ci 1 , a matrix model of multi-layer interference cylinder can be obtained as:
According
According to to Equation
Equation (1), (1), the
the relation
relation between
between the radial displacement of contact surface of
δ = Kp the radial displacement of contact surface(2)of
multi-layer
multi-layer interference cylinder can be obtained. Based on
interference cylinder can be obtained. Based on the
the radial displacement relationship
radial displacement relationship
between C and C , a matrix
Ci+δ1 ,=amatrix model of multi-layer interference cylinder can be obtained as:as:
model of multi-layer interference cylinder can be obtained
1 ,  2 ,,  n  , p =  p1 , p2 ,, pn  ,
T T
Among
between i
Ci and them, i 1

δ = Kp (2)
 K1,2  K 4,1   K 2,2 0  δ = Kp 0 0 0  (2)
 
 1,3 1 4,22  n 2，  1 2 n
T T
Among
  K them,
3,2 δK = 
 K,  ,  , 
 K 3, p = p0 , p , , p , 0 0 

Among them, δ = [δ1 , δ2 , · · · · · · , δn ]T , p =[ p1 , p2 , · · · · · · , pn ]T , 
 
0  K 3,3  K1,4  K 4,3   K 2,4 0  0

K1,2  K 4,1   K 2,2 0  0 0 0
K   (K1,2 + K4,1 ) −K2,2   ···   0 

 

0 0 0
   K03,2 K1,3(K K+  K− 0 0  ··· 0 0 
 
− K 3,2 
1,3
4,2K
4,2 ) 0 2，3K
2,3  K 3, n  2  1,n1 4,n 2 
K  K  K 2, n 1
0 0 0



0 3,3  1,4 
 K 3,3 K (K1,4K+4,3K4,3 )  K −  ··· 0 

 0 0 0 0 0
  −K K
 K1, n  K 4, n 1   K 2, n . 

 0 . 02,4 . 2,4  K 3, n 1 . 
 
K K =  ..  ..
.
 ..  ..  .. 

  K1, n 1  K 4, n 

  0 0 0 0  K 3, n

   0 0  · · · 0 0  K 3, n  23,n−2K1,(n 11,n
− K K −K1 4, n  2 4,n−2 )  K 2, n 1 2,n−1
+ K − K 0 0 


 
 
0 0 ··· 0 −K3,n−1 (K1,n + K4,n−1 ) −K2,n
 0  K1, n  K 4,−nK13,n

 0 0 0 0 0 ···  K 3, n 1 0 (KK2, n + K )
1,n+1 4,n

3. Algorithm
 0 Considering 0 Centrifugal 0 Forceand Temperature 0 Gradient
 K 3, n  K1,n1  K 4,n 
3. Algorithm Considering Centrifugal Force and Temperature Gradient
3.1. Centrifugal Force
3. Algorithm
3.1. CentrifugalConsidering
Force Centrifugal Force and Temperature Gradient
Multi-layer interference cylinder is often used to transmit torque. Under high speed, the
influence of centrifugal
Multi-layer force
interference on contact
cylinder pressure
is often of multi-layer
used to transmit torque.interference cylinder
Under high speed, thecannot be
influence
3.1. Centrifugal Force
ignored.
of centrifugal force on contact pressure of multi-layer interference cylinder cannot be ignored.
Multi-layer
According
According totointerference
elastic cylinder
elastic mechanics,
mechanics, is often
taking
taking the used unit
the small
small to transmit
unit as
as aa micro
micro torque.inUnder
unit in
unit high speed,
polar coordinate
polar coordinate the
radial
radial
influence
plane of
plane of centrifugal
of arbitrary
arbitrary radius force
radius ρ,its
, itson contact
force
force pressure
diagram
diagram is is of
shown
shown multi-layer
in in Figure
Figure 3. 3. interference cylinder cannot be
ignored.
According to elastic mechanics, taking the small unit as a micro unit in polar coordinate radial
plane of arbitrary radius  , its force diagram is shown in Figure 3.

Figure
Figure 3.
3. A
A schematic
schematic diagram
diagram of
of the
the centrifugal
centrifugal force
force of
of aa micro unit.
micro unit.

Figure 3. A schematic diagram of the centrifugal force of a micro unit.

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 726 4 of 12

It is assumed that the density of micro unit is ρ0 , the centrifugal force of the micro unit is:

Kρ = ρω 2 ρ0 (3)

The equilibrium differential equation of the micro unit is [18]:

dσρ σρ − σϕ
+ + ρω 2 ρ0 = 0 (4)
dρ ρ

According to the geometric equation, radial strain ε ρ and circumferential strain ε ϕ are given as:

du u
ερ = , εϕ = (5)
dρ ρ

Radial stress and circumferential stress of the micro unit can be obtained:

σρ = 1−Eµ2 ε ρ + µε ϕ


(6)
σϕ = 1−Eµ2 ε ϕ + µε ρ

The equilibrium differential equation expressed by displacement can be obtained according to

Equations (4)–(6).
d2 u 1 du u 1 − µ2 2
+ − 2 =− ρω ρ0 (7)
dρ ρ dρ ρ E
The Equation of the displacement of a free cylinder at any point under centrifugal force can be
obtained by solving Equation (7).

(3 + µ ) ρ0 ω 2 h   i ρ 1 − µ2
ω 2 ρ3
2 2 2 2 2 0
us = (1 − µ ) a + b ρ + (1 + µ ) a b − (8)
8Eρ 8E

It is assumed that Ln,i is radial displacement caused by centrifugal force, n= 1 or 2, i= 1, 2, 3, . . . ;

n = 1 means inner surface, n = 2 means outer surface; i means cylinder number.
Transforming Equation (8) into diameter direction, the radial displacement of outer surface of
cylinder Ci based on centrifugal force is shown as:
  
(3+ µ i ) ρ0 ρ0 (1−µi 2 )d2,i 3
(1 − µi ) d1,i 2 + d2,i 2 d2,i 2 + (1 + µi )d1,i 2 d2,i 2 − ω2


L2,i = 32Ei d2,i 32Ei (9)
= G2,i ω 2

Similarly, radial displacement of the inner surface of cylinder Ci+1 based on centrifugal force is
shown as:
L1,i+1 = G1,i+1 ω 2 (10)

According to Equations (2), (9), and (10), the matrix model of interference magnitude of multi-layer
interference cylinder under the centrifugal force can be obtained:

ffi = Kp + Gω 2 (11)

Among them, G =[ G1,2 − G2,1 , G1,3 − G2,2 , · · · · · · , G1,n+1 − G2,n ]T .

3.2. Temperature Gradient

Temperature distribution function is shown as [19]:

tb − t a
t = ta + ln(ρ/r1 ) (12)
ln(r2 /r1 )
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 726 5 of 12

When the cylinder is expanded by heat, the displacement of any point is shown as:
Z ρ
ui = αtdρ (13)
0

According to Equations (12) and (13), the displacement due to the thermal expansion of cylinder
can be obtained:
t − ta ρ
ui = αρ[t a + b (ln − 1)] (14)
ln(b/a) a
where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion, t a is the temperature of inner surface of cylinder, and tb
is the temperature of outer surface of cylinder.
Assuming that Qn,i is radial displacement due to temperature, tn,i is cylinder surface temperature.
Substituting Ci parameter into Equation (14), the radial displacement of outer surface of cylinder
Ci under the temperature can be obtained:

t1,i − t2,i
 
1
Q2,i = αd2,i t2,i + (15)
2 ln d2,i − ln d1,i

Similarly, the radial displacement of the inner surface of cylinder Ci+1 under the temperature is
shown as:
t1,i+1 − t2,i+1
 
1
Q1,i+1 = αd1,i+1 t1,i+1 + (16)
2 ln d2,i+1 − ln d1,i+1
The displacement of contact surface of multi-layer interference cylinder under temperature
gradient is shown as:

∆Qi = Q1,i+1 −Q2,i

∆ti+1 ∆ti
 (17)
= 21 αd1,i+1 ln d −
2,i +1 −ln d1,i +1 ln d2,i −ln d1,i

According to Equations (2) and (17), the matrix model of interference magnitude of multi-layer
interference cylinder under the temperature gradient is shown as:

δ = Kp + ∆Q (18)

And, ∆Q =[ Q1,2 − Q2,1 , Q1,3 − Q2,2 , · · · · · · , Q1,n+1 − Q2,n ]T .

4. Finite Element Model

Here, five cylinders named by C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 , C5 are constructed with steel material, and the
multi-layer interference cylinder model is consists of four interference cylinders named by M1 , M2 ,
M3 , M4 . The according parameters of models are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Model parameters.

Cylinder No C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Internal diameter (mm) 100 200 300 400 500
External diameter (mm) 200 300 400 500 600
Height (mm) 150
Elastic modulus 206 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.3
Density 7800 kg/m3
Coefficient of linear expansion 1.1 × 10−5
 Elastic modulus 206 GPa
Poisson ratio
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 0.3 6 of 12
Density 7800 kg/m3
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 726 CoefficientElastic
of linear expansion
modulus 1.1GPa
206 × 10−5 6 of 12
Poisson ratio 0.3
According totoNational
National Density
Standard GB/T1800.4-1999, 7800 kg/m3
the maximum interference magnitude
According Standard GB/T1800.4-1999,
Coefficient of linear expansion the maximum
1.1 × 10−5 interference magnitude between
between
C C1 and C2 is 0.195 mm, C2 and C3 is 0.272 mm, C3 and C4 is 0.330 mm, C4 and
1 and C2 is 0.195 mm, C2 and C3 is 0.272 mm, C3 and C4 is 0.330 mm, C4 and C5 is 0.400 mm. Model M1
5 2is
,CM ,M0.400 mm. Model
3 ,According
M 4 is as shown
Min
1 ,
to National M 2 ,4. M 3 GB/T1800.4-1999,
Standard
Figure , M 4 is as showntheinmaximum
Figure 4. interference magnitude
between C1 and C2 is 0.195 mm, C2 and C3 is 0.272 mm, C3 and C4 is 0.330 mm, C4 and
C2 M 1 , M 2 ,C3M 3 , M 4 is as shown
C1 Model
C5 is 0.400 mm. C4 in Figure 4. C5

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

M1 M2 M3 M4
M1 M2 M3 M4
Figure 4. Multi-layer
Figure 4. Multi-layer interference cylinder model.
interference cylinder model.
Figure 4. Multi-layer interference cylinder model.
By Equations (11) and (18), the contact pressure of each surface of multi-layer interference
By Equations
By Equations (11)(11)
andand (18),
(18), thethecontact
contact pressure
pressure of ofeacheachsurface
surface of of
multi-layer
multi-layer interference
interference
cylinder based on centrifugal force and temperature gradient can be respectively obtained. To verify
cylinder
cylinder basedbased on centrifugal
on centrifugal forceforce
andand temperaturegradient
temperature gradient cancan be
be respectively
respectivelyobtained.
obtained. To Toverify
verify its
its correctness
its correctnessand and
analyze
analyzeeffects
effects ofofcentrifugal
centrifugal force and
force andtemperature
temperature gradient
gradient on oncontact
the the contact
correctness and analyze effects of centrifugal force and temperature gradient on the contact pressure,
pressure, three-dimensional
pressure, three-dimensional models ofof MM1 1 ,, M ,, MM33 , ,and
andMM 4 are established by finite element
three-dimensional models of M1models , M2 , M3 , and M M 22 are
4 established are
4 by established
finite element by software
finite element
ABAQUS
software
6.14. ABAQUS
Asoftware ABAQUS
“penalty-type” 6.14. A “penalty-type”
6.14.
friction formulation friction
A “penalty-type” friction
was formulation
formulation
applied to eachwas was applied
applied
interface, to
and tothe
each each interface,
interface,
friction and and the
the
coefficient is
friction coefficient
friction is
coefficient set as
is set 0.15.
as 0.15.Figure
Figure5a 5aisis boundary condition
boundary condition forfor
set as 0.15. Figure 5a is boundary condition for M4 as an example, which is used to fix displacement as
M 4 Mas4 an an example,
example, whichwhich
is is
used=toused to fix displacement(U1(U1 = U2 = U3= =0)0)of
of cylinder
cylinder CC 1 and apply rotational bodybody force,force,
then the
(U1 U2fix= displacement
U3 = 0) of cylinder =C U2 = U3
1 and apply rotational body 1 and apply
force, thenrotational
the different speed then the
gradients
different speed gradients are set up to obtain numerical solution of contact pressure of multi-layer
different
are set upspeed
to obtaingradients
numerical are set up to of
solution obtain
contact numerical
pressuresolution of contact
of multi-layer pressurecylinder
interference of multi-layer
under
interference cylinder under centrifugal force. Figure 5b is a model with three-dimensional meshes [20].
interferenceforce.
centrifugal cylinder under
Figure 5bcentrifugal
is a modelforce. withFigure 5b is a model with
three-dimensional meshes three-dimensional
[20]. In Figuremeshes [20].
6, gradient
In Figure 6, gradient temperature is applied to the inner and outer surfaces of each cylinder taking
In Figure
temperature 6, gradient
is applied
M 4 as an example. temperature
to the inner is applied
and outer to the
surfaces inner
of and
each outer
cylinder surfaces
taking of
M each
4 as cylinder
an example. taking
M 4 as an example.

Figure 5. Three-dimensional model of multi-layer interference cylinder， (a) Boundary condition

Figure 5. Three-dimensional model of multi-layer interference cylinder, (a) Boundary condition
diagram; (b) Mesh partition diagram
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8,(b)
diagram; x FOR PEER
Mesh REVIEW
partition diagram. 7 of 12
Figure 5. Three-dimensional model of multi-layer interference cylinder， (a) Boundary condition
diagram; (b) Mesh partition diagram

Figure 6. The temperature gradient of M 4 .

Figure 6. The temperature gradient of M4 .

5. Results and Discussion

5.1. Influences of Centrifugal Force

Under the condition of high speed, the multi-layer interference cylinders must ensure that
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 726 7 of 12
Figure 6. The temperature gradient of M 4 .

5. Results
5. Results and
and Discussion
Discussion

5.1. Influences
5.1. Influences of
of Centrifugal
Centrifugal Force
Force
Under the condition
Under the condition of
of high
high speed,
speed, the
the multi-layer
multi-layer interference
interference cylinders
cylinders must ensure that
must ensure that
contact pressure
contact pressureisisalways
alwaysgreater
greaterthanthan the
the minimum
minimum contact
contact pressure
pressure to transmit
to transmit required
required torque
torque [21].
[21]. According
According to Equation
to Equation (11),contact
(11), the the contact pressure
pressure between
between the contact
the contact surfacessurfaces
can becan be obtained
obtained under
underrotation
four four rotation gradients
gradients of 0,400,
of 0, 200, 200, and
400, 600
andrad/s.
600 rad/s.
TheThe result
result is shown
is shown in in Figure
Figure 7. 7.

Figure
Figure 7.
7. Contact
Contact pressure
pressure of
of each
each model
model under the centrifugal
under the centrifugal force.
force.

As shown in Figure 7, the contact pressure of multi-layer interference cylinder decreases with
As shown in Figure 7, the contact pressure of multi-layer interference cylinder decreases with
the increase of rotational speed. For the same layer, the contact pressure slip rate is slower before 400
the increase of rotational speed. For the same layer, the contact pressure slip rate is slower before
rad/s. When the rotational speed reaches 600 rad/s, the contact pressure will decrease significantly.
400 rad/s. When the rotational speed reaches 600 rad/s, the contact pressure will decrease significantly.
Analyzing the four models, with the increase of layer number of interference, the contact pressure
Analyzing the four models, with the increase of layer number of interference, the contact pressure
between the same contact surfaces rises significantly, and the contact pressure gradually decreases
between the same contact surfaces rises significantly, and the contact pressure gradually decreases
from inside to outside [22], that is, p1  p2  p3  p4 . It indicates that the contact pressure at the
from inside to outside [22], that is, p1 > p2 > p3 > p4 . It indicates that the contact pressure at the
outermost surface is the minimum. Under the
outermost surface is the minimum. Under the influence
influence of centrifugal force,
of centrifugal force, the
the outermost
outermost contact
contact
pressure is more easily reduced to below the critical value, which results in the loosening of theof
pressure is more easily reduced to below the critical value, which results in the loosening the
outer
outer interference
interference components
components and the and the failure
failure of torque
of torque transmission.
transmission.
In
In order to further explore the effect of centrifugal force onforce
order to further explore the effect of centrifugal on thepressure
the contact contact ofpressure of the
the multi-layer
multi-layer interference cylinder, the contact pressure on contact surfaces of model
interference cylinder, the contact pressure on contact surfaces of model M4 is analyzed separately. M 4 is analyzed
separately.
In Figure 8, comparing with contact pressure p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 of M4 , the drop of contact pressure
In Figure
decreases from 8, comparing
inside to outsidewith contact
with pressure
the increase p1 , p2p1, ispfrom
of speed. 3 , p176
4 ofMPa
M 4 to, 134
the drop
MPa; ofp2 contact
is from
pressure
153 MPa todecreases
116 MPa; fromp3 isinside
from to
92 outside
MPa to with the increase
65 MPa; p4 is fromof44 speed.
MPa top129isMPa.
from Combining
176 MPa towith 134
MPa; 2,pthe
Table 2 is from 153 MPa to 116 MPa; p3 is from 92 MPa to 65 MPa; p4 is from 44 MPa to 29
slope of contact pressure of the same surface increases gradually with the increase of speed.
For example,
MPa. Combining the slope
with of p1 is2,−the
Table 0.024 when
slope the rotational
of contact speed
pressure is 0same
of the rad/s, when the
surface rotational
increases speed
gradually
reaches 600 rad/s, the slope is increased to −0.119.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 12

with the increase of speed. For example, the slope of p1 is −0.024 when the rotational speed8 of
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 726
is 12
0
rad/s, when the rotational speed reaches 600 rad/s, the slope is increased to −0.119.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW
-0.024 8 of 12
-0.048
175 -0.095
with the increase of speed. For example, the slope of p1 is −0.024 when the rotational speed is 0
rad/s, when the rotational -0.119
speed reaches 600 rad/s, the slope is increased to −0.119.
150

Contact pressure (MPa)

-0.024 -0.048
125
175 -0.095

100 -0.119
150
Contact pressure (MPa)
75 125

p1
50 100 p2
p3
75
25 p4
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 p1
50 p2
Rotational speed (rad/s) p3
25 p4
Figure
Figure8.8.Contact
Contact
0
pressure
100pressure
of M at400
M44 at
200 of 300
different
different rotational
500 rotational
600
speed.
speed.
Rotational speed (rad/s)

Table
Figure 8. 2.
Table 2.The
Theslope
Contact of
pressure
slope pp11 with
of of with
M theincrease
increaseofofspeed.
speed
4 at different rotational speed.
the

Comparison
Comparison parameters
Table
Parameters numerical
2. The slope of p1 with the
value
increase of Value
Numerical speed
Rotational Speed (rad/s) 0 200 400 600
Rotational Speed (rad/s) 0 200 400 600
Comparison
Contact parameters
pressure (MPa) 176176 numerical
172 value
158 134134
Contact pressure (MPa) 172 158
Rotational Speed (rad/s) 0 200 400 600
Slope
Slope −0.024
−0.024 −−0.048
0.048 −0.095
−0.095 −0.119
−0.119
Contact pressure (MPa) 176 172 158 134
Slope −0.024 −0.048 −0.095 −0.119
Under the centrifugal force, the contact surface of multi-layer interference cylinder will have
Under the centrifugal force, the contact surface of multi-layer interference cylinder will have
different deformations, which force,
Under the centrifugal is thethefundamental reason
contact surface for the change
of multi-layer of contact
interference cylinderpressure.
will have With
different deformations, which is the fundamental reason for the change of contact pressure. With the
the increase of deformations,
different speed, the interference
which is thestate betweenreason
fundamental contact
for surfaces
the gradually
change of decreases.
contact pressure. In Figure
With
increase of speed, the interference state between contact surfaces gradually decreases. In Figure 4,
4, the increase
C1of speed, the interference state between contact surfaces gradually so
decreases. In Figure
thethe cylinder
cylinder C of
1
of model
model M 4 is squeezed
M is squeezed by the
by the other fourother four cylinders,
cylinders, the interference
so the interference state is thestate
4 best.
4, the cylinder C of model M is squeezed by the other four cylinders, so the interference state
is
Thethecylinder
best. TheC5 cylinder 1
is located Cat is located
5 the
4
outermost at the outermost
layer, with thelayer, withcontact
smallest the smallest contact
pressure, pressure,
leading to the
is the best. The cylinder C5 is located at the outermost layer, with the smallest contact pressure,
leading to the worst
worst interference interference
state. This shows state. This
that theshows
outermostthat contact
the outermost
surfacecontact
is mostsurface
likely toisbe
most likely
detached
leading to the worst interference state. This shows that the outermost contact surface is most likely
to be detached
when the speedwhenis largetheenough.
speed is large enough.
to be detached when the speed is large enough.
In
In order
order to
to verify
verify the
the
In order to verify the accuracy
accuracy
accuracy of matrix
ofofmatrix model
matrix model for multi-layer
for
model for multi-layer
multi-layer interference
interference
interference cylinders
underunder
cylinders
cylinders under
centrifugal
centrifugal force,force,
force,
centrifugal taking
taking model
model
taking M4 M
model as4Manasexample,
an example, comparing
comparing the analytical
the analytical solution
solution with
4 as an example, comparing the analytical solution with the
with the
the numerical
numerical
solution solution
under
numerical 600 under
rad/s,
solution 600600
the
under rad/s,
results thetheresults
rad/s,are resultsare
shown are shown
in Figure
shown ininFigure
9. Figure9. 9.

Numericalsolution
Numerical solution Analytical
Analyticalsolution
solution
200
200 Middle point relative error:-2.84%
Middle point relative error:-2.84% p1
150
150 p1
Contact pressure (MPa)

172
Contact pressure (MPa)

172 Middle point relative error:3.70% p2

129 Middle point relative error:3.70% p2
129

99 Middle point relative error:5.88%

p3
99 66 Middle point relative error:5.88%
p3
57
66
Middle point relative error:11.62%
38 p4
57
Middle point relative error:11.62%
38 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160p4

Axial distance (mm)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Figure 9. Comparison betweenAxial
numerical
distancesolution
(mm) and analytical solution.
 In Figure 9, the numerical solutions of contact pressures p1 , p2 , p3 , and p4 under
centrifugal force are gradually reduced, which is in agreement with the analytical results. Without
considering the stress concentration on both sides of the cylinder, the numerical solution and the
analytic solution are in good agreement with the axial distance of 25–115 mm. The maximum
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 726 9 of 12

relative error of the midpoint is 11.62%, which is within the allowable range of design.
In Figure 9, the numerical solutions of contact pressures p1 , p2 , p3 , and p4 under centrifugal force
5.2. Influence of Temperature Gradient
are gradually reduced, which is in agreement with the analytical results. Without considering the
stressAccording
concentration to the Equations
on both sides of(15)
the and (16),the
cylinder, thenumerical
contact pressure of each
solution and contactsolution
the analytic surface are
of
multi-layer interference
in good agreement cylinder
with the is influenced
axial distance by temperature
of 25–115 of inner and
mm. The maximum outer
relative surfaces.
error In Figure
of the midpoint
6, the influence
is 11.62%, whichofis temperature gradientrange
within the allowable on theofcontact
design.pressure of multi-layer cylinder is analyzed
by applying the temperature on inner and outer surfaces, then the matrix model is verified by
5.2. Influencethe
comparing of numerical
Temperaturesolution
Gradientwith the analytical solution.
According
According to tothe
Table 3, the temperature
Equations (15) and (16),gradient is applied
the contact pressurebetween the inner
of each contact and outer
surface surfaces
of multi-layer
respectively, and the temperature gradient is gradually increased. Ultimately, the influence
interference cylinder is influenced by temperature of inner and outer surfaces. In Figure 6, the influence of the
same temperature
of temperature gradient
gradient on on
thethe contact
contact pressure
pressure of multi-layer
of multi-layer interference
cylinder cylinder
is analyzed is simulated
by applying the
and analyzed.
temperature on inner and outer surfaces, then the matrix model is verified by comparing the numerical
solution with the analytical solution.
According to Table 3, Table 3. Temperature
the temperature gradient
gradient parameters
is applied of model
between the inner and outer surfaces
respectively, and the temperature gradient is gradually increased. Ultimately,
Temperature of Inner and Outer the Surfaces
influence of the
Inner Surface of C /Outer Surface of C
same temperature gradient on the contact pressure of multi-layer interference
t / t + Δt cylinder is simulated
i i

and analyzed.
T (°C) 0 10 20 30 40 50
Table 3. Temperature gradient parameters of model.
Figure 10 is the contact pressure diagram of model M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , and M 4 under different
temperature gradients. It indicates that the contact pressureofofInner
Temperature multi-layer interference
and Outer Surfaces cylinder
Inner Surface of Ci /Outer Surface of Ci
decreases with increase of temperature gradient, which is consistent with the centrifugal force.
t/t + ∆t
As shown in ∆T( Figure
◦ C) 11, the contact pressures
0 10p1 , p220, p3 , 30 and p4 40of model50 M 4
decreases linearly with the increase of temperature gradient, and the rate of change decreases from
to p4 in
p1 Figure 10 turn,
is thewhich indicates
contact thatdiagram
pressure temperature gradient
of model M1 ,will
M2 ,reduce interference
M3 , and M4 under magnitude
different
of multi-layergradients.
temperature interference cylinder, that
It indicates thereby affectingpressure
the contact the performance of torque
of multi-layer transmission
interference of
cylinder
multi-layer interference
decreases with components.
increase of temperature gradient, which is consistent with the centrifugal force.

Figure
Figure 10.
10. Contact
Contact pressure
pressure of
of each
each model
model under the temperature
under the gradient.
temperature gradient.

As shown in Figure 11, the contact pressures p1 , p2 , p3 , and p4 of model M4 decreases

linearly with the increase of temperature gradient, and the rate of change decreases from p1 to
p4 in turn, which indicates that temperature gradient will reduce interference magnitude of multi-layer
interference cylinder, thereby affecting the performance of torque transmission of multi-layer
interference components.
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 726 10 of 12
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 12

p1 p3
180 p2 p4

150

Contact pressure (MPa)

120

90

60

30
0 10 20 30 40 50
t/℃

Figure
Figure 11.
11. Relationship
Relationship between
between contact
contact pressure and the
pressure and the same
same temperature
temperature gradient.
gradient.

In order to validate the correctness of the relationship between contact pressure and
In order to validate the correctness of the relationship between contact pressure and interference
interference magnitude of any multi-layer interference cylinder under temperature gradient, the
magnitude of any multi-layer interference cylinder under temperature gradient, the relative error
relative error between the numerical solution and the analytical solution under the temperature
between the numerical solution and the analytical solution under the temperature gradient ∆t = 10 ◦ C
gradient t  10 °C is compared and analyzed. The result is shown in Table 4.
is compared and analyzed. The result is shown in Table 4.
Table 4. The result of analytic solution and numerical solution
Table 4. The result of analytic solution and numerical solution.
Contact Pressure (MPa) p1 p2 p3 p4
Contact Pressure (MPa) p1 p2 p3 p4
Analytical solution 169.374 147.059 88.408 40.801
Numerical
Analytical solution
solution 172.561 147.059
169.374 146.768 88.408
95.783 40.801
41.929
Numerical solution 172.561 146.768 95.783 41.929
Relative error −1.85% 0.198% −7.69% −2.69%
Relative error −1.85% 0.198% −7.69% −2.69%

Table 4 shows the analytical solution is basically consistent with the numerical solution. The
maximum
Table 4 relative
showserror is only −7.69%,
the analytical solutionwhich is withinconsistent
is basically the allowablewith range of design.solution.
the numerical So, the
The maximum relative error is only −
matrix model of multi-layer interference cylinder under temperature gradient is of high accuracy.
7.69%, which is within the allowable range of design. So, the matrix
model of multi-layer interference cylinder under temperature gradient is of high accuracy.
6. Conclusions
6. Conclusions
The multi-layer interference cylinder matrix model and the finite element model under
The multi-layer interference cylinder matrix model and the finite element model under centrifugal
centrifugal force and temperature gradient are built, the influences of both factors on the contact
force and temperature gradient are built, the influences of both factors on the contact pressure of the
pressure of the multi-layer interference cylinder are analyzed, and the algorithm is validated to be
multi-layer interference cylinder are analyzed, and the algorithm is validated to be suitable for actual
suitable for actual design. The specific conclusions are as follows:
design. The specific conclusions are as follows:
(1) The matrix models of the relationship between contact pressure and interference magnitude of
(1) aThemulti-layer
matrix modelsinterference cylinder under
of the relationship between centrifugal force and
contact pressure temperaturemagnitude
and interference gradient of area
deduced
multi-layerbased on elasticcylinder
interference mechanics underandcentrifugal
thick-wall force
cylinder
andtheory.
temperature gradient are deduced
(2) The contact pressure of multi-layer interference cylinder under centrifugal effect decreases
based on elastic mechanics and thick-wall cylinder theory.
(2) with the increase
The contact pressure of ofrotational
multi-layer speed, and the
interference curve under
cylinder slope centrifugal
increases with
effectthe increase
decreases of
with
rotational speed. The maximum radial displacement of contact surface is at the outmost layer
the increase of rotational speed, and the curve slope increases with the increase of rotational
of interference
speed. The maximum cylinder.
radialIn displacement
the same model, the surface
of contact radial isdisplacement
at the outmost oflayer
contact surface is
of interference
gradually
cylinder. Inincreased from inside
the same model, the radial to displacement
outside. Theof contact
interference
surfacemagnitude
is graduallyshould
increasedbe
compensated according to the centrifugal force during the design of multi-layer interference
from inside to outside. The interference magnitude should be compensated according to the
fit.
centrifugal force during the design of multi-layer interference fit.
(3) Without
(3) Without considering
considering the the stress
stress concentration,
concentration, the the numerical
numerical solution
solution is
is in
in good
good agreement
agreement with with
the analytical solution.
the analytical solution.Even Evenif ifthethe maximum
maximum relative
relative errorerror of midpoint
of midpoint is 11.62%,
is 11.62%, it is
it is kept kept
within
within the allowable
the allowable range of range
design,ofwhich design,
showswhich
that shows thatmodel
the matrix the matrix model interference
of multi-layer of multi-layer fit
interference fit under centrifugal force can be used for design reference.
under centrifugal force can be used for design reference.
(4) The contact pressure of multi-layer interference cylinder decreases linearly with increase of
temperature gradient. The maximum relative error of analytical solution and numerical
solution under temperature gradient is −7.69%, which is in the allowable design range. It
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 726 11 of 12

(4) The contact pressure of multi-layer interference cylinder decreases linearly with increase of
temperature gradient. The maximum relative error of analytical solution and numerical solution
under temperature gradient is −7.69%, which is in the allowable design range. It indicates that
the matrix model of multi-layer interference fit under the same temperature gradient can be used
for reference.

Author Contributions: Z.B. and J.W. conceived the research direction and wrote the paper; K.N. designed finite
element simulation; Z.B. and K.N. analyzed the data; D.H. collected relevant information.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (no. U1610109 and
51505475), the Shanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 201601D011049), the Shanxi Provincial
Key Research and Development Project (no. 201603D111017), and the Provincial Special Fund for Coordinative
Innovation Center of Taiyuan Heavy Machinery Equipment (1331 Project).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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