BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
CHAPTER 6
REINFORCEMENT, METAL AGCESSORIES, AND ANGHOR BOLTS
TMS 402 CODE
6.1 Reinforcement
- -
6.1.1 Embedment
Reinforcing bars shall be embedded in grout.
6.1.2 Size of reinforcement
6.1.2.1 The maximum size of reinforcement
used in masonry shall be No. I I (M #36).
6.1.2.2 The diameter of reinforcement shall not
exceed one-half the least clear dimension of the cell, bond
beam, or collar joint in which it is placed.
6.1.2.3 Longitudinal and cross wires of joint
reinforcement shall have a minimum wire size of Wl.l (MW7)
and a maximum wire size of one-half the joint thickness.
6.1.2.4 Area of vertical reinforcement shall not
exceed 6 percent ofthe area ofthe grout space.
6.1.2.5 The nominal bar diameter shall not
exceed one-eighth of the least nominal member dimension.
6.1.3 Placement of reinforcement
6.1.3.1 The clear distance between parallel bars
shall not be less than the nominal diameter of the bars. nor
less than I in. (25.4 mm).
6.1.3.2 In columns and pilasters, the clear
distance between vertical bars shall not be less than one and
one-half multiplied by the nominal bar diameter, nor less
than ltlzin. (38.1mm).
c-63
COMMENTARY
6.1 Reinforcement
When the provisions of this section were originally
developed in the late 1980s, the Committee used the 1983
edition of the ACI 318 Code as a guide. Some of the
requirements were simplified and others dropped,
depending on their suitability for application to masonry.
6.1.2 Size of reinforcement
6.1.2.1 Limits on size of reinforcement are based
on accepted practice and successful performance in
construction. The No. 11 (M#36) limit is arbitrary, but
Priestley and Bridgeman{l974) shows that distributed small
bars provide better performance than fewer large bars.
Properties of reinforcement are given in Table CC-6.1.2.
6.1.2.2 Adequate flow of grout necessary for
good bond is achieved with this limitation.
6.1.2.3 The function ofjoint reinforcement is to
control the size and spacing of cracks caused by volume
changes in masonry as well as to resist tension (Dickey
(1982)). Joint reinforcement is commonly used in concrete
masonry to minimize shrinkage cracking. The restriction on
wire size ensures adequate performance. The maximum wire
size of one-halfthe joint thickness allows free flow of mortar
around joint reinforcement. Thus, a 3/16-in. (4.8-mm)
diameter wire can be placed in a 3/8-in. (9.5-mm) joint.
Joint reinforcement is available in ladder type
(perpendicular cross wires) and truss fype (diagonal cross
wires). Where vertical reinforcement is present in a
masonry wall, location of the truss type joint reinforcement
may conflict with the vertical reinforcement.
6.1.2.5 This requirement is based on the
research conducted by Soric and Tulin (1987).
6.1.3 Placement of reinforcement
Placement limits for reinforcement are based on successful
construction practice over many years. The limits are intended
to facilitate the flow ofgroutbetweenbars. Aminimum qpacing
between bars in a layer prevents longitudinal spliuing of the
masonry in the plane ofthe bars. Use ofbundled bars in masonry
construction is rarely required. Two bars per bundle is
considered a practical maximum. It is important that bars be
placed accurately. Reinforcing bar positioners are available to
conffol barposition.
 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

E'$
EG' 6.1.3.3 The clear distance limitations between
ld
lri bars required in Sections 6.1 .3.1 and 6.1.3.2 shall also apply
6E to the clear distance between a contact lap splice and
SE
$E
adjacent splices or bars.
aE 6.1.3.4 Groups of parallel reinforcing bars
Eo
F(J bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to two
in any one bundle. Individual bars in a bundle cut off
within the span of a member shall terminate at points at
least 40 bar diameters apart.
6.1.3.5 Reinforcement embedded in grout shall
have a thickness of grout between the reinforcement and
masonry units not less than llq in. (6.4 mm) for fine grout
or lz in. (12.7 mm) for coarse grout.
I

6.1.4 Protectionofreirforcernent ...:-.....=6,*14;",.,fu*tedbnaf rcirfrrcga.r".mt

6.1.4.1 Reinforcing bars shall have a masonry 1r,i{'a;1!1'.i!1','.t1:t.
6.1.4.1 Reinforcing bars are raditionally not
cover not less than the following: l'1 offi for corrosion resistancg. The masonry cover retards
cOrypsion,of the stee[. Cover is measured from the exterior
(a) Masonry face exposed to earth or weather: 2 in. ,
(50.8 mm) for bars larger than No. 5 (M #16); lt/zin. ',i!" tlt l-,ffio
srnface ofthe reinforcement
in$er,@rirement applies. [t is measured to the
(38.1 mm) for No. 5 (M #16) bars or smaller. ';ffi,u*tridh,thC
r;,q@ qdqq,cf stimrpp or ties, if tansverse reinforcement
(b) Masonry not exposed to earth or weather: ltlzin. ii#1ffilffi 1'{f{g4 b,
: ffi4ror,ry cover includes the thickness of
(38.1 mm). ''mdisonry tmtts, mortai, and grout. At bed joints, the protection
for reinforcernent is the total thickness of mortar and grout
from the exterior of the mortar joint surface to outer-Lort
surface ofthe reinforcement or metal accessory.

The condition "masonry face exposed to earttr or weathef'

refers to direct exposure to moisture ihaogs (altemate wetting
and drying) and not just temperature changes.

,,11,l,I4blt GQS.li3rr Phys,te?|, prgmrties:of steel reinforcing wire and bars

:, t r-Io fifi. ' sb; in.zr' Perimeter, in.
iir;i,.,(g$lt'. . '.,r,{mr.n-i) ,(rnm) ,

: :,
'::;',:: :.: .:'::1. :,:

fi;011 (?,,1'1), 0.380 {e.71

10.0t? (x1.0) 0,fi$1 {11.8}
,,'#rCIt0 {i2.9}, ,0,$0.S,(12,9), ,

,':$!lW!l fi,58 , (14;9)

{l7i#) , :

:",ff,ii,W $l.S) 0.?85 (r9.9)

filfiiffi,,tit,li.: ; ,. ,,: ,,iii\ .::i.;i)| J:

,:', :
,:

:..

t|it,
.ll .ffi,iii11lj, ffi.!,fr|,iffifil,,,,: ',,sifl'(?1.0J' 1',1?g {29,9f i

ir Wffit$l,ttti;ii:
't:/friilr/!ffi
d:l?+ilit) Slzo (]79), 1.57t (39,9,j
liffi#EtffiEn i,lli , *#,a#"h:l
','jl l/li, :;itr.:t, ,,!'fi"[fi.L(2CI0*,, , : \,i9,1t61,,,1"$,,Pr:"9,I., t,,
ti'Wilfiitillf.##.t'Wli:, rffii,rotfi, i r
,.,$94 (2$4, ,: 2,frii*i6(59i8 ,:
i,,:ffiiffl, i:i, tfi,i:l#)ls fri#,:|i offi
0
(3s7) 2.74i9 (69.8),
Er, i#,i?W|$,\rtitt ii*;iuspi{? ,$}, {f r0}; ?, .t,;;, 2 (79.8).
11ffi;ffiiiffi,lW,Wntt i:*,llfrfl'{ ;.Y.1' ,I ,(645), 3;fri:M (90.0;,:',
',',t270'(30,-;fi) ,t,2? (g\g) 3.9e0 (r01)
':Noi;t ;,ffi3?I,, :l;410 (3$:r8) tr:.55 (1006) 4,$A (113)
.,,No1; ,,(tr1{#}6). :
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
TMS 402 CODE
6.1.4.2 Longitudinal wires ofjoint reinforcement
shall be fully embedded in mortar or grout with a minimum
cover of s/s in. (15.9 mm) when exposed to earth or weather
and I lz in. (12.7 mm) when not exposed to earth or weather.
Joint reinforcement shall be stainless steel or protected from
corrosion by hotdipped galvanized coating or epoxy coating
when used in masonry exposed to earth or weather and in
interior walls exposed to a mean relative humidity exceeding
75 percent. All other joint reinforcement shall be mill
galvanized, hot-dip galvanized, or stainless steel.
6.1.5 Development
6.1.5.1 Development of bar reinforcement in
tension or compression The required tension or
compression reinforcement shall be developed on each side
of the critical section by development length, hook,
mechanical device, or combination thereof. See Section
6.1.9 for critical sections.
6.1.5.1.1 Development length of bars
grouted in clay masonry and concrete masonry The
-
required development length of reinforcing bars shall be
determined by Equation 6- I , but shall not be less than 12 in.
(305 mm).
la =
o.Bdl f ,y (Equation 6-l)
KE
K shall not exceed the smallest of the following: the
minimum masonry cover, the clear spacing between
adjacent reinforcement splices , and 9dt .
y : 1.0 for No. 3 (M#10) through No. 5 (M#16) bars;
y : 1.3 for No. 6 (M#19) through No. 7 (M#22)bars;
and
y : 1.5 for No. 8 (M#25) and larger bars.
Development length of epoxy-coated bars shall be taken
as 150 percent ofthe length determined by Equation 6-1.
6.1.5.1.2 Development length of bars in
grouted AAC masonry The required development length
-
of reinforcement shall be determined by Section 6.1.5.1.1,
and replac irg "f with f '* and K with K.,t..tc r{t Equation 6- I
' .
^
Katc shall not exceed the smallest of the following: the
minimum grout cover, the clear spacing between adjacent
reinforcement splices, and 9dt.
c-65
COMMENTARY
6.1.4.2 Because masonry cover protection for
joint reinforcement is minimal, the protection of joint
reinforcement in masonry is required in accordance with
the Specification. Examples of interior walls exposed to a
mean relative humidity exceeding 75 percent are natatoria
and food processing plants.
6.1.5 Development
6.1.5.1 Development of bar reinforcement in
tension or compression From a point of peak stress in
-
reinforcement, some length of reinforcemsnt or anchorage
is necessary through which to develop the stress. This
development length or anchorage is necessary on both sides
of such peak stress points, on one side to transfer stress into
and on the other to transfer stress out of the reinforcement.
Often the reinforcement continues for a considerable
distance on one side of a critical stress point so that
calculations need involve only the other side; for example,
the negatiye moment reinforcement continuing through a
support to the middle of the next span.
Bars and longitudinal wires must be deformed.
6.1.5.1.1 Development length of bars
grouted in clay masonry and concrete masonry The
-
clear spacing between adjacent reinforcement does not
apply to the reinforcing bars being spliced. Refer to
Commentary 6.1.6. l. l. I for further inforrnation.
The factor K in Equation 6-l accounts for the beneficial
effect of increased reinforcing bar cover and spacing in
delaying the onset of spliuing of the masonry leading to
pull out of the reinforcing bar. The 9dt limit on K is based
on studies by Schultz (2004,2005) as well as testing and
subsequent analysis by the National Concrete Masonry
Association (2009). NCMA (2009) recommended that K
be limited to 8.8da, which is rounded to the cunent 9du
limit. When cover and spacing exceeds this amount,
splitting is not expected to occur and there is no benefit
from additional cover or spacing.
The 50 percent increase in development length for
epoxy-coated bars does not apply to the t2 in. (305 mm)
minimum.
6.1.5.1.2 Development length of bars in
grouted AAC masonry Development and lap splice
- conventional masonry are
detailing provisions for
calibrated to the masonry assembly strength, /'., which
includes the contribution of each constituent material (unit,
grout, and mortar). Due to the low compressive strength of
AAC, however, the AAC masonry component is ignored
and the calibration is based on.f 's.
 c-66 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

tt(o
E(c' 6.1.5.1.3 Standard hooks Standard hooks in 6,1.5.1.3 Standard hooks In compression,
5o
E'i tension shall -
be considered to develop an equivalent hooks are ineffective and cannot be used-as anchorage.
6E embedment length, 1", as determined by Equation 6-2. Hooks
8E
rt shall not be used to develop bars in compression.
oE l": dt (Equation 6-2)
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F()
13

6.1.5.2 Development of wires in tension

development length of wire shall be determined -The
by
Equation 6-3, but shall not be less than 6 in. (152 mm).
la:48 dt (Equation 6-3)

Development length of epoxy-coated wire shall be taken

as 150 percent of the length determined by Equation 6-3.

6.1.6 Splices
6.1.6.1 Splices of bar reinforcement
Reinforcement splices shall comply with Section 6.1.6.1.1,
6.1.6.1.2, 6.1.6.1.3, or 6. 1 .6.1.4.

6.1.6.1.1 Lop splices of bar reidorcement

6.1.6.1.1.1 The minimum length of lap
for bars in tension or compression shall be determined by
Section 6.1.5.1.1 for clay masonry and concrete masonry
and by Section 6.1.5. 1.2 for AAC masoffy, but not less than
12 in. (305 mm).
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
TMS 402 CODE
6.1.6.1.1.2 For clay masonry and
concrete masonry, where reinforcement consisting of No. 3
(M#10) or larger bars is placed transversely within the lap,
with at least one bar 8 in. (203 mm) or less from each end
of the lap, the minimum length of lap for bars in tension or
compression determined by Equation 6-l shall be permitted
to be reduced by multiplying by the confinement factor, (,
determined in accordance with Equation 6-4. The clear
space between the transverse bars and the lapped bars shall
not exceed 1.5 in. (38 mm) and the transverse bars shall be
fully developed in grouted masonry. The reduced lap splice
length shall not be less than 36dn.
) 7/
= I .0
6'd; ( Equation 6-4 )
) 1A
Where;:{a_s1.9
d;
A,, is the area of the transverse bars at each end of the
lap splice and shall not be taken greater than 0.35 in.2
(226 mm2).
6.1.6.1.1.3 Reinforcement spliced by
noncontact lap splices shall not be spaced transversely
farther apart than one-fifth the required length of lap nor
more than 8 in. (203 mm). Noncontact splices are not
permitted in AAC masonry.
6.1.6.1.2 Welded splices of bar reinforcement
Welded splices shall have the bars butted and welded to
-develop at least 125 percent of the specified yield streng"h,.f,,,
ofthe bar in tension or compression, as required. Welding shall
conform to AWS Dl.4/Dl.4M. Reinforcement to be welded
shall conform to ASTM A706, or shall be accompanied by a
submittal showing its chemical analysis and carbon equivalent
as required by AWS Dl.4lDl.4M. Existing reinforcement to
be welded shallconform to ASTM A706, or shall be analyzed
chemically and its carbon equivalent determined as required
by AWS Dl.4lDl.4M.
c-67
COMMENTARY
6.1.6.1.1.2 An extensive testing
program conducted by the National Concrete Masonry
Association (NCMA (2009)) and additional testing done by
Washington State University (Mjelde et al (2009)) show
that reinforcement provided transverse to lapped bars
controls longitudinal tensile splitting of the masonry
assembly. These transverse bars increase the lap
performance significantly, as long as there is at least one
No. 3 (M#10) transverse reinforcing bar placed within 8 in.
(203 mm) of each end of the splice. These bars must be
fully developed and have a clear spacing between the
transverse bars and the lapped bars not exceeding 1.5 in.
(38 mm). Testing also indicated that the lap length must be
at least 36dt or the effect of the transverse reinforcement is
minimal. As a result, this limit was applied to the lap length.
The testing also showed that even when more transverse
reinforcement area is provided, it becomes significantly
less effective in quantities above 0.35 in.2 (226 mmz). Thus,
the transverse reinforcement area at each end of the lap, A,r,
is limited to 0.35 in.z 1226 mrn2;, even if more is provided.
6.1.6.1.1.3 If individual bars in
noncontact lap splices are too widely spaced, an
unreinforced section is created, which forces a potential
crack to follow a diagonal line. Lap splices in clay masonry
and concrete masonry may occur with the bars in adjacent
grouted cells if the requirements of this section are met.
6.1.6.1.2 Welded splices of bar
reinforcement A full welded splice is primarily intended
-
for large bars (No. 6 [M#19] and larger) in main members.
The tensile strength requirement of 125 percent of specified
yield strength is intended to ensure sound welding, adequate
also for compression. It is desirable that splices be capable of
developing the ultimate tensile strength of the bars spliced,
but practical limitations make this ideal condition difficult to
attain. The maximum reinforcement stress used in design
under this Code is based upon yield strengIh. To ensure
sufficient strength in splices so that brittle failure can be
avoided, the 25 percent increase above the specified yield
strength was selected as both an adequate minimum for
safety and a practicable maximum for economy.
When welding of reinforcing bars is required, the
weldability of the steel and compatible welding procedures
need to be considered. The provisions in AWS D1.4/D1.4M
Welding Code cover aspects of welding reinforcing bars,
including criteria to qualifo welding procedures. Weldability
of the steel is based on its chemical composition or carbon
equivalent (CE). The Welding Code establishes preheat and
interpass temperatures for a range of carbon equivalents and
reinforcing bar sizes. Carbon equivalent is calculated from
the chemical composition of the reinforcing bars. The
Welding Code has two expressions for calculating carbon
equivalent. A relatively short expression, considering only
the elements carbon and manganese, is to be used for bars
other than ASTM A706 material. A more comprehensive
 c-68 TMS 402.16

TMS 402 CODE

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EE
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6.1.6.1.3 Mechanical splices of bar

reinforcement Mechanical splices shall have the bars
connected to -develop in tension or compression, as
required, at least 125 percent of the specified yield strength
of the bar.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
TMS 402 CODE
6.1.6.1.4 End-bearing splices
6.1.6.1.4.1 In bars required for
compression only, the transmission of compressive stress
by bearing of square cut ends held in concentric contact by
a suitable device is permitted.
6.1.6.1.4.2 Bar ends shall terminate in
flat surfaces within 1 r/z degree of a right angle to the axis
of the bars and shall be fitted within 3 degrees of full
bearing after assembly.
6.1.6.1.4.3 End-bearing splices shall be
used only in members containing closed ties, closed
stimrps, or spirals.
6.1.6.2 Splices of wires in tension Wire
splices shall comply with Section 6.1.6.2.1, 6.1.6.2.2, or
6.1.6.2.3.
6.1.6.2.1 Lop splices of wires The
minimum length of lap for wires in tension shall be
determined by Equation 6-3, but shall not be less than 6 in.
(152 mm).
6.1.6.2.2 Welded splices of wires Welded
-
splices shall have the wires welded to develop at least 125
percent ofthe specified yield strength of the wire in tension.
6.1.6,2.3 Mechanical splices of wires
Mechanical splices shall have the wires connected to
develop at least 125 percent of the specified yield strength
of the wire in tension.
6,1.7 Shearreinforcement
Shear reinforcement shall extend to a distance d from
the extreme compression face and shall be carried as close
to the compression and tension surfaces of the member as
cover requirements and the proximity of other
reinforcement permit. Shear reinforcement shall be
anchored at both ends for its calculated stress.
6.1.7.1 Horizontal shear reinforcement
6.1.7.1.1 Except at wall intersections, the end
of a horizontal reinforcing bar needed to satisff shear
strength requirements of Section 9.3.4.1.2 or Section
11.3.4.1 .2 shall be bent around the edge vertical reinforcing
bar with a 180-degree standard hook.
c-69
COMMENTARY
6.1.6.1.4 End-bearing splices Experience
-
with end-bearing splices has been almost exclusively with
vertical bars in columns. If bars are significantly inclined
from the vertical, special attention is required to ensure that
adequate end-bearing contact can be achieved and
maintained. The lateral tie requirements prevent
end-bearing splices from sliding.
6.1.6.2 Splices of wires in tension
6.1.6.2.t Lap splices of wires
6.1.6.2.2 Welded splices of wires If
welded splices are required on a project, the contract
documents should speciry requirements or performance
criteria for the welding. If cold drawn wires are to be
welded, the welding procedures should address the
potential loss of yield strength and ductility achieved by the
cold working process (manufacturing) when such wires are
heated by welding. Machine and resistance welding, as
used in the manufacture of welded plain and deformed wire
reinforcement, are covered by ASTM A1064/AI064M and
by ASTM A95l for joint reinforcement.
6.1.6.2.3 Mechanical splices of wires
6.1.7 Shearreinfurcement
Design and detailing of shear reinforcement locations
and anchorage in masonry requires consideration of the
masonry module and reinforcement cover and clearance
requirements.
6.1.7.1 Horizontal sheor reinforcement
6.1.7.1.1 In a wall without an intersecting wall
at its end, the edge vertical bar is the bar closest to the end
of the wall.
 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COMIIJ|IENTARY

tto
cl\ 6.1.7.1.2 At wall intersections, horizontal
Io
tl>
reinforcing bars needed to satisfy shear strength
requirements of Section 9.3.4.1.2 or 11.3.4.1.2 shall be
6E bent around the edge vertical reinforcing bar with a 90-
SE
sfL degree standard hook and shall extend horizontally into
aE
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F()
the intersecting wall a minimum distance at least equal to
the development length.
6.1.7.1.3 Joint reinforcement used as shear
reinforcement and needed to satisff the shear strength
requirements of Section 9.3.4.1.2 shall be anchored
around the edge reinforcing bar in the edge cell, either by
bar placement between adjacent cross-wires or with a 90-
degree bend in longitudinal wires bent around the edge
cell and with at least 3-in. (76-mm) bend extensions in
mortar or grout.
6.1.7.2 Stimtps
6.l.7.l.2When the wall has an intersecting
wall at its end, the edge vertical bar is the bar at the
intersection of walls. Hooking the horizontal reinforcement
around a vertical bar located within the wall running
parallel to the horizontal reinforcement would cause the
reinforcement to proffude from the wall.
6.1.7.1.3 Wire reinforcement should be
anchored around or beyond the edge reinforcing bar. Joint
reinforcement longitudinal wires and wire bends are
placed over masonry unit face shells in mortar and wire
extensions can be placed in edge cell mortar or can extend
into edge cell groui. Both joint oinforrcment longitudinal
wires and cross wires can be used to confine vertical
reinforcing bars and grouted cells because wires are
@rtroped within a short length.
1"8 close to the compression
'ffiW.e11ffilW.fud,as
61$eriwiia[er'ar pqusible because near ultimate load,

6.1.7.2.1 The ends of single-leg or U-stimrps

shall be anchored by one ofthe following means:

(a) A standard hook plus an effective embedment of 0.5 la .

The effective embedment of a stimrp leg shall be taken
as the distance between the middepth of the member,
dl2, andthe start of the hook (point of tangency).
(a) When a standard hook is used, A.5 lamust be provided
between dl2 andthe point of tangency of the hook.
This provision may require a reduction in size and
spacing of web reinforcement, or an increase in the
effective depth of the beanr, for web reinforcement to
be fully effective.

(b) For No. 5 bar (M #16) and D3l (MD200) wire and (b) U-stimrps that enclose a longitudinal bar have
smaller, bending around longitudinal reinforcement sufficient pullout resistance in the tension zone of the
through at least 135 degrees plus an embedment of masonry.
0.33 la. The 0.33 la embedment of a stimrp leg shall
be taken as the distance between middepth of
member, dl2, and start of hook (point of tangency).

(c) Between the anchored ends, each bend in the continuous

portion of a fransverse U-stimrp shall enclose a
longitudinal bar.

6.1.7.2.2 Pairs of U stimrps or ties

placed to form a closed unit shall be considered properly
spliced when length of laps are 1.7 la.In grout at least 18 in.
(a57 mm) deep, such splices with A,frnotmore than 9,000 lb
(40030 N) per leg shall be permitted to be considered adequate
if legs extend the full available depth of grout.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-71

COMMENTARY

0.33

See Section 6.1.7

Point of Tangency Point of Tangency

Section 6.1.72.1(a) Section 6.1.7.2.1(b)

Figure CC-6.1-1 * Anehorage ofU-stiy.1rq,1 {deforrned reinfurcing bars ond deformed wire)

TMS 402 CODE COM]I,IENTARY

6.1.7,3 Welded wire reinforcement 6.1.73 Welded wire reinfurcement Although

6.1.7.3.1 For each l.g of welded wire -
not often used in masonry construction, welded wire
reinforcement forming simple U-stimrps, there shall be reinforcement provides a convenient means of placing
either: reinforcement in a collar joint. See PCI (1980) for more
information.
(a) Two longitudinal wires at a 2-rn. (50.8-mm) spacing
along the member at the top of the U, or

(b) One longitudinal wire located not more than dl4 from
the compression face and a second wire closer to the
compression face and spaced at least 2 in. (50.8 mm)
from the first wire. The second wire shall be located on
the stimrp leg beyond a bend, or on a bend with an inside
diameter of bend at least 8da

6.1.7.3.2 For each end of a single-leg

stimrp ofplain or deformed welded wire reinforcement, there
shall be two longitudinal wires spaced a minimum of 2 in.
(50.8 mm) with the inner wire placed at a distance atleastdl4
or 2 in. (50.8 mm) from middepth of member, dl2. Outer
longitudinal wire at tension face shall not be farther from the
face than the portion of primary flexural reinforcement
closest to the face.

6.1.7.3.3 Longitudinal bent bars

-
Longitudinal bars bent to act as shear reinforcement, where
extended into a region of tension, shall be continuous with
longitudinal reinforcement and, where extended into a
region of compression, shall be developed beyond
middepth of the member, dl2.
 c-72 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

6.1.8 Standard hooks and bends for reinforcing 6.1.8 Standard hooks and bends for reinforcing
gE bars, stirrups, and ties bars, stimtps, and ties
Standard bends in reinforcing bars are described in
terms of the inside diameter of bend because this is easier
$E
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to measure than the radius of bend.
F(J A broad survey of bending practices, a study of ASTM
bond test requirements, and a pilot study of and experience
with bending Grade 60 (Grade 420) bars were considered
in establishing the minimum diameter of bend. The primary
consideration was feasibility of bending without breakage.
Experience has since established that these minimum bend
diameters are satisfactory for general use without
detrimental crushing of grout.

6.1.8.1 Standard hooks shall be as described in

Table 6.1.8.
6.1.8.2 The diameter of bend measured on the
inside of reinforcing bars, stimrps, and ties, shall not be less
than values specified in Table 6.1.8.
: " 6.1.8.2 The minimum 4 bar diameters bend for
.the,bm sizes,'corirmomly'used for stimrps and ties is based
'on acce1ited hdustry practice in the United States.

6.1.9 Emb edment offl exural reinforcement ' 6Jr9 ,' Embedment of Jlexural reinforcement
,:
:F;{*x+##r6,
-
illu$Sates the embedment requirements of
I -2'
fleiural reinforCement in a typical continuous beam. Figure
CC-6.1-3 illusffates the embedment requirements in a
rypical continuous wall that is not part of the lateral-force-
resisting system.

6.1.9.1 General 6.1.9.1.1 General

6.1.9.1.1Tension reinforcement is
permitted to be developed by bending across the neutral
axis ofthe member to be anchored or made continuous with
reinforcement on the opposite face of the member.
6.1.9.1.2 Critical sections for development 6,1.9.1.2 Critical sections for a typical
of reinforcement in flexural members are at points of continuous beam are indicated with a"c" or an 'ox" in Figure
maximum steel stress and at points within the span where CC-6.LA. Critical sections for a typical continuous wall are
adjacent reinforcement terminates or is bent. indicated with a "c" in Figure CC-6.1-3.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-73

Table 6.1.8 Standard Hooks Geometry and Minimum lnside Bend Diameters for Reinforcing Bars,
Stirrups & Ties
Standard Bar Grade Bar Size Min. Extension Standard Hook Figures
Hook Type Inside
and Use Bend
Diameter
40 No.3 - No. 7 5dt 12 dt
90 Degree (M280) (M#10 -#22)
Hook - 50 or 60 No.3-No.8 6du 12 dt
Reinforcing (M#10 -#2s)
(M350 or
Bars
420)
50 or 60 No.9-No. 11 E
.9
(M350 or (M#29 - #36) 8dt 12 dt o
E
o)
420) x
I.IJ

40, 50,60 No.3 - No.5 4dt 6 dabut not

90 Degree (M280,350 (M#10 - #16) less than
Hook - or 420) 2-ll2 in. P.T. = Point of Tangency
Stimrps & (64 mm)
Ties 40 No.6 and No.7 5dt 6dt
(M280) (M#re - #22)
50 or 60 No.6 - No.8 6du 6du
(M350 or (M#le - #2s)
420)
50 or 60 No.9 - No.l I 8dt 6dt
(M350 or (M#ze - #36)
420)
40, 50,60 No.3 - No.5 4du 6dt
135 Degree (M280,350 (M# 10 - #16)
Hook - or 420)
Stimrps & 40 No.6 and No.7 5dt 6do
Ties (M#le -#22)
(M280)
50 or 60 No.6 - No.8 6dt 6dt
(M350 or (M#1e -#2s)
420)
50 or 60 No.9 - No.l I 8dt 6du
(M350 or (M#2e- #36)
420)
40 (M280) No.3 - No.7 5do 4 da but not
180 Degree (M#10 - #22) less than
Hook - 2-l12 in.
Reinforcing (64 mm)
Bars
50 or 60 No.3 - No.8 6do 4 da but not
(M350 or (M#10 -#2s) less than
420) 2-l12 in.
(64 mm)
50 or 60 No.9 - No.l I 8dt 4dt
(M350 or (M#29 -#36)
420)
 c-74 TMS 402-16

COMMENTARY

sI Moment Capacity
of Bars a
SE
sE
oE Points of lnflection (P.1.)
EO
F(J
Moment Capacity
of Bars b

Moment

>/a-*

> d,1

Figure CC-6.1-2 Development offlexural reinforcement in a typical continuous beam

-

Figure CC-6.t-3 Development offiexural reinfurcement in a typical wall

-
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
TMS 402 CODE
6.1.9.1.3 Reinforcement shall extend
beyond the point at which it is no longer required to resist
flexure for a distance equal to the effective depth of the
member or 72dt, whichever is greater, except at supports of
simple spans and at the free end of cantilevers.
6.1.9.1.4 Continuingreinforcement shall
extend a distance /a beyond the point where bent or
terminated tension reinforcement is no longer required to
resist flexure as required by Section 6.1.5.1 or 6.1.5.2.
6.1.9.1.5 Flexural reinforcement shall not
be terminated in a tension zone unless one of the following
conditions is satisfied:
(a) Shear at the cutoff point does not exceed two-thirds of:
(i) the allowable shear at the section considered, when
using Chapter 8; or,
(ii) the design strength in shear
at the section considered,
when using Chapter 9 or Chapter 11.
(b) Stimrp area in excess of that required for shear is
provided along each terminated bar or wire over a
distance from the termination point equal to three-
fourths the effective depth of the member. Excess
stimrp area, A,,, shall not be less than 60 b,,.s6,.
Spacing s shall not exceed d/(B /3b).
(c) Continuous reinforcement provides double the area
required for flexure at the cutoff point and shear does
not exceed:
(i) three-fourths the allowable shear at the section
considered, when using Chapter 8; or,
c-75
COMMENTARY
6.1.9.1.3 The moment diagrams
customarily used in design are approximate. Some shifting
of the location of maximum moments may occur due to
changes in loading, settlement of supports, lateral loads, or
other causes. A diagonal tension crack in a flexural membsr
without stimrps may shift the location of the calculated
tensile stress approximately a distance d toward a point of
zero moment. When stimrps are provided, this effect is less
severe, although still present.
To provide for shifls in the location of maximum
moments, this Code requires the extension of reinforcement a
distance d or l2dt beyond the point at which it is theoretically
no longer required to resist flexure, except as noted.
Cutoff points of bars to meet this requirement are
illustrated in Figure CC-6.1-2.
When bars of different sizes are used, the extension should
be in accordance with the diameter of bar being terminated.
A bar bent to the far face of a beam and continued there
may logically be considered effective in satisffing this
section, to the point where the bar crosses the middepth of
the member.
6.1.9.1.4 Peak stesses exist in the
remaining bars wherever adjacent bars are cut off or bent in
tension regions. In Figure CC4.I-2 an 'k" is rsed to indicate
the peak shess points remaining in continuing bars afterpart of
the bars have been ctrt off If bars are cut off as short as the
moment diagrams allow, these ssesses become the full design
sfress whichrequires a full embedment length as indicated. This
extension may exceed the length required for flexure.
6.1.9.1.5 Evidence of reduced shear
strength and loss of ductility when bars are cut off in a
tension zone has been reported in Ferguson and Matloob
(1959). As a result, the Code does not permit flexural
reinforcement to be terminated in a tension zone unless
special conditions are satisfied. Flexure cracks tend to open
early wherever any reinforcement is terminated in a tension
zone. If the skess in the continuing reinforcement and the
shear strength are each near their limiting values, diagonal
tension cracking tends to develop prematurely &om these
flexure cracks. Diagonal cracks are less likely to form where
shear stress is low. A lower steel stress reduces the
probability of such diagonal cracking.
 c-76 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

ttCN
G,
(ii) in shear at the
three-fourths the design strength
5o
lr> section considered, when using Chapter 9 or
6E Chapter I 1.
8E
rE 6.1.9.1.6 Anchorage complying with 6.1.9.1.6 In corbels, deep flexural
aE Section 6.1.5.1 or 6.1.5.2 shall be provided for tension members, variable-depth arches, members where the tension
EO
F(J reinforcement in corbels, deep flexural members, variable- reinforcement is not parallel with the compression face, or
depth arches, members where flexural reinforcement is not other instances where the steel stress, J, in flexural
parallel with the compression face, and in other cases where reinforcement does not vary linearly in proportion to the
the stress in flexural reinforcement does not vary linearly momenf special means of analysis should be used to
through the depth ofthe section. determine the peak stress for proper development of the
fl exural re inforcement.

6.1.9.2 Development of positive moment 6.1.9.2 Development of positive moment

reinforcement When a wall or other flexural member is
-
part of the lateral-force-resisting system, at least 25 percent
of the positive moment reinforcement shall extend into the
support and be anchored to develop the yield strength of the
reinforcement in tension.
reinfurcement flexwal memberis partofthe lateral-
-Wlrcna
fr,rce*esiffig qysteq loads great€r than those anticipated in
l@$gn may cause reversal of moment at suppofis.. At. u
,eo nce, some positive reinforcement is required to be
anchfed.into the support. This anchorage assures ductility of
fui ,eveutofs ous overstress, such as from blast or
: Tlhe use , rrmfe reinforcqnent at lower sfiesses is
not mrfficient TIF full, anchorage requirement need not be
;$atisfid,sfrsinforcerent exceeding 25 percent ofthe total that
is provided at the support.

6.1.9.3 Development of negative moment 6.1.9.3 Development of negative moment

reinforcement reinforeement reinforcement must be properly
6.1.9.3.1 Negative moment
-Negative
anchored beyond the support faces by extending the
reinforcement in a continuous, resffained, or cantilever reinforcement la into the support or by anchoring of the
member shall be anchored in or through the supporting reinforcement with a standard hook or suitable mechanical
member in accordance with the provisions of Section 6.1.5. device.

6.1.9.3,2At least one-third of the

total
reinforcement provided for moment at a support shall extend
beyond the point of inflection the greater distance of the
effective depth of the member or one-sixteenth of the span.
Section 6.1.9.3.2 provides for possible shifting of the
moment diagram at a point of inflection, as discussed under
Commentary Section 6.1.9.1.3. This requirement may
exceed that of Section 6.1.9.1.3 and the more restrictive
governs.

6.2 Metal accessories

6.2
- Metal accessories -
6.2.1 Protection of metal occessories 6.2.1 Protection of metal accessories
Wall ties, sheet-metal anchors, steel plates and bars, and Corrosion resistance requirements are included
inserts exposed to earth or weather, or exposed to a mean because masonry cover varies considerably for these items.
relative humidity exceeding 75 percent shall be stainless steel or The exception for anchor bolts is based on current industry
protected from corrosion by hot-dip galvanized coating or practice.
epoxy coating. Wall ties, anchors, and inserts shall be mill
galvanized, hot-dip galvanized, or stainless steel for all other
cases. Anchor bolts, and steel plates and bars, not exposed to
earth, weather, nor exposed to a mean relative humidity
exceeding 75 percent, need not be coated.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY
TMS 402 CODE
6.3 Anchor bolts
- -
Headed and bent-bar anchor bolts shall conform to the
provisions of Sections 6.3.1 through 6.3.7.
6.3.1 Placement
Headed and bent-bar anchor bolts shall be embedded in
grout. Anchor bolts of % in. (6.4 mm) diameter are permitted
to be placed in mortar bed joints that are at least % in.
(12.7 mm) in thickness and, for purposes of application of the
provisions of Sections 6.3, 8.I .3 and 9.1.6, are permiffed to be
considered as if they are embedded in grout.
Anchor bolts placed in the top of grouted cells and bond
beams shall be positioned to maintain a minimum of % in. (6.4
mm) of fine grout between the bolts and the mrlsonry unit or
% in. (12.7 mm) of coarse grout between the bolts and the
masonry unit. Anchor bolts placed in drilled holes in the face
shells of hollow masonry units shall be permitted to contact
the masonry unit where the bolt passes through the face shell,
but the portion of the bolt that is within the grouted cell shall
be positioned to maintaina minimum of %in. (6.a mm) offine
grout between the head or bent leg of each bolt and the
masonry unit or Yz in. (12.7 mm) of coarse grout between the
head or bent leg of each bolt and the masonry unit.
The clear distance between parallel anchor bolts shall
not be less than the nominal diameter of the anchor bolt, nor
less than I in. (25.4 mm).
COMMENTARY
Hex Head
squareHead
o 8T
(a) Headed Anchor Bolts
Figare CC-6.3-l
-
c-77
COMMENTARY
6.3 Anchor bolts
These design values apply only to the specific types of
bolts mentioned. These bolts are readily available and are
depicted in Figure CC-6.3-1.
6.3.1 Placement
Most tests on anchor bolts in masonry have been
performed on anchor bolts embedded in grout. Placement
limits for anchor bolts are based on successful construction
practice over many years. The limits are intended to
facilitate the flow of grout between bolts and between bolts
and the masonry unit.
Research at Portland State University (Rad et al
(1998)) and at Washington State University (Tubbs et al
(2000) has esablishe&that'thep is no difference in the
prformance of an anchor bolt installed through a tight-
frtting hote in the face shell of a grouted hollow masonry
unit aqd iq.$.oy,er;[iz# hole in tJre face shell of a grouted
ksllow ,u* ',rlliif;,l,,,Therefore, the clear distance
rcq*fue ,fe,' Gs surround an anchor bolt is not
nded,w,kr,e.. g bk passes through the face shell. See
Fignre CG6.3-2.
Quatit5r assuranee/quality control (QA/QC) procedures
should ensure that there is sufficient clearance around the
bolts prior to grout placement. These procedures should
also require observation during grout placement to ensure
that grout completely swrounds the bolts, as required by
Table 4 in TMS 602.
"L'Bolts
'J" Bolls
(b) Bent-Bar Anchor Bolts
Anchor bolts
 c-78 TMS 402-16

COMMENTARY
EP
5o
E'i
6E
$E
oE
EO
F(,

Min imum %in. (12.7 mm) for

coarse groutor Yein. (6.4nm) Anchor bolt
to;ri,,g,e grolrt
ffib& blt

Figure CC-6.3-2 Anchor bolt clearanie requirements for headed anchor bolts - bent-bars are similar
-

TMS 402 CODE COMMENTARY

6.3.2 Projected areafor axial tension
The projected area ofheaded and bent-bar anchor bolts
loaded in axial tension, Apt, shall be determined by Equation
6-5.
Ar, = nli (Equation 6-5)
The portion of projected area overlapping an open cell,
or open head joint, or that lies outside the masonry shall
be deducted from the value of Ap, calculated using
Equation 6-5. Where the projected areas of anchor bolts
overlap, the value of Ap, calculated using Equation 6-5
shall be adjusted so that no portion of masonry is
included more than once.
6.3.2 Projected oreafor axial tension
Results of tests (Brown and Whitlock (1983); Allen et
al (2000)) on headed anchor bolts in tension showed that
anchor bolts often failed by breakout of a conically shaped
section of masonry. The area, Ap,, is the projected arei of
the assumed failure cone. The cone originates at the
compression bearing point of the embedment and radiates
at 45 degrees in the direction of the pull (See Figure
CC-6.3-3). Other modes of tensile failure are possible.
These modes include pullout (straightening of J- or L-bolts)
and yield / fracture of the anchor steel.
When anchor bolts are closely spaced, stresses within
the masonry begin to become additive, as shown in Figure
CC-6.34. The Code requires that when projected areas of
anchor bolts overlap, an adjustment be rnade so that the
masonry is not overloaded. When the projected areas of two
or more anchors overlap, the anchors with overlapping
projected areas should be treated as an anchor group. The
projected areas ofthe anchors in the group are summed, this
area is adjusted for overlapping areas, and the capacity of
the anchor group is calculated using the adjusted area in
place of Ap. See Figure CC-6.3-5 for examples of
calculating adjusted values of Ap,. The equations given in
Figure CC-6.3-5 are valid only when the projected areas of
the bolts overlap.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-79

COMMENTARY ER
[6
EE
,Tension Force Force
I lTension $E
n"sumed Conefor aE
Calculation of A*, =o
F(J
EquationGl

Conical
Failure
Surface

Figure CC-6.3-3 Anchor bok tensile breokout cone

-

Overlapping

Figure CC-6.3-4 Overlapping anchor bolt breakout cones

-
 c-80 TMS 402-16

:COMIil.EilITARY
EO
EO
Apl at Top of Wall for Uplift
5o
tt>
6E
SE
rts
oE
Eo
F(J

For/6 Sz<2X
1-
x=;rlq(lu)' -,'

. A .(tt\
:. Apt =(2x +:zl-.,;(#-si,p) where0 = zarminl
. I
i" degrees
\tt )

;, a ot=
(lx + zI. {#[# * sm#], ,-h :,**{ffi}*,!sw

Figur e C { - 6. 3 - S r C*t eu, latioin, ofA,Si wq t e d'Y'ElsAs of Apt',ffi Y}qvg)

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-81

TMS 402 GODE COMMENTARY

6.3.3 Projected area for shear 6.3.3 Projected areafor shear

The projected area of headed and bent-bar anchor bolts
loaded in shear, Ar,, shall be determined from Equation 6-6.
1Z1
r trlb"
"pu - ,l (Equation 6-6)
z failure cone. The cone originates at the compression bearing
The portion of projected area overlapping an open cell,
or open head joint, or that lies outside the masonry shall
be deducted from the value of Ap, calculated using
Equation 6-6. Where the projected areas of anchor bolts
overlap, the value of Ap, calculated using Equation 6-6
shall be adjusted so that no portion of masonry
included more than once.
Results of tests (Brown and Whitlock (1983); Allen et
al (2000)) on anchor bolts in shear showed that anchor bolts
often failed by breakout of a conically shaped section of
masoruy. The area A* is the projected area of the assumed
point of the embedment and radiates at 45 degrees in the
direction of the shear force towards the free edge of the
masonry, thereby accounting for bolt edge distance (See
Figure CC4.3-6). Edge distance is considered in the
calculation of the projected area for shear, 1r, (Code
Equation 6-6). No minimum edge distance is provided for
is
the placement of anchor bolts. Placement of all anchors,
including anchor bolts, must meet the minimum thickness of
gfout between the anchor and masonry units given in Code
Se$ion 6.3.1. Pryout (See Figure CC-6.3-7), masonry
crushing and yielding / fracture olthe anchor steel are other
possible faiture modes.
'Wh.n''th. projected areas of fwo or more anchors
overlap, the sheardesign of these anchors should follow the
safile prwedure as for the tension design of overlapping
anchors. See Commentary Section 6.3.2.

63.4 Effective embedment length -fo, headed

anchor bolts
The effective embedment length for a headed anchor
bolt, 16, shall be the length of the embedment measured
perpendicular from the masonry surface to the compression
bearing surface ofthe anchor head.

Figure CC-6.3-6 Anchor bolt shear breakout

-
 c-82 TMS 402-16

TMS 402 CODE COMTIJIENTARY

E$
36
E'i 63.5 Effective embedment length for bent-bar 6.3.5 Effective embedment length -fo, bent-bar
6E anchor bolts anchor bolts
The effective embedment for a bent-bar anchorbolt,16, Tests (Brown and Whitlock (1983)) have shown that
$E the pullout strength of bent-bar anchor bolts correlated best
aE shall be the length of embedment measured perpendicular
=o
F(J from the masomy surface to the compression bearing with a reduced embedment length. This may be explained
surface of the bent end, minus one anchor bolt diameter. with reference to Figure CC-6.3-8. Due to the radius of the
ben4 stresses are concentrated at a point less than the full
embedment length.

Figure CC-6.i-7 Anchor bolt shesr pryout

-

Tension Force
t/r'
'/.F FrictionalResistane
&i-r+r..-**

.Normal
$treesm

Bolt Diameter,d6

BoltDiameter,d6

Figure CC-6.3-8 * ^Srress

distribution an bent-bar anchor b*rs
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY c-83

TMS 402 GODE COMMENTARY

6.3.6 Minimum permissible ffictive embedment 6.3.6 Minimum permissible effective embedment
length length
The minimum permissible effective embedment length The minimum embedment length requirement is
for headed and bent-bar anchor bolts shall be the greater of 4 considered a practical minimum based on [pical
bolt diameters or 2 in. (50.8 mm). construction methods for embedding anchor bolts in
masonry. The validity of Code equations for shear and
tension capacities of anchor bolts have not been verified by
testing of anchor bolts with embedment lengths less than
four bolt diameters.
6.3.7 Anchor bolt edge distance
Anchor bolt edge distance, /a", shallbe measured in the
direction of load from the edge of masonry to center of the
cross section of anchor bolt.
 c-84 TMS 402-16

E, -f
E@
5c,i
rc, This page intentionally left blank
Oi-
o.9
SE
rt
aE
F(J
=o