II UB TIONS (PM LTD

2, Golden Hour, Daryaganj,

New Delhi-l 0 .

o 128f 1, 111rd Slain Rood, Co. C rq t, Bangalore I Pinner .- 80 6 i is

t 26, Damoda flat. Nope, Chennai (Phone : 04 4•24 34 4 7
96i o st. Den d cv’a Rosd, Cochin isi : 048s-ts9 70 0i›
o PAw DAssr, llani Burt, Ouwa2xatl (f'/ionez : 08B1-264 86 G9, SSI 38 811
• 4 -2fi53, 1st Ftoor, Romhotn, Pin .' -24 76 OS 471
• Adda Tanda c o • k, x. u. 86s. J•1•ndh«• Gity then r : 0181- si la i
• IO fA, let moor, s. . Ban ee and, Rotxnta iPhones . -2z z› yr 73, 2S :¡7 s2 47i
^ 18.D8mdan]d Malw M L >(#N :0622-2209678;
I2RA, fllotit 3, f'irat FJeor, Noornni Building, LV, had, that adhere : 022-Sd d6 39 98)
• Radha Govir›d S\reet, T'harj •gua, TLazlcbi (Pf«»ie : 0661-230 77 64J

EEM >z ENOG?ECHAN10S

roman sfiiio» : 2o02 wt› ink - xp«i 20d3, z‹o›v/t

z0od
Reprint October 20a. June 2006
 Contentc

1//4 Leoof of£orceo

LI i U.P S. •v» •m«tunii»

I .3 2. M K.B tenl of units S
1 .3 .8. S.I. rvwf+rim o£ units

1.6 Differentiation nod Integration

TO1*ml Proh lems 1.1—1.9

IB R- Into» ofn Fan-e j1
ATzition era Number o£ WopTazlar w 14

1.S. hfnrnent of n force

1.8.2. E ffcct of Force and moment on a

body Solved Prolilem 1.Hi
v Laws of hlechanics
1. '1.1. Nnwion’s first and .•wn i 1s -t of motion
.I . N n’e t hirtl 1 no-
t.9.3. 'l'he Grnvit ionol land of ott ra ation 19
I .0 -1. ’the pozall lo5ram law
1 0.a. 'Um Prind i;ile of t rensmi=sil» litv of force
I t Uh lights

8. Cnplanor, Colllnenr rind Commm'ent Poveee

 Rev lt so I of Coplsnar Foveeo

BoIvedI*zobfeM 2.1 .. 20
2.6. 7
1 .6 I When ta'n f'or‹weact atsyoint 97
2 P' 2 Ah•m more rhan two twoforeeeactnt apoJnt . 24

Principle of Moments for Verignon's Principled ad

Pol•edVmh1rm9?
of Pn*ellel Fowee . 47
141. LiMuamfieTf‹me* . 47
47

3.6.1. 'euJtaat of I fi)ee wsllat fomee

â ñ 2 ReauTtwt oT two ‹mlihe pazalI•T Korma fueepuaT To zoagnltudeT
â fi ñ Red Want of Two ankle pazaTT•T fâzwa svhlb are aT

4.2 Principl» «f Equilibrium G1

4 2 I . B‹\cerlons oFequi!ihzIum f'ar noam›-reut I’- evat•a\• 01

4.3. For-s Ww of Equilibrium

4.8.1. feme item 62
. 62

Solved i*rebIems 4. 1—•4.7

 f.2.4.
p:j

€'oneenlrated or point load I In tfbrtnfv diatrit›uM load

14 V•cho‹t for Findior out thr Ren‹tions ol‘ a Benm 94

fi 4 2 Graphical method far finding out the reactions of n baam 04
"i i Proh)efna on 8intylz 5iuyported Bo•ms
Soli•ed Pfoblorns 6 1 —6 fi RI
06. PmW1‹nnxnnOverhanpingBeema

›7 Problems on Ro1l•r and Hinged Support*d Beams lfl I

W Problms fi WS l2
08 Problems W1i•n Beazns ere Subjected to Poupleo I I ti

127

6.b.4.Method ofjointn applied to true errfiop inclined leads

lived Prnhlem (i lfl
P6 Metho‹T of fie¢tions

law

7 ‘+ L’entroid
l64

7 1 rt D••teiwi inal.ion nt Momont ct Inert.in 177

7. t0.1. ifiement of inertia ef e tecianeular
lien 7 10 2 Moment »f inertia of a
circular eeetien . 181
7 10.3 Moment of inertia of s tcliiogutar Eton
7 1 fl 4 Moment. nf inertia i i this
10 Moment of inertia of area under n curve of
}85
Highlights lfig

1B6
106
195
 I *i )

9. L¥Rlae 2 28B
Macbtnea

ss I •nw nf a Machine

9 fi 2 Differential wheel rind oxle

9 8 fi Worm n nd worwi th .ee.1

5iolv*ul Prnh lem 0 l fi

9 B5 Double9umñssec=f%noh 26g

Hrblipht
 T'9l

325

l1 I Introduction

Univel Prnhlnma l l .W 11 fi

11.5

11.5.S. length ofe theft driee

*tel ved Rrohlcma I l 7— I l fl

8ot•ed Probleloe
IN.III.10 902
22.8. CeatrJAtgal teaaion
L\.9.

I l IO Initisl Tension in the Relt

Solved Problem» 11. UI 1.17
11 13 Relative Advnntagee und Diendvanta of Chern and Welt

Tfl.4Bpuatfooa nf Mation io a btzaigbt Line

Wlved Probleme 18 1—1* b

l 2.H . d.Distnnce trovullml in Hi a atli swon‹l

l 2.ö. Tel-ity ii ad @yeleratinn of a Body .'\/foving in a Straight Line

lig Differentiotioa

II 2 T. WTatlon between TTnraz mTeity od an dar veloeity 414

IS 4éyHntlnri of Motinn Alonp o Circular Path

1.i 4. IRqu ation for any I ar di»placeneot ffil
13.4.2. Oe ination of the angular diepl sent in trims nf Initial
end
4 I6
t 9 4 S Relelionehip l›eten r.p.m. II and an Omar veloeity h»1

l 'i..âTvpee nf Motion
13 9 1 Motion of tranalntfon
1:1...2. her ioti of rotation
l'L fi.3. Jmb rnsd rriotion of lrnnsfation ond cotat ion
 44l

441

l4 2 4 Hori zontal mony

I#.3. E tio P a . 441
d.:t.1. i\finimum height attained by pmject ile

ld . 0.0. t torizontal ranpn• oF prujectile t Ifl

l '1 .:L'1. Value of onple of projcctien t l for rri nxizou m hori zonta1
razige 14.:L ă. Time to roach the highest point
444
i\lotion of o llody ’thrown Horizo nt ally from a G is-en Heyht into the Ai r
.Solx-c'3 I robleina 14.I 0—14. 1?

44t

4G3

471
1S4 471

4MT
4R1.
4BR
 II.11..2. TI io horizontal surface is cou gh and the string passes over
a roiigh siicfoce

II. l2. Au iilyni s of the 8fnti on of’l’wo ftoilies C‹in neil by ri String \\'heii 0 n e
Hœiy ia Cying on lnelined f'lane und tho Et her ia H onginp l•ree in Ai r

1 . 12.â. Second ence a'heii llie inclined surface is rough

lJi.1?. Slomentun i and Anb'vrlar Mornentitrn l or moment of momentum :i1.1

1 I . 1:1.1. Moinenturu

l ö. II. ltadius of Ilyration iM

Solvant Pmhlems 1IL 3.lili.:H

1 â.1 J. ltinetic Sucre' On e Rotation

f ü.18. Total mines ic Energy of a
Body

13. lü. Rotation Hue to a Weight li’ Attnchod to One End of ri String Passinp
D›-•r » Poll•y of Wei8ht Wn
Solvi=l Probe cv 16.il9
13.2tl. Row.ation due to Weight ui«hed totheTwo Enda of a String, which
I’:we Over e ltoudh Pulley of \Yeight Pte
Solved Problems l5.40—16.42
15. 21. D’ Alemb rct’z Principle z\yp licobl c to Plane Motion
Vol ved Problem 15.4'4
II. 2.2. D’ Alembcet’s Pcinci ple .\yplicob1e to Rocaey hlotion
HiglilipliCs S44—G7S

l8. Blmple fnrnionic Notion and Me*•hnment Wbratlnno

1 G. 2. Defin ition s o£ done Terms Used with S.H.II.

Solved Problems 16.1—Hi.9
Hi.:i. Dscill ntioii of the Hodies Hnvinp Simplc Herfn•nic Motion
t b.0.1 Os illatioti ot • 'ert i<»l •lotis string nr rprintt
Solveü Pr.-b lem 16.10—16. 1 ï
 là.0.2. Oscillai ions of ri simple pendule m
ñof -eü ProbTerzzs 16.1 16.19
lü.4. Gnin ou Loas of Oscillatione Due to Change in ç or l for ri d lem 5ô7
Sols-ed P roblems l(i.20-16.il 568
l ti.Ii. tris Vibration
lti.fi.1. The longitudinal vibrotions 569
lti. û.?. ’l'he transverse vibcatioq
16. û.3. The toraionel viliraliotis
i3oived Problème 16. 2 2-16.*li
Plighlights
Enercise 16
t7. Cull ie ion of Rl actin Bodies
1 7.1. I ntroduetion
l7. 2. Some Defin ition
17.2.1. Time of cooipreeeion :iS0
17.2.2. ’time of restitution
I 7.0.'4. Time of collision üft0
I 7.2.4. Lnw of convert ion of momentum ii80
i 7..1. ’l)•pes of Imp nets 580
17. fi. 1. Direct impnet of to•o bodiea 580
}7T[Z. lndictCimpocDoft*obodiee
]7.4. Co-efÑciun0u£omtW1u0ion
So ivy Mbiemë l7.l — 17.7
1 7.ü. Les of Kinetic Energy During Impact
Sulvc'd l•rob1eœs l7 M17.1?
17 ti. 1mpnct of ri hody on o Fixed Plane 587
1 7.7. @cevi impact of a body on a fred
plane Solved Probleme 17.13-17. lii
17 B. I ndirect tmpact of o Body on a é’uœd Pierre 600
Soiverf Probleme 1?. II l7. l7 600
Highliphts 602

T8T Tntoiduction 606

Solved Probleme 18.1-1 .7 607

16.4. Pos 610
Solved F roblem s let.T-18.11 610
18. . Work Done By o To rque . 614
18.6. Pows Dneloped by u ’forge e 614
Solved Problems l8. 12-18.1S 614
18.7. Energy 615
l8. h. ñlcchanicnl Energy
lti.11.1. Potentiol energy 615
 18.8, 3, \Yor k dene is equal to change of kinet ic energy
617
I8.9. how of Conserve Lion of Ener@-
0»1 -ed Problem.• 18.1T-18.21
18.10. Energy Lost By a Body Follinp on Another Body rind to Coles tate thr
ik•a istance Offered the Grow
nd Sols•ed P roL lens
18.2W1fi.S b Highlights
Exercise 18
10. £ oece» In 9poce

1!J. 2.2. Multipl icetiori of o Meeme by o ecoior

1 9.:1. €kmpotients of tt E•o rce
19. 4. Un it Vectoc
19 . tion pon°r.ts of i Ferne I\Ten T '« Pointe on it* Line of Nations are
Given
f 9.Ii. N’e sition Victor of a (i is-rn F‘oint
h4G

I ü 7.'4. Curs z pmducc or vect o r 647

producf Sols-ed P blerns 19. M
lil.10
19 ò hloment of n Poree
Solved i•mblenjn I p. Il-19.13
 Fundamentalc o/€agioeering Mechanics
t.l. £NTRODUCTFON
Engineering mechsnirn is tint bren¢h of sz ener whieh dcsla witlt the behaviour of a Ix›dy
when the bndy is ct est or in motion. Tbs w\giaccringmocIssnice msy be divi‹led into Ststicaaod
Dynamics. be brumh o€ecicncs, whicfi dcab a'ith tbc study ofa body whco tbe body is at rest› is
Anowo as Preies while tke bmrxth oFscierice which deals svitk tt›• srudl ofa body wben tbe bodY in
us›tion, ie tnowa aaOhm mice. Dynamics is further divided into kincmatñ u and kinetic be study ofa
body in motion, when the Forces whicG cause tkc motion am not considered, iscalled Glee alice and if the
fbrcea arc nlusco‹uidcred for the body)a emotion. tf›at t›ranch of scienrr •e ca1lc‹t é?uehcs. Yt\a
classification of Engineering ?decfianios are ahown in Fig. }.1

\. Slal›u 2 Djmariie
1 7 !^ ^* )

Fig T. T
NO Stories dcds with cqvillbriMm of bodice ai net, wkci<ss djmami<s dcsla wiki \he moiion or souie an‹l
tI\•
lonke Ihat cause If\cm.
t.Z. DBS3NITIONS
f-2.2. Vec¢orQtzsatfty. Aquazititr whicfi čscoreplctcly sposificdby msgnitudc and ditcction, is
Lnown ss a vector qusntil7. Same esamplcs •fve‹-tor q‹rsntitim sre : vclo¢ity, a<ecle‹ation, foree and
momcntum. A r-tri quantity is represenlod by means of a araigh\ Sine with an artaw ss sbowy in Pig,
j7. The lcngth rf the straigf›t linc (če., d&} rcprsssn\s the magnitMds and anoa'
r¢;vsscn\s 1hc diremion of tl›c veelor. The mirni AB also A
represcnts \his vo‹-tor, whfck mesne it is ee\ing from A IoB. 8- ' ^^**fi
I.2J. Smtaz' Ooaafi@. A g«s«tiIy, wfiicli is completely epocificd by r‹iagnirtidc only, is known
as s scalar quaniity. Some czzmplcs of scalar quaoti\y are : macs, lsegtb, firue and tcrepeiatuzc.
UJ. A Paztiek. A particle is a f›c›dy of infioitcty amsll voTuzoc (or a particle is a body of
neg! g bIe dimensions) aud ttie massof the particle isa›nsideraJ to be conomtrated at epoiot. Henre a
pazticlo is ass\,mod to a point and the mass of tl›a pszticle is co‹i ttraled at this point.
I.2.6 Lae' of Pam!k3e$zaat of' Box 'T'he law of ju alle4ogzam of forces is ueod to determine
tho
-lian‹‘ of ‹wo for •s •«1ing •t s point in a pI«o¢. It via\es, •' ftt+o for«c, acting at a point b«
repr«s<ntcd
«ciJng on the bodi'.
2

'• • s n '‹•de and direction by the Iwr› adjzcrnT sides of a pam\IcIogrom, ther› ih<ir resultant ie
r•proaented in magnitude and Jir«ctiun Ivy the diagonal of the $aralielcgtam passing though that po›nt".
Lcl Iwn fnrces P and 0 act at a pninf ¢7 as zhnwn in Fig. !J. The Fnrco P is iepresenled in
magnitude and uir<cIi‹›n by Ox wh»rczs the force @ is presented in rtia$niludc and di‹octiou by 06. Lci
\lic angle b<u•een the two forees be “n'. be resultant of these two forces v•'ilI be ob\sincd in magnitude
a›td di ccticm by the diagonal {passing Ihniu 0) rf the parallelogram of which it and OB s rc two
adjacent sides. Hence draw the tx›rajIrIoyram wilh OA and OB as adjaocnt sides as shown in Fig T.4.
be rcsuitart4 A is repent by OC in ma nitude and direct on.

Fig, I.3
Mapr›l uae or R ulu› t
fRJ

Let o - Angle between lwo fomes P and e can

anJ

Rut
anJ
@ = (# + Q cos cr/ + (Q sin o/ - + cod o + ZP@ cce a + @ 8in2 a

Equation {I .1} Riva tbe ntsjpiitude nd rcsutlsnt force A.

Dines-thoo •f Res•\taoz
Let 0 = Angjc made by resultayl with OA.
PtJ>DAkI tz LS or Et+cIrieEsr G x‹EcI‹M cs

Equation(IN) givos Ids direction of rwtllant(R}.

T#< diwion of r«Tiaot csn •I•o #< ‹›t›‹•i»•d by
using sine nilc [in \ricngIc OEC, OF - I°, ‹'IC - @, /?

C
sin 8 six
DC " /7C " IM
in 0 sin (180 - a) sink

Two uses em impc›rcznt-

I-rom equation ( I .2), tkc direction of rssuluint is obtained es

2ad Case. The two forces P aod Q ago ¢qusl and ate acting at an angle a between them.
Then tha magnitude end direz'tion oFrecullant is given ss

anâ

2 “ 2
 11 is nnt necessarj/ thct one of Iwo forces, sfxni!d
be nlong x-nsis. TT c forces # and {2 may be in any
direction as in in Fig. t.5. Tf the an8le between The
two forcea ie *a*, Ih<o their resultant will be given fry
oquatinn (I.7). The dii•ction of fler reaultartl would be
oblaine‹l from equation (i.2), BUt angle 6 will be the
angle rnada by rcsullazit with the direction rf I’.
f.2.S. Ww of‘Tztnogle o€' !t states that,
"if Ihree Forces acting at a poiot be represented inmagnitude
ant
direction by the three sides of a triugle, taken in o‹dcc, they 0

Sugposo ihc thm forces F', @ and JI arc acling at s point O and they arr in equilibrium es sfo

Let a - Angle hsta'een force # aed @. fi - Angle between Force @ and /t. y = Angle between
Min a€am3ing £o Lo¥ni’e âficorem,
P a sins uF angle between @ an! 6 as a #.

Proof'of'Laasi'e Thcorwo. The three forces acting on a poinL om in zqui1ibiium and hvm
they
csn he represcnlod by the tbree sides of 1be triangle taken n
tho same order. Now dmw the force triangle aa
abow›t n ii J.6 a .

sin (J 80 - §) * sin {T 80 - y) " sin (180 - a)

Iltis can also be written

sin § “ sin y' sin e

This is zamc equation as equation(1.5). **” ’”‘ ”’
New All tI\e thm forces LIB ie •ctieg eitler a›eotds tI›e poia or •way I- fh•
Folnc
JJ• 8YSTRM OF UHITS
The following sysrm of unin src meekly used:
T. C,G.S. (r.c., Cantimetm-€lram Sax'nd) sys‹c‹ri of uniB.
2. /•1.It.S. (f<,Metre-XiIogram-5com‹ff system of units.
3.S.I. (Le., International) syoem of uniLv
NJ.I SGD. 6lstee of’Unlte. In thia system, length iscspreesod in centimetre. mass in grem end
time in sczor›J. 31Ic ueit offbr¢e inhis system is dyuz', whieh is dafincd es the foree aeling on a mass of
one gram cmd producing an TeraT›0n Of Onc centiznñtre per ebamd squsW
IU M. Sysfeas olU In tbis system, length iscspresscd inmetre, mass in kilognun and

time
3J. G1 Systee oEUaitc. S.i. is •bbmi•tion for 'The Systcro Tn‹erits\ional UaiLs'. ft is slso
called the International System of Units. In lhis syszc‹n le‹›gth is exprssmd in mcoe mass in kilogram
and time in
-nd.The uni of fbros in thi• system ia Newton and ia mprznec‹•d N. Newtoa ie the fom acting on e
mass
tof one kiTopgm Smt pff>ñucing an sU€clersl3on ofonc me£rc pcr se nd square. igi8 fcLshon bgwe€n
newtnn
(N) end dine is obtained as
One ?ge•'Ion = One kiTogmAt mass x”g

\Vhcn the rnzgnitMdc of fotces is very lszgo, then the un I of lone like kilo-newtoa and megn-newtnn
su . Ki Twmlon is repented by IN.

The Isr$e quantities are zcpresentod fry kilo, mcgn. giga and letra. Tfiay stand f‹n :
Ki lo - I O and represented by.....1;

Tkue megc nce'Ion mea‹is IU’ncwt‹m and is represented by MN. Similarly, gigs nmton means
1fI" N and is represented by GN. The pmbol TPI a«nds for JO" N.
The small quantities arr represented by milli, micza, nano and pico. key arc equo} tn

Iflicro - IN and tq›rescntcd by....p

Nano = IN and retmss‹scd by.....n
Pico - !&” end rcpmsen\cd fry.....p.
Th•s milli nwnon means ! 0*2 ncwlon and is rcprecenled by mN. Mic a new on m<a<s IN N
and is reprcacntod by pN.
The mlslion bet vosn kilogram foros (kgf} and ncwton (N} is given by Ono kgf= Raj
N
 Wcigfit of a body is the forca a'ilh which the Lxxly is ati‹actod towards earih. If IN'= weight offs
body,
m - masa in ky, Men W - m x g Newtozza
If msa, m oFt\\c body is I kg, then i\s weigbt will t›<,
Ir = 1 /g} x 9.81 = I8t N. N - kg —

IA. TRIGONOMBFR4C ¥ORñYULAIi ANO EZPRPSSIONS

I•ij;. 1.7

I6 DIFEERIiNTiATION ATO \NT8GRATION

IC.I. Dtff¥zmtlatlooz (i3 Different*\inn of a quantity (key J) svi1h regret io x is wint<n as

(/ •) {4) = O as di ffcrcnliation aI constant ia zero.

(ml} Di ffcrc ntialmn of trigonom•lzical funct ms

GJJ, fgfegza (i§ lniogration aha quantity (say A) with rscp<cs to x is wtil1cn as) AT.

EoL Given :
P -- TO N
Force
••• e•s N
The uisgnitude of tbe resultant Faroe(g} is given by equation(J.J)

= > 1QI + 64 + 2 x 10 x 8 x ;

Pzobkm f1 7\voeguaJ/orces4rv octet Ar A I isib en eugfco/‹'/’ 6< r I//ficrrsu//anr

SoL Gwen : Angle between the = 60’

fotcca,
Rw•l«mt, ft - 20 x
The Forees am equal. Let f•' is1hc roagnitudc of each forms.
Using equation (!J}, we have

-. Magnitude of Loch force - 20 X.

SoL Given : Ca¥< I

ft<euItant, R/ = \4 N

R<sullant, fi = N
cir
Subtracting equation (id from eqtwtien (d, we get

. . Hence the two for are TO N and 6 N. .

Problem I.6 7i•<' forces orv ec/tisg or a po/ni O •s sñoem ‹n tip /.& Oezcr/sñt* Thu resufieuf

rn

SoL Given :
rna P - so x, ror‹c a - 0o
N Angle between the two forces, a - 30°
The msgnitudo oFtha resMllaot A›s given by equation (J.I) as
 The angle made by tf\c resuTttint with the direction uF P is given by equation (1.2) «s

= tan-' 0J66 = 20.I0•

. Anylc medc by resultant wnh x-ax›s - 0 + JS” - 20.10 + 15 -- 3610°. Aas.
Prohleai lJ. The resnffa/u af nro ccercuzm r forces is JS00 f¥ aridihc angtx bell+em the farces
is 40’.
TO TñAttl!oJtL /floJs oJfi Date 0/3s Y/0 •e D/L/e f . Jf7 YD zJ e o/eOcQ /
SuL Giver› •
Resultant, R -- \StXI N
Anode between the forcesa, = CIO°
Anne by resuTtcrtT willOite force, @ = 36”
I P and are two fires.

‹›r Q = 0.726 6
Using ‹xjuazi•n (1.I). R = 2P@

Steele i fcthod. Refer to k$. 1.9 (e). Consitier triangle OEC.

U•in sia• iule, we get
sin 40• sin 36• s n 54•

/t sia 36°
(*here JI - tSXI N)

Alsa, we luivc =
R sin 54" \5IXI x 0.8O¥I
P= =
 LOAC —- °
+CBD - 45•

Iss Metbod
Using Lami'e theorem at C

MCA - 43° + 30°= 75•

TCE - 180*-30° - i50*

sin?Ji"" sin lS0"" sin J33”

• 7.76 N.

a 15
T —-
nd

Nc point C is i0 tke equilibrium, The forces acting at C are JR N, T end ?’t.

Resolving ali for¢es at C' n time hocizoalal direction
Th sin 45” - T't sin 30" o’ ’/ = ’t 2

Resolving all forces atC in ffie vezticaT direction,

r, can 4s° + z', as zo" - is

nr

Substituting IJiia value of 7' in equeHon(i}„we get

Rcsululion aft fé'rce
t4 mcans’*finding4fle
commends
I-& RESOLUTION OF A FORCS uf u given €ozcc let two given
demons.”
Let a given fun be6 which makes an angle 0 with A'-
axis as sin in hig. I.T 4. 1i is required la find Ifi¢ com- I
ments nf tke force J? a\nng A'-axis and Y-axis
Imponcntso[Ps]oug€ e:P 0.
Cnrtipnncnt nil along V-ezis = A sin I).
Hence, the rcsolulinn of forccB is the process of find-

t.T. RESOLUTION OFA XVMBER OP COPLANAR FORCES

Fig I.t4
Leta numhcr of cnpIsr\sr forces(forces eating in one plsnc aro called co—plunsr f‹›rees) lit, /tt, /7›, ....

fi = Resultant of all tozcei

Each force ccn be rcsoTYc‹3 into two componenls, une

aonyJ-axis «ndnlhcralong F-«*ñ.
Component of Ai along /-cx is - Ai ccs 8 Fig.1.I*
Comprinent of ltd slang V-ex is = JT\ sin 8i.

Resultant €umponcn\s elong •uxis

= Sum of cum/s›ncnts of all forces along A’-axis.
f4 - /Ti cos 8i +/t2 cae Bz + RJ cos 6J + ...
Resultanl component along I'-axis,
s m of cumpownts & al T dozen along X-w

The angle made hy R with x -a xis is given by, rcn 9 = . /f.9)

Ptobkes 1.IO. 7i•e/nrre‹ are ‹refine or 4/›o/nr ¢7 es dic›wu ia F‹g. /./6. Ocrerm‹er the resuf/oni he
›xagn nude ord direc//o/c
Eat. The abuVg problem has bosn solved earlier. Henr it vri)l be en\vod by rnselu ion of forces.
?uic P -- SO N and force Q • tIXl N.
Let us fix find the iuigles msdc Dy cach Forec with /-axis.
-uuoxu5t•rtx‹.s oe o‹ciuzcs nc us›cs 15

Angle mcd¢ b\ Pwitl› x-axis = \5•

Angle made by withzwis• l5+ 3U • 4S•

Thc sum of component at all forces aIong/-axis s given

/f =P cns JS’ + @ acs 4S“

= 50 x coa 1S• + IN cos 43• • ! I9 f’T

= SO sin TS- + !00 sin 45• = 83.64 N

The magnitude of the rzeultant force is given by equafinn{I.8),
/t = = 3 - 145.46 N.

83A'F

7Jcrc 8 is the angle msde by rssuflsnt /t wirha sxis.

Z4O

• zo W + 7J x W - la x w - UJ x W xN - soJi zx.
The megnftudc of the resuitant force is given by equation{IN)
If = = 2-52 30-3J - 30,4t ldJ. Aas.
The aireet an of the msultant forus is given @equation
(!.9) t*n 0' /Y" !2 = 11J24 = utn 83&°
.’. 6 = WZB’•r BE° I&6'
7.

8.
9.
10.

11.

›s\, wt • msxs of hodks

r - Disiar<c hcMcft \A tooths

L
3.

fy j of ihc two iorccs is given by fst @ 2fQ .

De fine the fulimlng terns : dye, aewtmi, rimaewioo end momenr of s
for. l•rmz ilut or noon is cqMl to I dyke.
7. fizploin ttt t ru : cloctwi*c mora*ati and anti +i*c non inns
What is the effm nf fence end current is a body ?
9. 1 rt4icate whether tnc Int Inwiog sinlement 1s trim or tels.
“The iesutianf coin nents of the force acti on a ted alon an dimcilon ia zcm bu I ihc net moment of the
Forces about any point ia ‹ux zoo, tic body wiTT in equilibrium'.
m Wñ ze th S.T. unit of : 9race, met and ve Iy.
ii.
A number nf coglaoar forces arc acting *t a p›iotmating aiffer of ongl- wiili •-axia. Find as expression for
8›c

is.

{/j Rca›1vcd ten of» ylvcn f‹wce In • given direciion.

(B) blooterleal PzoMetns

Fu oAHetzT Ls o ENGINEERING MECHAt'IICS 23

£'indihc magnit‹xic ef Inoegveł forrœ scłing ata />›infwith s •n3k of60•b•rwecn tl›m, ifiMrcui\ant i• y"•T

Tfim
fofees of ma itude 30 W, TO W md TS W are Eng az c oint O. egTœ made fry 30 LN' forum. TO
Wfoml TS W fQm wiN xwsiBm60•, T20• eod240° rcspccfiwly. determine Iž+cznagniTudc
anddizcciio« nf lhe tesuIisnt fr›rce. [AAA 2T.78 LN, tł3•
24j
S. A wcighi nf 800 N is supper:ed by two clieiia ss shown inFig. IN. Œlcrmin¢ the tendœi in each
chain.
[Aas, 273S N,75\.7 N]
An ekcldc light lixlure wri@ing 20 ł'l longs from • pntnt E', by h•o suiags ß 'and JIC'. DC 1s incti«cü •t łXl"
io
hor zøT and DC & W io vclieT m sfiown in Û T û7. Using T emT"# zhcoxm or ozhcrwia deters inø
ił›e forces in the uringsDC and BC [Aor. R.928 N. t3.Œ Nj

Fig. I ûG fiig. \.27

A \cBrfi AB ofspen 6 iYt carńes a point lotd o\ \ŒI Ñ OT 8 dispa 2 m \roûâ A. ÖcYOrmiiTr U0 bcgm
rG4cuon.
{Aaø lip = 66.67 N ;6ø = 33.33
Nj
Four forces of znagniuuhs 20 N, 30 N,40 NcndS0N are saing‹esjeøiveIy aleg ifie four side of a squat
iaken
in order. Öcterminø tic rnegzú , dim and position ofzhø TUnT ft.

9. forces ma itude T 5 N and â2 N as acting at a poinL Tf Ł e u between be two Isa ia 60”, determine
ihc rcsvIiant ef thr forcœ in mageiłudc and dirccfion. Ț E.43 N.û6S•Ț
 Coplanar Collinear and Concurrent Forcec
2.1. II•TTRODUCTION
]anar forces mean the fézccs in a plane. be wozd coTTinear stands for Ihc fmces which am having
cnrrimon lines ‹›F nction whereas the wr›id coocunent uands for the forees which inlctsem at a common
pnint. When 6cVcra\ \urflfls on a body, \hfln \hcy are celted 0 /orcd' s}tsfe0i or e AOM o/ r S. \n0 systcM }
n which all ‹he forces lie in tha sum plszie, it is knowo as copfonar/arse Menem. Hrnre this thapier deMt
with a syx¥em oñforces which are acting in the came phone and the forces are either h¥xieg a cnmmnn ling of
action nr intersecting nt a common point
26 CLASSIPiCATlON OPA £OBCB SY9TBkf
A Voice system msy beooplansr or non-coplanar. IN in a system all the forces lie in th ssme
plsne then the F‹›rcc system is known as cnplanai. But iF in a system all the foxes lie in ‹tlfFczcnt planos, then the
force cystum i4 knmvn as non-coplerutr- Hence a Moree gem is cfaaaificd cs she in Fig. A2 .

Fig. 2.I

[ivj Non-concurrent, run-ptrratlcl (or General system of

nrcts .
M.I. Coplennr Co1llecar. fiig. 7..7. shews three
forces ñ„ £”t and 6tactin in a pLcnc. Tlieec three furecs nm
in me same line i.e., these ‹hrce fwccs are having a cr›mrmm
Iin• of›‹cti•n.
 s\sicm, Hcncc in cr›p\anar collincor cyelam of forces,
all tbe t’orees set in the sème plane anö have a
eommon line nf action.

2.2J. Ceplanar Pnraltel. Fig. 2 4 ahawB tim

te rccs ñ \, 6t and d'y scti«g io ap plane and thèse forces ace
lei fnrœ system. He ncc in coplanar peral le) s/tcm of
fnrces, all the forcns acl in the snmc pique and am parsÏ\eI.
4. Coplanar Noa•eoncorzent Non-geralleL

Fi6. *.5 shows fnuy forces 6 , 6g, 6t end 6y aeting iMa

plane. be )incs of action of tbsse forces lie in the same
pTanc but thcy arc ncT£bcr pWaIIeI nor mcct Mr
inters€ci ai a commen point. Trie ystem il -
coplnnar non-concernent non-parnllel force system. Hz
ia ‹x›planor non -concurrent non-pnetlel syuem of
forces. all the force se in thePrime planebut iha
forcesaro miihcr parallel nor meer at a common

poini.’I7iis force sy<em is

mxxsuoiwiossv mxcm
Wh•n n•mbcr of copI«n‹ forces ate •cting
on a rigid” bndy, when hose fbtces ran \›e replaced by
a rir›gle fnrcc which hzs Ihc same effect on the rigid
hody as fha\ uf ai1 tho forees acting togellici, then
this single force s known cs The rcszr/ of wylI Kirov.
Heroe a single fnrce wGich cnn replace a numher nf'
forces acling rn a
rigi‹f hndy, wilhnut causing ony change in the exlcuial
effects on tGc budy, is km:own as th¢ zescd/on//orcc.

•Rigjd hndy ia 1 body which does not &fom› vn‹I•'r tfie ection oFIo•8< >- external fnm In c=•c nf rigid
I•ndy, iJ›c distance b'ctwecn zr›y mo points of the t<KIy rmieloy c‹#mtanl. when this body is sobbed io
loads.’Though all lhc lies do defaznt io same exit under & acUw of Taads, bat W many a tuals, defend
is n<gligihIe s-naTT.
2 .RESULT NTOFCO A#tCOP A]tRDR

have a common Zinc elf actinn. The msultsnt of tkeae fbroes are obtained by onalgical tzicthod or
gtsphical

Z-S.I. Awal ttesj roetbo‹L 3T›e resultant is obtained

by a‹hI ng all the fiirces iF they arc acting in the sartic
direction. If and one up Ihe fo Is aettng tn the opp its dizecT ion,
then

R = Fi + 6 + Fa ..42. I) Fi 2.6
JI any one of these forces (soy farce 6/ is aming in lie
u si‹g diroczion, ea adorn ii+ Fig. 2.7 then their resuTtanl
will I›c g ven by
4 = rd — E + 7a ..\M)
2J1 Ceagbkat Mctbad. Somesuitable scaleis chccen
anal vcciars arc i4rnwn to ihc chosen syste. Then veciots arc
»dJ‹xt/or su6«›cicJ to ñw ‹x< rcs«Jt»i. mla‹ ot tltc
thr¢c collincac forces F , 62 4› eating in tke some di ion
will be nbrsincd by adding ali the vectors. In Fig. 2@ the
force Ft —- of to some scale, fotce 6z - 6c and foice 6z - cd.
When the l¢ngnh eel represents the rnsjpiitudc of the resultant

on the scale
The re uI\emat the Voices 6\, r• sn‹t Ft acling on a hody
shown in F›g. 2.’7 will be nhteined by euh\racting tk• v•c\or 6z.
Thi›:›csuItsnt is shuwn in fiig. 2.9, in which the force F‘ = of› to

i» taLen equal tu”âc on the same scale in opposite

direction. TIHe fnrcc is ac\ing fmm 6 to c. The force Ft is
taken Quad to
‹d. Yh s Furee ›s acting Fiom c la d. Tfic resu)Ian\ force is
represented in magnitude fry ad on tfie ¢hos¢n serie. g 2.9 .

(ii) rfic/arse 7M /¥' ecrs é'i //ie opposite dirvc/ñ rL

SnL Civen : 6, - 2/XI N, 6, • \a› N ›‹t r • zLc N
 27

(i When the fom 1tXt N acts in the opp›sito direction, when resultant is given hy cqualinn (2.2)

as

and

Fig 2. Iu

cd = S cui io mprsernt/i es shown in Fig, 2.10.

Medaurc yccTor od which rcpr€s¥nls £lTc rcsu/lant.
Bt m<x «um<« l<agt# o6 =6 cm

Drew lenglh eb = 2 cm la represent force F''/.

From 6, dyaw be = T c*fh in Tñ e QppWite dar¥clinn Ig F{
mprescnt 62. From c draw cd - 3 cm Io mprcsent 6s as shnwn

Measure length ed. This gives the

rcst›fian\. By measuttreent, length od Fig 2.IN{ii)
= 4 cm
.. Resuflalit = Lcngtk ed x chaseci scale
= 4 x J00 - 4IN X.

is dcfinecl in Art. 2C.2, concurrcnl coplonar Forees are tluae fbrees which acl in the same plane
and
they zntcd or meet ot a common pint. We FITT insides lhu foIIoe'ing two as :

!n Art. 1.2.4, we have mntioned tIn1 when rwo Forces act of a point, thcic›csulranl is tnund fry the
law
‹›f parzIIe1n¿ram of fates be magnitude of teaultsnt in

one oti@ foci ii obtaia& ft equation th).

Su pposn two lbs I and @ act at point O an shown in
FiS. 2.1 I and n is the angle between them. Let £\ is 1hc
angle made fry the resultant /i' with the direction at
Force P.
F'orccs P and Q form two sides of s parsllelngrant and
i s Ian, \hc diagonal through 1Ge point O
gives the muI1snt R ss show.
 Tfi* ma$nitu‹k• uf resufiant s given by
R- Q
The 1b‹ ve mclhod nddctetrriioing the resultant is also known ts the cosiae /oa• me//rod,
The direction” of the rmI‹ont with the force P is given by

(i) fih‹x sc a convenient scale to represent the forces P and

(iii) Nt w from point 0, draw anolhcr vectnr Of›= @ and al

(iv) C'‹›n\plclc II\e paralle)oj am by drawing ljnes xc la

"'th and /›c l| tu Uo.
(v) Mcasum the lcn$tk DC'.
Then muhnntñ wilt beequal to lcngifi NC u la scum.

7‘he resultant con also be determine $rsphicol!y by droa'ing a triangle ooc us explained bofow
:ind shown in ñ g. 2.j3.
(i) law a line or parallel tu P and equal to P.
(/i) Frr›m e, draw o vcclcz ec at an angtea with the
hmizonNT and ¢uI ec equsT to /.
(iii) Jnin ‹•c. Tfien oc tegrssents Ihc magnitude end

Maboil ude eif trnultant fi n i_cjigth OC x chosen scale.

Ttie Jiimtion of rmultani is givtn by anlt» e. H‹ •• ••••

The rcsi›Its«t of three or more Voices acting at a po›nt is found analyt›cslIy by u nieIhoJ'•'hich )s
knnwn as wctsngular cr›mjxincnLe m<ih‹xb(Rcfcrtn Art. J.7). rdingto this redbodall etc for¢ss aeting
at a point arc resolved inio k‹ rimntsl
andvenicafcomponcntsan0Iten4fgr6/aicsunvne//ou••oFhortznn\s1and vcrtteat components is done
xepaixtefy. The summation ot fffimtal mmponcnt ix wducn as Tff and that of 9crticot as Zfi. Then

resultant fi is given by
The ngle nude by the resultant wiih horizontal is given @

Let four forces 6\, A't, r/ and F act st a point0 as shown in Fig. 2.14.
’Refer arc I .2.4, for iJ›c derive\iun uf rnognlludr end dirtciion of resultant of togc 1.
••5u fin ation Deana addition. &gebzaic zummatioo of horizonDl parents scans if›a¥ i£ aTT The ortzmtwT
<xw nenLn as in Ihc same dtwziun then t6y •fz •d0cd. it ifnnz Ix›riomlsI component is in While dirc¢lla lien it
 Fij;. 2.›4

F/

F‹g. 2.14 I5) Fiy. 2.I4 t< Fi 2.14 {‹/j

Tate inclination ut’ the dozen as indicuTed with respect to hor nLaI dirmzion. W
0\ = lne1ination of force ñ '+iih
OF' @ = lnc)ins\ion of force 6
with UV 6, = I icIi‹u›Hun of
force6 w \h OF’ e, = i ntv«i•n rr
force 6c with US'.
The force ñt is icsoTvM intn horizonlsl aiiJ ven cat components sod Ihecc cumponenls are
shown in Fig. 2.14 (a). 9imiI:mid, Fi8 2.14 (G), (c) and f4 5« e the horizontal and vertical
cc•mponcnts of f’orces k' , F and H res HveTy. The verioum hmip gtaT compYnegLa are :

Summation ur algebraic ›nim uf harizunzaT comments :

Zff = II cus Ri“ 62 ccs fI2— F cos @ + y cos.
0< Similarly, hindus veflicaT cGmpGHcnls 0/ aTT f0rc€s
arc :
30

..42.2)

TTie tcsullunt ot severl forces sctin8 aj a point is found graphically wi\1\ the help cal the ,gon J«w
o//nr*a, which rnny be slaved as

txt ifie four ftse , JgF' aml Fd set at a point H as shown in 8ig. 2. i5. The result:ini ix
obtsin»d
gniphica 11 y by dmwing polygon eif tureen as explained below und shuwn in Fig. 2.15 («).

Fi

(iv} F«›m point C, draw of parallel io Ob,. Cut cd = home fi.

( '§ Join poinl e tu e. This s ihc closing si‹lc of \he polygon. Hence xc regrcsenm ihc resultant in
magnitude and direction.
Ms8’'’“’ a’res’l”’ jg • Lenjph or x scale.
The resultant is octtng horn o to e.
P‹otfle›a 2.2. F‹+ofanoecof»togn”uude240/V4nd200N eve acting ai o paint/7 as.sA in Fig. 2.I6.
7/r • ongfe 6eima roe/orces s 60“, r/ete/sttirie the tteg/uiudv' ofihx reruf/mm/orce. A/soAtermine /Jte
Arig/e

O P
 3I

Triple between the forren, ci - 6i3’

The msgniiude uf resultant fi s given by.

N' e refer tri Wig 2.16 (n). thing si ric formula xc get

P six (\60• - a) 240 sio( \80

JI ” 381 J?
07447
38 I.5'7 “

.‘. sin y o

= 0.4539

Fig. 2.17 f•ig 2.17 (nj

SoL Givrn :
Rcs•l‹aat, R = 40t+ N
. @e beam the to forces zz - g + y - 35” U" - TO"
Refer to Fig Z.J7(e). Using sins formula for NOTE'. we get

sin g" in ( TW - a)
 - 195.t9 N. Ao

hmm 1' p. 2.1ti, i i is clear thai, n =+ y.

1.ct us fi rat calculate t h* arplc n {i.a., a nbtc betw n n

ihc ten forccsL

I6IXXT — 57F›fkI — 4tXXO

ccc o = - 0.SP
. u en»-’ TT.6b = 40.45JT° - 4'7° (TF.4ñtt • 6fJ’) 40° *7.S’
Nnw chin; sink formula t‹ r b/3AC nf Fig. K.NI, we get

§ - sin-! U.455'J = 27.12•. Ans.

 T. Givcn :
6 = Int N
Angle made fry6 wilh hnr\zontM, -I - 30“
Lm F —- Component alt nd x-uxis

= 86.6 N.
H -— r sin 0 = lfffJ am 3fT”
= ltILI x U.5 = SO N. Ann

\V eight ni bloc k. IN = II Al N

tNCLtflE 0 ALAf¥E

HOP1Z0 NTAt

tlencv ctinipt›ncnt of the wcipfii per ndicular i‹› the inclined plan»
- It’cix 30’ - ltZl n (1.86b - &66 N, Ans•
Cumpnncnl ‹›f the weight {tf1 parallel Iu the inclined plane
= IT’ sin 3'0’ = I fX\ x OF = 50 N.Ans.
 ENGI IEERIWG M CH*Nl

Furcc cxcrTc2 by conncclnig md &t at A - 2S‹Xf N. his for‹>• ‹s acting along 6fi oi p\ int A.
Let n = Anj;lc made fry B4 with fiorizonlal.
Th * angle can he caicuIato‹l fry ilrawing s perpendicular dC’ fr‹›m poinl A ‹›n the korizJ›njal Dixie.
N‹›u'

inu= ” ’=03X5 w =si'035G=UX

Nc•w Ihc t’r›rcc 25RI N is acting along BA at point A zs sftrwn in l-i . 2.21 (oT.
Hnrizr›ntsl component ot this forco at

= u00 cms 20.7•

= Z348.61 N. A

= 883.75 N. An*

+vu whcrcAs in drnvnWard dircclion is -Vc.

I-'ig. 2.22
(i) C‘wirider/orcs F —- l // d. Horizontal ant vertical Hurizonlal
c‹›mgnncn am sh‹›an in Fig. 2J2 (‹t). mmponent,
 Fx = 6/ cos \0• = 104 x 0.984g
= 102.42 N

Ang1c mmdc hy fi> with hmizr›ntat axis

Fiy- *-?? t=)

’ H‹›riznnLcI comments, "

rz2 = 6' cec ‹\d• = 156 x 0.40/i7

Vertical component,

Horizontal componeai,
fza = fi cos 3’ = 252 • 0.9086
- 251.64 N. (—vc)
Fig -- F in 3• = L'i2 x tJ.0523
= \3.\8 N. (-ve)
(iv) fi unsi'‹fer/om*6v = 22B N. Horizontal and vertical
c‹ rn ›nenT are ñh‹›wa in Fig 2.W @.

0
-35.66N f—•*)
Vcrtical component,
i- * -
= 225.2 N. {—ve)
Now hl C0ic km ofhonzoNal com ncntsix given by,
 The m:igniludc tit msiilt:ml (i.*'.. fi) ix oht:nncd by irsing

t56N

(ig T:ikc «ny tx inl v. Fn›n\ joint u. how • cctn ul› {›amlIcl Tn line of actinn nf tT›rcc ItI4 N. Cut
«/ = 4. \n <m. Then «b rcjxlnLx the force It\4 I/ in magui\uJe and dimction.
tiii) p-mm pnini I›, dniw v»rioi beparallel io force 156 N and cut 6c= 6.Z4 cm. Then vectors i

•prmcnls
(7 ') Fn›m /s inl c, drama vccInr‹rf ›ar¢llel 252 N force an‹lcut crf= 10.OSI cm. Then vccfnr
rdrcpresenls
tic fi ccc W* N i n magnitude an ñ diiTiuri.
 37

\› ) yini fmm point d. draw the sector de psmllcl ‹a Z26 N Iowa and cut ü‹• = 1. 12 cui. ”then
vect‹›r
de rrprcscnis the force 22a N i‹t ‹mai\võc and dircciion.
(rig Join p‹›int u to c. The tine ne is tlJc clnring sidv nf the polybnn. fłcocc ihc hue ‹ir*
rcprcscm* ilic rcsullan£ in maȘniludc snd dirCcti0n. Mras0m lhe l#ngTh 9čfTû.
By measurement. 1engIh A¥ = 111.4 CA
kaultanl. R = Length oc x Sculc = IO.4 x l”. I cm = *S h T
25
= 60 N. Arts.

ponont should be etcand aț@lirøic in m of verb icnl ce mponcnts s hiiuld be Aqua1 to the resultant.
 length
Length

flnrcc az B = 25 N (-)
r‹›m ai a = TO N ({)
Lc‹ Obc the oiigin and OFand OYb»
ihc
reference oxes x sheen n fiig. 2.26.
Fnrce« TO N and 2U N furm a commit Fig, 2.2S
system and their line of action intersect at W.

SON

2OB0

«nd Z0

Similarly the fc•rces 35 N God 23 N fnrm e co xa went syctem end tkeir line of action intersect
at B.
 fly = trim"’ 3 u 35.53° wtfh 2fC we., with vertical line.

fi14'i* + 41.0l+ 2 x 33.IU x 43.01 x cus37,33°

\T.469B
” S3JJS + M.2\ “ ”?7W
n = isn " H A69ti - 2S. t6’
Hence IIic resultant P mckes[‹r- 9i) angle with veclical in an1iwIockwise‹fireciinn r.e.. P
makes(25. 16
— 2).IN = ñ. fi”). And.

”Fhe position nflhc force P is obtained fry equstinft the cIc•cl:wise moments snd on\i-clc›ckw se
mnnicnts
: Aiul W {ReT’er did. 2.2f›).
it fA = flcrpendiwTar dia4ance b'etween O and hne of action of the Iézcc P'.
Tatiiig m›menus of all forces al›out II,

Fr‹›m right ongle‹t fri:ingle i ED, sin ct = D

sio c‹ sin 23.J6° tf.4241

1 zt z end J' are the no-oidirnins of the free Pwilh iefereflcn lo the axe willi origin f9.
1”hen z = Ol- end y = DU
In riyhi angTcu triangIc AND,
(. 6i = 2\.t‹•j

Al

and
 Gragb\<al MetBod [Refer \o Fig. 2.2?{«)]
z$ Tzia suizeble scale, Sci - 30 N ad GH - W N. Join OF. Then OF rci msenis the reauTUnt At
in riw¿nituJe anJ directi‹›n. Pmduce fh¢ line HO ñxcW • id,
(ig F'runi pu nl 6. Take B/ = 3'i N and /K = 25 N. JHin BE, which iepmnts fh« resultant Rt in
magnitude and dircCwn. Pro‹tucc XB’ » the baclwxrd Jirecfiun to in\m\ the line nf aclinn ‹›f ltd at {x ml

D.
(in) Takeany puint 'a’. From this point draw line at pareiTcl to ftp snJ equal in //\. firnm {x int *I›’,
uraw
I nc /›c patollel ‹a J/ aod equal to Ji't. Join the point e lo o.
(›') Then ce zepr‹:ments in magoi‹ode and di ion the fore P. Henca mwsure m. in
P • cv = 86lS N. Aou
(I'm From poinl it, draw' ‹I\c line Div pars)Icl la cA. Hc«cc 61 represents the direclinn nil he
fnrce P.
 4.1

FD -— y -— 5.5£4.

C{G0LGF 5

C i[ilan si f riccs nica ni ffic forma ci* miinę in noc plane.

Corwurr*nt forccs mczas ihc forcci are inRneclin5 ai a mmmon poinl.

4.

6.
I • mmhn‹t • R = l2 2P\2 . And ił›e diroclion of Ił›e /e uI‹ant wlth ihe forcc P i• j;iv=n hy,
8 si n ‹z
on fT -

m;ade hy ile mullani witfi bonzonlal is gisen by. Ian fi =

EKEBCISE 2

ł.

5. CxFI:iin in a*i•iI ihc rrctboa of finding rcsuliant in magnitude an0 dirsc\ion t›f d sc or more fntccs
4ming cl a
p›inz T›y ana ty ical and gray ical mezhnd.

Wrcc cNlim*r tor- P, f't and Fi am ring - st<<iy. Wtat *ill b* ke muiont of tt« foes
if lxl all ac .vting in ltte came 0iccii‹rt (b) home Nj is actiag ia oppmifc direction.

Siai= ili‹ tzw or n•r IIcIo6rrm of forccs «ną rho•' 1si ibc r<suI‹arit R = Y/ + @ when the tw‹›
ross ' and p
:tre aiiny at ri@i an@es w etch nlher. Flnd tI\e volv¢ nf/f if lfic 4ngle bc¥wecn tkc fotoos is mm.
 (B) NomeeKel Prohteirn
I.

i
3.

5.

Pig. 2.2tt

7.

F\=tO0ON
[Ans. l0O0 H. B - 60° wiih OX]

9. The hair copl*nar forces arc acling at a poini as

slid in Fig. 2N i. Doc vf ihc fumes is unknown

eat its
 Coplanar Parallel Forces
a.i. i nouor‹ox
The forces which are hav ng their line oFactiuns paraIIci la csch other, src knnwn parallel forces.
TTic lwn pcmllcT fnrces will nof intersect ct a puint. The msultaut of 1wo oop)acer ccncurrcnT forces
(i.«.. fnrccs intersecting ot the zame point) can be directly dc\emiined by the rewhod of parallelogram
cal fom. 'Fh s method along with other methods for finding resultant of coilinear snd eurmirrcnt
‹s›pIanar forces, were d iaussed in earnicr cha@crs.
The p rrcllcl forces wre haviog thrir lines of action jx\mllct tocachrlhcr. Hence, for finding the
ianTI:tn1
‹›f t ^'n peralie\ fotces,(two psmllel forces do not intersect zl a point) ‹he pzmllelogrsm cannot be
dmwn. be rcsnllant of such Forces can be determined by applying the Rrioc pie off-vxis. Hence in this
chapel first ihcc‹›nccptsof moment and principle oFmnnicn\s ^'ilJ be dealt with.Thcrcafterthc mc/hndsof
findingre ullant nf pcmllel end even gon-pa‹aifcl forces will be explained.
3.2. OMETTf' OF A FORCE
The pr‹xJuct of a force end the p tpcndicvlsr dis-
l«nCC of the )ineof amiun of the frrcc fmr«a point iskrown
:Ls mnmenl nf the fnroc ahr•ut that pninl.
Let 6= A force ecling on s bocly ac shown in Fig. 3.t.
r = Perpendicular distance from the point W on kg

Tfien m‹›ment tAFj of the furee 6 0about in given

The tendency uf this mnmeni is to mrcf+ ihe Andy

in the c)nckwi.sc direclinn aloud O. Hence this moment is *’ '
called c/ocA zzz£ T€ tA te cy of a montcnt is Tu mLcTc the Judy in anti-cluckwi +c flirecliun. when
ihat moment is known cs •nri-c/oct›«i e mo›nenc Jf clockwise moment is taken — ve then anti
clockwise rn‹ men T oil T be ve.
 Fig. 3.2 shnws o body cu\ which thrcc forces Ft, F• «a4 F ate acting. Suppose i\ is required la
find the rcruImn\ mnmcnlx iftfic«e Furccs abuut point Q.
Let r/ = Pcpendicular distance from U on the line utsct‹on of force 6.

y of nn ni of Ft aboul f7 - Nt x r {clockwise) (-)

length

IIcnec their municnts iibt ul A will be zero. Th*

moment of ihc for at C about poiot d. +'i. -*-+
- Fnrcc a\ C x 1 disarce fiani A nn the line nf acfinn ‹›f fnrce rl C.

= Fnzoc ut B x 1 distance frnnt d un the line of aciiun ›t” three at D.

= (30 N) x (Length Jd).
- 30 x 2 Nm - b0 I/m (enti-clockwise).
. P esuT want nome n¥ n€ aT T forces 4 ¥ A.
= 40 + 60 = IIXI Nm (aori-clccks'isc). As
M. PRINCIPLE OM MORfENTS (OR VARfCNON’9 PBINCIPLE)
Principis of moments states that the moment of the rccul1an\ of a numbcr of forces atx›ut aoy peint is
equal to t\\c u/p6r4icsnm of the moments of oil the forcsa of the system aboul thc same /x›int.
AnJ according to Vstignun’s princ plc, the moment ofa fnrcc nbou\ any y›inf is equal fr the
4fgchrair
,sum ‹›( the moments ¢£ its componcntB afioul r&y/›oi›zz
PELAJAR PARALLEL FOBCW 45

t•rsusf of'VazJgooo's Pdo<iple

und 4ircct›on by UA iuid Og. The r tcsu{utnt J? is represented in magnitude aad direction by /?C’ which ‹s
the
‹tiagnnat of pomllelogmrn O8CJt. Let 0‘ is tkc poinl in the plane about wh ch a\amends of1\, 6t and f‹' szc
few
Inc determined. Fmm point 0', dmsv pczpcndicuTars on Oé,
*ao.

Now refer lo Fig. 3.4 (6). Join OO' and produce it la 6. From points C,ñ end 6 draw
pczpcndiculars nn C/0 meeting at 0, E and 6 resp¢mivc1y. P'iom d and 6 also draw pcrpcndiculars
on CD ‹nesting the line C'O :it G and JY respectively.
!xt 6i = Ao$Jc made by ri with OD

PQ Angle ‹nade by F,- with O’f› .

in rig. 3.« (s\ oz -- aC snd siso ox p rail i ‹a Bc, hcnca ‹k projo‹iio ‹f up and sc on the same
v¢rticul line CO 'will be equal fie., GD -- CH ›s GD ”is th• projection o$ OF op ID end C/4 is the
pfojmTion nI

Thea fnim Fig. 3.4 (6), we hsvc

Pi sin 8 -BE - CA - C'ff
F cos & = 0£

”^ -' O”' D . (CU ='AC‘ snd flu› 0// llAE’. Hncc projections of OB end Añ
on ¥ho zo mo Ar@on&T T i nc OD wiT T Aqua I,u., Mfl -- ED)
/f sia e - CO
A cos 0 = OD
Lal the lenglh OO‘ =x.
 = (R sin R} xy
—- CD x x

- Moment of Fi about 0' Mt›mcn\ all,ahc'ut f3’.

Hence rnc•ment n£ A sbont any point in ihe algehraic sum of momenls nd ns conipnnenls {i.e.,6
end I-,j ahi›ut lhc me
point. H¢noc Vsrignon•s principle is pr‹wcJ.
T\›c pri cinlc of «iom»nLs (or Vaiign•n”s p‹M›cipI•) ‹s›t
r‹=irict•a to o•Iy wo mr›crneni f• hvi
is ^I« applic>hIc to arty coplcnar fom sqmm, i.w, concurrent •r non-concuncni oi pumllel t’nrcc yuem.
P¥”nhIem 3J. A /orcc rY JO0 A' is eel rg 4i 4 Id as1ño›rri ñ'i r•iy S.J. Oczcx/ninc iJi‹ » mrnts ‹/

Sul. Ui*cn :
J - ilXl N

ihc line of t›ciire nf I III N as shnwn in Fig. 3.5.

2nd Ktethud
The reomcnf cal fnm Tw\ N aIx›c1 O. can also he dcter-

But this totes ia ping througn O and hence has no

moment ahoui D.

= I IXI x sin 60" = 1fXI x 0.8/\i\ = 86.6 N

This force ie acliag veciicaf dt›wn'wan@ at C.
Moment nf this force shout /'/.

Fiji 3.6
 47

3 TYPESOFPARALL8LFOR
”l'he fcilluwing are ihe impouant lvpes of pzrallcl

\. Like parallel forces,

*. Unlike parallel force
3.4,l, £4ke pamJIeI fbt¢es. The psrsllcl forces
which arc acting in zhc vane dizeetion, are Lnown a
like j:azsIIeI f‹›rccs. !n i-ig 3.3, can parallel Innes FI
and 6 we shown. They are acting in the rame direc\ion.
Hence They are called
: like psrsllel Forccs. 3liesc forccs may bc egual nr unequal

which urc sminginthe upposne dircction,orc knownas

unlikc purallel f’om. Tn big 3.& twoparallcl forcsa Fi. Fi
mm acłing in zip rzsi4c direction. Hcnco they arc ¢aIIaJ as
uMike pemTTe1 f‹›rccs. These furccs msy be equal or
unequal in rtia nifude• The vnlikc pareltcl foiccs may be
divided inlo :

forces.
Unlike equal parallel fbrccsaze those which arc acting
in »pposiIe direction end erc equal in magnitude.
Un\1kc 6ncquaT p8raT/€T forces are £Ix›Se Nhi0h src
:'Uing in nI›lx›si‹c ‹Jic•cfiun aod am unequal in magnitude.

Thc rwsullanl of’ following two pzrallcl fotces will 0e considercd :

parallcl forccs which ale acting inIhc szmcdirasi‹m,o6vJ‹x sly thc R=Fj 4Fg
resuT on z A iż given by.

rding tri this, tke olgebmic sum of momentu of 6/ and 6t about any fx im ahould bo oqual to \hc moment of thc rssu1

Moment of FI about0 - 6i xdO tclocŁvisc) {-)

Mnńicnt offi aboul 0= 6t x BO (anfi•clockwisc)(+ ve)
 Alyehr tic sura oF moments o£ Ft »»ñ6 about O
= - P • AO + 62 x BO
Mnmcnt n£ resultenl s6›ut0 = JT • OC (antic\ccLwisc}{+)
fti‹\ om›rJin \n princtplc nf mnmonts the aIgct›mic scm cdmoments of Fi onJ y uhnul ‹' sbnulJ
he cquul tn the mnmcnt of resultant about the samc poin\ O.
( . R = iF'i + F/)
•›r

The abm'c relation shcnvs that the resultant JI a¢ts •t the Point C, }omllel tn 1hc lincs rf action
of’ ihe tx'cn f‹irccs W and F in cert a way tkzl¥fle resultant flivibe-s thcdistan¢rAB in the radio inversely
proportional i'› The maj;nituls '›f I'd and P . A lso the Faint C lies in Iin•d/T £e., paint C is not outside
d6.
'l‘hc lixx Ii‹›n ‹›flhc p int C', ai whtch the tcsu\tant R isacting,can alsubc determ not by t•king
moments ahnut {x›inIs fi of Lit. 3.’J. As the fnr¢e F't is passing 1trr›ugh A, the moment of F‘i :ihc•Mt A
will be men›.
v w›u«i ‹.r i”.»a›vi a = Ft x A6 (anti-clockwise) {r)
A Tgc imic sum ‹if momcnts of F ad H about0
--0 +F x AB -- 6› x A6(snli-clock\visc) (+)
be m‹imcnz of resultant R about A
= ft n DC (anti-clockwi }I*) ...(ii9
but a enrdlng ¥o thc priWipTc of WWnT& The algebraic sum »f ‹ns oh, an J F2 8 Wt 4 shouIJ
be equal to the moment nf tcsulIon\ about the same point A. Hence equajing e‹{uations ti1 and (ii).
F x AB -- R x AT
But JI= \F, F ) hence the diswocc JC shovld be less thnn JB. Or in other wor‹1s. the pnint C will
lie

3.51 Ftesulteot rFTwo Unlike Paz•llc) forces fUaegoe! In roagaiLedef. Fig 3.III sh ›ws a bedy n
s hich tw‹› unlike p«r«1frI fu‹ces F/ onJ F src»aing which ate uneguui inmagnitude. Lci us assume t/\si

f‹›rce

R=F,-
 â
•

.R
Ã
e
o

á
e
e o

n“
 511

F‹›rcc at C = 3‹ i N
D stance AB -— 30 cm. BC= 40 cut. As all the forces
: P ^•!!^! ^^* • C ^8 i ^ t *• GB direction, Ificir multant
R is gix'cn fry
R -- IIAI + 200 + 300 = 6L€t N
Let the tcsu)tsnI is zcling at a distance ofxcm fmm
The qnt é as shown in Fig. 3.T 2.
Now tsk c ihc moments Of‘ BI I forccB Bbout pnlnt A.
”llic force )U0 N is passing d, hence i‹a moment cboulA will be
zcro- klnmcnt of I III N force about A = 0
Mumvtuf2OOMfoxcH›ovi H- x30-6DOONcm(•Wirl-Cain)
Mom<n‹uf3OONfom»I1 -3 C
= x20=2OUONcm(zni<lxbex)

= 0 + 6IX0 + zTQ0 = 27000 N cm(onIiwI‹>ckw›sc)

Moment uf rosuflant /T alxnit A = /? xx

2
nr 27000 = 60£I x = 4S cm. Aox

‹›r MO= TO + 6 + (. R= 350)

IN
F= zoo -so -In = loo x. aos.

Momn\ of foicc 50 /'t abnMt A = 0 {. force 50 N is passing itmugh)

Mument c•f force F»6ov A -— 7 x (nnfi •nf ckwisc)
• (anti-cfwckw isc)
{?OPLANARPARALLA. FORCES SI

Moment of resullsnt R bowl A

= J? x 4 = 2S0 x 4=1Q¥I N m (anti-clockwise)
But •\gehruic sum of moments of all fnrces sbout A must ba equal to the mmenl of resultant
R

3OD
x= - ( .’ F ---- UTI N)

Set Given :
Forces arc ItD f'i, 150 N, 2S N unit Z 0 N.
Distance GB -- , DC -- . , CO - 0.7S m.
As all the fnrces «re acting vcnicatly, hence their resu\ant R is given by-
J? - 1{X\ - ISO - M + ZIXI nkin u ard Forca + ve an0 dcnvnwarct is -
ve
= 3QI -- i75 -125 N
+v¢ sign showe that /t is scfmg verticslTy upwards. Tu tend the distance oFA from point A,
Iokc the momnls aloft forces about point d.

is tf\c force 1\At N is passing 0irougt\ ; its mortiont about A ill be zero.
Moment of I5fi N force a nut d - IN x d&
= I SO z O.9 (clockwise) (-)=-- 135 Nm

= 25 x 2. I {clockwis»} (-) = - 52. No.

Moment of 200 N fotcc ahoui ñ = 2fD > ID
= x . + +.
= 2IXi x 265 (anli-clr›ckwise) (+) = 570 Nm
Alycbm ie sM m t f mn men is of aJT foiccs about A

e ve sign s w fhaj this mnmcnt is anti•clockwisc. Hence tf\e moment oF resultant A ebout A must be
382.5 N m, i.e., mument of g should be anti•clvkwisc aboutd . The moment off about A will be snliwfr•ckwisc
if // is oct ink upwards snd towards iIic riyht aTA.
N‹›w mnmcnf of R •t A = // x z. But R = J25
 ?2

. . R-Sian (R-— M /'f] will be f23 N upwarrfs aM is ating at a disiunce nf ?.DC m I‹› \fc right

3.& RESOLLFLION OFA EDRCEINTO A PORCB ANDA COUPLE

A given force N applied to a bcidy at ails puint A can always be zeplacnd by an equa1 fritce applied al
ant›ther point & iogctMr wiih a maple wtiet will lie equRsl<ni to ihe mutual too.’flits is pmved as given

Let the given futcc F”e acting at point A as shown in F''ig. 3.T S(a).

FiB. 3.JS
This force is I‹› he replaced at lhe point B. Introduce two equsl und opposite foices at g, each nf
maguirude F and acting pamllcl la lie Foree of A ts shovrn in Pig. 3.15 (6). The £orec system of Fig. 3.JS
(I›) is equivalent to the single foros acting all uf P'ig. 3.7S (4). la P-ip 3.IS(6) thrso cqusl forees ale
aet›ng. The lwn furccs Se., fom Path end the op{xaiie)y divedFaroe F''st6(i,e., vetti‹sIIy ‹ m'nward fnrce
at8’} hmm
a couple. The rnc'mwit of this -up4e is F «z cTockwiso whcrcz is \I›c perpc«dicuJeF di•tar›ce between ‹he
linos oL action of forces at d and 6. The third fbrcs is acting at 8 in the u\ma direction in which iJ\c
force at A is acting. In Fig. 3.I5(c), the cr›upte is shrm'n by curved arrasv with symbol 3'i'.The force s
steizi nf Fig. 3.15 tc) is e§Mivaienf \n Fig. 3.IS [6). Or in oflwi words the Pig. 3.15 (c) is equivalwit la
Fip3. TS(A). Hence 1fie given furce 6 nc\ing at d has been rcplsood by an ogua\ and parallel force
applied a\ pnint /l in \hc same ditcc\ion tc•@6ther weba couple of moioon£ ¥6
Thusa Iârce acting aat txsint in a tigid body can bo ›cpIsced by en equal snd parallel force at cny
other
puin¥ in the f›ody, anda aauple.
I”mbferu 3.& fi sys/e/u o/j›or4ffef/?›rces•reoctñig nn o iiyid/' tc as sum+u in Ore. 3.7zt Reduce
his
#}S tim tO !

SoL Gi 'en :
Forces at A, C, 6 anJ 6 arc 32.5 N, \50 N, 67a N
and 10 Ni cspe•‹' •!r-
DistancesDC - I rn. CO - 1 mand BD -- J.5 m.

wi(I consist nnly resullaiit foree in magnitude and mafia+t. ATi the forces are aoling in the veriest
diroclion
and !ieacc their mhcm (P} in magnitude is given by
A - 32J — J50 + 6’7J - JO - - 60 N.
‹›f:fIl foices nbeu\ A,'+c Act h3orncnt of rmullant about J.
- Algfiraie sum of moments of all forces about A
ei r R • • =- SO x hC + 67a x AT - IO = GB
{Toking cIc•ckwise rm›mcnt we nnd snIiek•ckwnc moment +•e)
t- 60) x x= 50 x I + 6’7J x 2— IO x 3.3

‹›r

hence ihc givea sysem oL parallel Inc is equivalent \o n

single forec 60 N acting vertically downwanb at point 6 at a
‹lislsnce ofU.R33 ni froio A shown in fiig. 3.I6(e). "â *-!’!•7
t«) X simple/- •ada ie •rA The -flant force ft acting at point E as show n in Fig. 3.l6 (n)
can be replaced fry an cqua) force applied at pained in thesame diro¢lion together with a enuplc. This

issltuwn
The mnment of thy coopTc - 60 x 0.833 Nm {clock •'isc)
=— 49.98 NzzL (- ve sign is due to ctoclcwisc)

Fig. 3.T6
Nut of the fore /f = 6D N is r ea u ho point 6, it will be accompanied by a couple of
moment f*tl • BE or fin x L667 Nni. this is shown in Fig 3.i6 (e).
The moment of tin couple • 60 x 2.667 km
= t60 t4m.
Fig. W. I7 sh‹›ws a number ›f parallel forces acting un a body iy one plsne. The fore s 6„ F/ and F arc
: cting in one dirccTiiin, whereas tic frees W and 6y arc Wigg in the opp.ite directing. Int @j = R ilrnnF

Fig. 3.17
‹ f' forces 6\, F and F ‹ut4 R —- Resultant of fotccs F‘J end 6¿ The rcsufionts R and ltd arc acsing in
oppmite
Lirc0£i‹1n and arc pgralTeT la cach attr. Now thrce imponant e arc pGssiblc.
\ . Ai may not hg equal jo I,. Then we shall have two unequal pamTJcl forces fR\ anJ RQ acting in
the
‹› ›site dircctinn. TI\a resultant /f of these Iwo foiccs t/ti and /?/ can be easily obtcinod. The poinf of
appIicst›nn nf rcsullnut d con be nhmined by equating the moment of JI about any point to the algebraic
sum
‹›f the moments elf inJividusl forces ubout the ssmc poinl.
*. R la equal to JT;. Men we shall lisve twc equsl paraliel Forces (I? and /¿t} acting in the
opposite
‹direction. The resultant R of thcsc two fnrccs will be zero. Now the system may rc‹tucc \n a axig1e ur lhc
system is in equiti\›rium. Tn distinguish between I freer' two ca-, the al cbmic sum oL moments of alt
forces
{fi . y , ......F#j ahnuj sny point ?s taken. Tf thc mm of moments is not eero, the By@cnt reduces a resoTWrtT
o‹›npIc. ”Ffic calculated moment gtvca tbe mnment of this ‹x›upIe.
3. R ix equal to Rg ad sum of moment oTaTT forces $6j, Fy W#, 6#. 6y, .....] but any sent is zero,
ihen ihc system will not b«subjected to any rcsulutnt couple but IAo spam wilt he ›n eqvihhrivm.

6i 3.I¥

Forces at ñ, 6, C, D •nd E and 4 N, 8 N, 8 N. 16 N end J2 N t¢sp¢ctivcfy.

Distances A2f o 0.6 ni, BC - . M,
CD = I fi m, aad DE - 0.6 m.
Since all the fbiccs are ver\ical and p'AraIIeT, hence their resultant ie given by
fi = — 4r 6—/t + l6 - I* - II
As fkc resultant fbrcc oa Ihe sysJcm s , ihere w‹I1 be two possibilities. Tbc system hns a
resuluznt cr›cple or thesysjcm is in equiIiT›rium. Todisiinguisfi between Ihcsc two possibiiiIics, take the
sum uf moments of oll forces ahout any point. Let us take the moments ebout point d.
 S5

Al braic sum of moments of all f‹xces at›out d

- - AC 6 AT - 2
- .6— (0 + . ) (0.fi + .9 .2 - 2 • t* * • * 9 + 1.2 + 1 Lfi)
- 4.8 - l6 x L7 - 12 3.3 No
4. — 43.2 - 39.fi - 4A - 51.fi
= — 3.6 f'ini
As the algebraic sum of moments nf all totem nt<iui and puint is not zcru, ihe system wi11 tavc
n
msultant con plc of msgriitedc — 3.6 Nm c u. n clocks criuple As*.
Problem 3.8. Orfereti<f ifi resuti‹io » no siicf form arriii on o lv as mon i in Hi . fi. /*.

lii. 3. T 9
Vol. Since all the fu‹ccs ate vertical and peralTel, hence I heir msuflant is even fry
/t = - TO + M + 40 - 30 - IU = t7
Taking moments ofsll forces about the point A, we get
R‹s»ltw moment =20 x 0+ 20 x 2 + 40 x 2°i — 30 x 3— JO x 5

As the resultant moment is zero and slso the rcsullsot force on the body is zero, the lady. will he
in ’Iif›rium.

An equivalent system fora given syscm of cnptaocr forces, is a combination rfa force passing
lhmujth a given pnint nnd s momeyt about t(›st poim. The Um is the rcsullsnt of all Voices scling on
the hndy. And ihc momeni is \h< sum of all the moments about that pnint.
hence equivalent system consists ot •
(‹) a single Moree 6 passing through the given poin\ P
and (H3 a single moment Ue
where J? = the resultant o£ali fom achng on the b‹xly.
My —- sum of oTT moments of aTT tU forces about point P’.
Probfera 34. 77rrur czrcrnof/erc s gre Acr/ng ou A i• shape‹fOody es s/to›tn in diy. 3.20.
be/crmicr

Fn at A = 20a N, Angle = 30’

F free ul 8 = 15 'I / I
Fnro•ai C=10N
Distance OA - mm, OB - ISO mm aixl BC - 200 rem

Determine 1hc equivalent sydeni lhiough 0. his means find

 Fi 3.20

Takiag x-axis along OA and y-axis along OC.

be /0rce at A is Iv€d inlo iwo oompuncnA
Cnm}x›ncn‹ alnag x-axis = 20t i x cos 3tI’ =
fY32 N C‹›mponcnt aluog y-axis= 20f¥'I x sin 30"
= T&0 N

ZF. = 2O£D cos 30° - l5fD - 1000 n - 7fifi l4

Similarly Mz = - 2IOl x min W = - US
-. Resu1i«nr
= = !200.88 N
T•king momenM oF&T fé'rceB about poinl a,

- - 3fXX¥XI + 15UAI0 + 3fXXXX7

= MOfXXl Nmm = 250 N‹n
Fpuivalcnt system through point0 in
JT = t26068 N
U = 250 Nm
 57

t q‹”safienr a/the system

TjHs nic‹uis fo find ihc rcsuliaat of ajl Ihe forces ‹tnd also the point at which the resultsat is uct
ny.
There am two vertical forces only.
Hence rr«i›lt or, R -- 4tX I - -- JSQI N eeting downward
The j-s»n\ st which the rssuliant is acting is oblainod by taAing m•m¢nLs «hnut Foial A. An
mnmcnI^
there arc twn forces(40f/0 N st 0 and 2tXKI I'4 at g) and *Isa a moment at O.
Mnmcnt of fbrce 4tXO N aT›uut point ñ = 4 X'0 x T
• 4IXI0 N›o
(clockwise) Mnrn•ni of Iñrce M00 N ubuut
point A
= 2500 > ( I + I.S) = 25tX› x 2.5
. = 6ZS0 f'Tn› (Ami clockwisc)
Momen\ St St = 2tXXt Nm {clockwise)
.”. Sum of sll moments aboutd

= -2fi0(antimlockwise)
The resultant is «cling vertically downward. If it isaeting Iowor‹Is right ofA, then it will give
clockwise mun\em. But we want snti-clockwiza momat. Hence the resultant reust act towarrls \hc
left ufd.
M x = Distsnec of tcsuTlsnt force (l5IAl N) fmui J
. Marr em of resulIen\ force (J\I} about ñ

IJcnce resultaut ob Ihc syslcm is ISOJ N t aeting of u d slaeuc of 0.166 m Icß iad.
\ii§ E‹/uivalenl system ikranyh A
This izieans to find a single rmultaat fnrcc and a1ingIe moment through d.
Single resuluint force, R -- )5IXI N
Single moment thfough,d = 250 Nm.

HIGBIJG££ZS

h Tkc moment of s forcc ahou› en1 pointü the product offow end ncrpcndlculsr dismrce hetne<n he I> int
und

T, Anti-clockwise m‹Xocnt s u +Vc# ¥g ¢âo£kwi@ mf›mcaI is isk5n -W.

4. Varlg›«»t's r›rinépIc stiles ihu ihc moment off f¢ccc ebns\ eny point is cqus\ io t£c eIgct•iaIc sum of
mc›mcnu

s, Mkc psrellcl forcesaic pemlkl oe•cfi ther end erc»ctingIatMume0tr‹<tImwfieisssthcwiIIkc /aiaIIr1

foiccs
^m actingtn opposite direction.
6. be resuT\sal of era like p•raIIc7 fatces ie It›e cum of0ic Iwo tire- cod m at x polot Twcco tic lin In
 si•cfi a
way tial kc msuItsnt dMacs die 3éuncs in Ihc iago invmml proportional la ldc mzgnitodcs of ihc
for
7. in n•o Quad end oppMik p'e6M eat on a body at distal e forces form a aupTo
which has a ¥ to Totale Lady. ment oldie angle is Use pmduct oF either one oFt e forces
aM pc ndic-uTcz 6is Ntween the Inn ea.
5H

9. lf the rcsul knt of a number of parallel foiccs is rim zero, ilic ayztcm can be fcéuccd to* :no$lc force,
close

t. Dvfin iM i me : CcpNns yonñkfomnH ice parfikfoms and nKkc wraL< force

Define «nd rx rain ihc rnoiacnf ofa fork'. DiBenntist between clocLwlsr monk-n‹ and ani-U‹Gwiar aurncnC
3. (n) Set lfi e Va d@oeY pN po Rao Ave be £ o£ VaignoMz gr @a.

4.

S.

7.

to. Dc›<rihc ih< mciIir•d nf Ending ‹he tHs\I of iv‹o unllk• nxtalkl r'›n>'s •t‹lch ar• •q I in m• ii
dc.
Arrive that z given force 1’ apps red lo o by zt cny poini R ca n alwnyc be mplmd by en equal home
applied at annihcz point 8 logclhcr wiifi a coopir
Stele lie principle of moment.
13. Indicnze whether be fdlawing siaiwaents are True az
FaTze. (‹} F•O i• en egcnct which Imds to caue

moLon.
i.

Fig. 3.22
i

resultant and aTsn Dir disk ñ T the Wulc›nt fNm

Arts

The th we like pazaT Te) Cornea T 0 I N, V end N arc

:uzlng as sfx›wn in Fig. 3.24. If the /cSuItant P = / X\
N

Fig.3.2't

ni+vJ gffwnxlnm snBM•n0m€w+mxofbc ml

lent Liam pvint X. (Aas./t - 3S0 IN, 3J '
m]
6' A s7s‹cm of Foroll I forms ale sming on a rigid baras shown in fiiy. 3s. peąi,cc Ihis

syslcmp .

fiig, 3H
 than some exumal forcm (wbich nisy be concurmnt er parallels are acting on a stationary body,
the f›ody iiny stsrt moving or msg xiart rotating al*nui any point. But if atedone not siert moving oW
cfs does aot xiaa mating at›mit any polnt, then tliebody* is xatdio be tocqui}ibr1um.10 tiilsctnptcr, th
coaditioax of cquilibrium for conarrent f'o oes (cc, Forees rnceting et u point) and for paraI)et foiccs
wilf be dcscfib•ó . Also the o›ncept of free diagram, different types of
support reactions and determination of rczc\ionswil) be explained.

The principle of equilibrium states ibat, s stationarj/ body which is subjcclcd to coplanar
forces wnctzrrcnT nz allel) svifl be in equilibrium if the afgehraic sum ed all the esmmal forcos is zero
a/td o/zo Ihc algebraie sMm of moments of all the ectcrnai Forees about any in¥”in IT\cir plane is zero.
Mathematically, il is expressed by the cgvat›ons :
SF•0
Z/d - 0 ..{4J)
The sign E is koewn as dgma which is a Gicck letter.II\is si$lt represents the utgeA/aics«m of forces
nr moments.
be qMaT ion (4. ) also known as t’or e w of equihbriuot wfzemas be oguatioa (4 ) is known cs
moment Iss uf«quitib i»‹t.
The férc<s are generally lvcd inio horizontal and .vcnkal componcziw Hence ogMst on (4.1) is

'Eherc ', - ATgú bmic sum ocell /\orizontat cau\ponsnts

and ZF'/= Algebnú e sum of ell vcrri I compoy¢IIIz,

will R in equilibrium if the resultant of alt fa and moment i» zero.

Ilencc Ihe equations of equ i libtium nyn

selion of alt fó re‹s ‹oeet •t a poin§ and licnoe the moment of thccc forcc etout tl›st vcry point wiil be zero
or
ZH = 0 automaiicalty.
Thus for concurrcnt forcc system, Ucoadition Etf= 0 baeojoes redundsnl 8nd only two condi!
iona, ï. , W -0 end ZFt - 0 arc requü zd.
 IN ›w let us spp\y the three co/uIttions of ccjuilibriuni :
(g ZP, = 0 ss, them is no horizontal force acting on the body
(/g W = 0 Le., FI + I'd -- F/
(iiig Z/If = 0 ab‹xit sny point.
Taking the moments of6/,F't and 6 sbou\ paint A,
MI» - - Fz x4B + y x ac
(M•mcnt of 6 is anli-clockwise whereas moment of A't Is
c1acku'ise) For cquilihrium, Mfg should be zero

\f ihe distanees JB and DC are cert that the ahovc ojvatton is satialied, thee the body 'ill
b• in
equilibrium under the action of Jim parallel foresaw
4J.3. Bcur lbrcesystew The body wili be nequilibrium i£thc tesuliont force in horizontal
direction rs zem(Le., EN, = 0), resultant force in venical direcliun is zeio(Ie. Zfi't= 0) and moment of a)f

forces ahnu‹

a/i/ie/orcc Ft ts /00 /os‹f Arr ecring ar0 fon,tz os sñonst i/s fi'ig.'.4, zéeu de/ermf/ic r8ruazgufiude

ond SoL Gixrn :

and F .
The hedy is in equilibrium under the actinn ofIwo fnrc<s F
When two ferns ere acting on a body and \be body is in
‹›r F-40ON
\f three forces æ-e actiønjj onbody at a point «›id żhc
body is in ‹quilibrivm, Lami’s TŁ<oicm œc be applied.
Usin8 Ann's thœrem,

sin I 2O’ ” sin 120ᵉ ° sin 120‘

nr - - N.

D mance a8 = I.0›o
Tha budy is in equilihrium.
2 nd distance BC.
før the equi)ibnum of Oie bndy, the rœa/lfan1
force In ‹ha vezticsl direction shoMld bezero(here there

240 + !0Œl - 62 .
nr 6t= 240 + 1000 = 12¥0 N.
Fnr the equilihcium of the , the moment oFall forces about any point must be zem,
Taking moments of all forces aBaut paiotd aod œnsidering distazi¢e DC - s, Eva @J
6ø x W -A, C.x 4ş - 0
tZ5O x LO - (1 + x) x J000 - 0

or

SoL Given :
 The belly is n equilibrium. Pind force P in
mag- nitude and direction. Tfiis problem m be solved
sn8)yti- cally and gtsph'«•!!r

Lat e - Angle rea‹fe by force 6s witk hricizontal

in x-direction and ireetion should be zero.

or r ‹es e - i8 + zs.9 - zs.98

F six 45” + 6 -/4 sin 30' - I'd sin 0 - 0

Z2J = 0.70? + i5 - 30 x 0J - 6z min 0 = 0
IS.9 + t5 - t5 - £, sin e• 0

Dwiding eg‹taiion(ill by egua\ion ti}, xc get = 92 e Rao 0 - 2.@I7S

- 0-*m-*2. 5=8Tf2°.
Substituting tfie value of 0 in equation (/j, we get

( Pirst draa' a space diagram with gi\'en four fbmes fi‘\,6 6 aod 6< at correct sngTcs cs shown
in Fig. 4.8 (e).
(i/} Now choass a suitable scale, say 7 m - 5 N k›r drawing a fbrcc disgra‹n. Take any poimU in
the
fmcc diagram as shown in Fig. 4.8{I›).
 (iii) Drsw line f7o parallel tr t’nrce 6i and cut On - 6t - IB N io the same sale.
(i›') hmm «, draw jhe line ah pc«dtcI in Fz and cut «6 = 6z =0 N
(v) Fn›m fi', draw 1hc line f›c parallel to 6; and cut /•c= 6¿ - )5 N
(i g Fn m «, ‹tram lhe line md pstsllcl to 6< anJ cul r‹Y = 6< = 30 N
'ii) Nriw jn n ñ IoO.in the closing side dO represents \t\e force Fy in magf\itude and ditectiun.
Nnw measure the len lh a' .
Br • •U • enL tenth dO - 3J5 cm.
Ftncc r1 = Length dO x Scale = 3J3 x 5 = I'm.75 N.
The direetinn is ohraincd in the spsce ditgrzm fry drawing tGe force Ft ponullel t‹› line ‹IO.
Measure ‹tie angle e, which is ‹xtioI io634•. Or ice lurch 6s ismski»g ‹ci s» •of \t/‹i +¢3.3=
*#3J°

F ›rcc at J - 224fJ N.
AnyIc with x-axis = M.43•
fi‹ re¢ at fl - 1805 N.

DB -3 m,'
DC = 2 m
:›nd
Each fnrc¢ is resolved intn hand F components
os sb›wn in Fig. 4.8( I}. Fi 4.S(r}
(i) Fnrcc at d = "1^0 N.
ie y-cnrnpcr\eot = 2240 x cess 63.43° = IUTI.0
N,
Its X-cnrnponenl = E4\7 x sin 81.41• = 2/Xf3.4
N (/i) Pnrcc at ft = 1I4U N.
J-<ompunent = 1805 • cos 33.f?7° = 1502.2 N

I’-cnmpnnent = t5£X'7 x sin dt7" = f290 N

Tfic ncr f›rcc along /-asis.
.= ZF, = I00\.9 - \502.2 -’750 • — \25I\.3 N

§ - ZFy - - ? 003.4- I£XAL7 + 129 • - J705.I N

R - : y = ( 3)' ( )
- 6 = 2116t N. Aas.
 Fig. ¥.n on}
'TTic angle me Ie t›y the icsullant with z axis is given fry

-
0 = tan-' 1.363 = 53.TO
Thc net rnorncnt" alzut gu nt N.
U‹› = 3.4 x 4 + 1000.7 x 1 -1299 x 2 - f502.2 x 3 - 750 x 1
= 9ñ1 )6 + 3/ATZ,f - 239h - 4506.1› - Z250
= I 10\4.26 — 0354.G = I fi59.55 Nrn

• n anyIc - 53.7° wilJi x-axis cs ehnwn in Fig-

44(c). ”Fhc c‹›mpnnenIs P, and /f are alt
negalive. Hence this c‹›nditi‹*n is also
satiSfic‹J.

Thc rm›ment of a force cbuut a nt is Quad

\ ihc sMm cal the moments nftha components nf the /tz -j2S0.3

(Rj into iLs cnm ncnt JT, and Rg at

F.
Moment uf ft ahoul /'7 = Sum of rnomenls of
R •ñ R ai0 Fig 4.R (c)
Bul mi›maaI nT R ahnut ‹D= I h19.6d

I 8S4.Sr = R, x0 Rd x x
toe /i', at6 pzsscs Ihrough U hrnce I kas lx›
moment)
 lNEERlHG

T‹› find inlcrcept. +ssolvc ih< i« uhant R at fi into its compn•nt R and Rg
Moment of R art D = Su m of irorncnts ot fi and At at O
16S9.66 = R, x \ + A x O.
( , passes ieuk0 and lenen hns no moment)

!6S9.6ö = 1.32 m below O.

Aas-

Weiphf of lamp - S N
Angle mate by chain with Veiling =
60° Cord is borizo ntal as shawn in
Fig. 4.0. ( Bp Levi ’

Now fmm the geometry, it is obvious thot angies between 7‹ snd larep will he Sfl°, hctwocn lamp cmd
Ft l50• and bed' can T/ and 7s la›’ [Rctcr to Fig. 4.9 (fi)).

sin ISO° ” min' 90* sin ISO°

and
 (I) First draw the space diagtant at cortc‹x crglm as shown in ''ig. 4.9\b). Now chcosc o suitable
scale say I cm = I N for drawing a frsca diagram as stown in Pig. 4.9 (c). Take any point U in the
force ^i•s‹•
tg) from O, draw the lix Oa vertically downwsr4 to rcpmscni tbe right of the lamp. Cut D« =

â N.
line of›o« on‹aily (Ie , parallel \o?';) sitting the line eral point A
(4) Nnw measure the Tengtks sfi' and IN.
Tl›cn o6 rug <senIs 72 and ID rcpr<scms 7i. By measurements, of = 5.77 cm and /A = 2.9 cm.
Pull in the cord - BU = 2.9 cm x sc•lc= 2.9 x I

Forno s\ â = \f¥¥l N. A«gle with US -- 4S•

 Dni ' th« space dict,ram of the f‹›rcas u shuwn in •ijj. 4.9(d}. The procedure is as follows :
fig Finn u hnrizonlaf line /'@ft.I= )2 m in which take /'@ = QJt = AS= 4 cm

respectively at an angle nt W°. £tI“, 43° and 30° respe lively with line PS as sh‹nvn in Fig 4.9.
¥lup/sltude itod dtreetloa of'Reso\taat buxe fR*)
T‹ find Ihc msgnilude sn‹I direction elf the resuIIs‹it force, the Moree d(0graW IB down aa shown in
nd 4.'› «) as given hcTrr .
(i) Draw the •ectnr •6 to rcPr sem Lhe force If-XXI N In a a«ik of T cm - GUI N. The vector ud is
p: relief tn tkc line a£ aczinn nd face P.
( r) Frnm {s›int h, draw vector 0c - \5tI0 N and parallel Io the I ne of nctinn nd Moree @. Similarly
1hc s’ccI‹›rs. c'/= I\XW7 N and {rtrotlcl tu linr ul action oF Lom R and dv • 50fl N and pamllcl In 1hc line
nf sclnm

(ïi‹) Juin i•' whick giVcB lhc magnitudc ni the rc•utiant. kfeusuriog ac, the msultenf fnmis crjual I

(n') Tn get ihc hnc nfsct on utthc icsullent, ehc•næ any pnint Oon force diagrcm(caltcd the pnle)

and

(v) Nnw cfxmsc any pnint Ai nn the line uf aclinn of fnrcc P and draw a line parallel tn flat.
I›- ) Alsn I'r‹›m ihc /x›int x , draw :inuIhcr line parallel to f76, wliieh cuts tne line of set ›n nd f‹›rcc
Lt
:i‹ it. Similarly fn*rn /point . Jraw a line psmllel to Oc \n cut \he lioe of action ‹ I” furcc // at /> Fn›m
p‹»m
draw a ) T nc p: mT Te| I • Inf to cu T the T nc u£oct ort a £1 lace S at A#.
(‹'i‹g Fmm {s›int A<. draw a line pnmllcl 0c.
{iñ ii} Pn duce The first hnc (z.z., the Ttrtc from Aj and paraTTcT to Oa) and the Tast T nc \ñ e., the line Trr m
.Y‹ an‹J parallel l‹i roe) ‹a intcrmt at 6. Then the resultant uiust pass Ih-gh I his pnint.
(7.‹ I Fr ›n\ jx int A, umw a fine pam\IcI Io ae which delcrmincB 1hc line nf acfiwi nf mltant
force. ñ lwsurc 6/. Dy meosurcmcnts :
Rmllsnl fnm. Æ• = 3770 N
P‹z ni ‹ f acliun, F'W- 4C0

cm

In analytical mcth•d, all Ihe forces -in6can I›c r-›Ived koñ z‹›nt^JI›’ and vertically. R‹••mltanl nf
all
vcrticu\ and lx›riz nI:\l Fnrces mn he calculated scpara\cTy anJ Theo the final mvttant can t›c obtained.
Re.w›lv ny all lures arut considering; the syscm f‹›r vertical forces only.
Vert icnl force ml f• - 1 O Il N
Vcrt ica I fi›rcc al (i = I •itlfl ein úD°
= 1?•99 N Ve riic*l fnrcc at P = I W
ein 45’ = 7fl7 iN Ve 0ical
fiiecc al .\' n M xin 3fl’ - 2511 N
rouoinoxs or routciariu

Let 6j = the icsutiant ofall •e‹ticsl fcircss an4 acting al a die\ancc x cm fmm P.
- 10Qt + U99 + 30Y + 2S0 = 3246 fJ
Tsking moments of all vcrticsl fotces about point P,

z= = = 4.ZS cm
R’/
Nnw consider the system fnr hnrizonlal fnrcee on)y fforizunlal force alI"= f\
Hn›iz‹mtuT furcc at - T x eoa TO° - ?S0
N Ho‹izuntaJ f‹›rcc «i R = \0&I x cos 4S• -
707 N H‹›rlzonjaj force st S - VIII x
cos 30’ = 433 N Resultenf of all horizontal
foiccs will bci
R”« - n + 33u + 7rr/ + 433 - lmN
The resultant Jt” offtjsnd Ä"/ will ako pus1hr‹:›ugh point A' which is at a disuincc nF4.W cm
A2

frcim P.
The rcsultont rv II mage en angle 8 with #S snd is given by

0 - ian- 1.723 - 59.9°

Thus the resultant of 3764 N meka un angle SP.9° with PM »nd pia• ng Ihx›ugh \sunt/ which is
al a
‹fistancc of 4.*5 cm frr›m point #.
3'fiis insult c‹›nfirms closely with the values obained by graphical niclh ›0.
4.4. AC”FION AND RBACT£ON
downwards at the sM pport as shown in Fig. 4.10 (6). fiis force is known as ec/Jon. be sup{x›rt wil] cxozt en
cquai foma vcriically upwards on the bull at it point oteootsn as iltown in Fig. 4.10(c).
The forcc, exerted by tke suPPnn on the ba4f, is moan cs reocrioo. Hecicc ‘orij'/brce ou e zu

/›orr

The equilibrium of the bodies which arc pTacsd on the sup{orIe cmm be c‹›nsidcmd ir we remove the
si›ppnrts aad upIac< them t›y the ree‹-iioms which ther •• ^ • n *• body. In Fig 4.\0 (a}, it we ramove the
supporting surfaee and replace it by the reaction fi\ IJ\at tbc surfme czcrtsrv\ tt\c bulls ac sh•wn in Fig, 4.10 (c),

The po›nt of applicatirm of the reaction At will be the poiototcontaad,and from the jew of
equilibrium nf t•ro fnrcea, we conclude that the rea4\on Ra muct be vertical and equal la the weight H'.
Hence Fig 4.10(c), in which the hctl is com,ofc/e/y isa/ered from its support and in which ali
foices
aoing on Gc bMl crc shown by wcioie, ie kaown s free-lx›dy diagram. Hence to draw the f body
diagram t›fo hudy we mmove all I hesupports(like call,fler, hingcorsny olher txufy) andzeplaceThem by
the reactions which these supporl exCit rn ih< body. Also 1Gc body should be compTe\elf isoia\ad.
heohlem 4A. Dram the frv‹ body diagxa‹n of ball of ‹+ i8hi J cf /n reed @ a strfng AB and
resfing

SoL Giveo :

The bell is supported by a string JR and is resting against a venicsl was) ai C.

To diem the fme-body dip of the ball, isolate the ball completely (ée., isolate ih< ball from
ihe

the eating,tg and another repTscing the vertical ws3I AC. Since sha string is atlachcd to rhe ball et8
and sincr a suing can pull only Blom i@ !ongtG, xc has ¥A reaoti'vc force6 applied at 6 and
qaralTcT ¥o &t. The magniludc uf r•. is unknown.
The reaction Pg wiTT be acting at be point of cool of the b&T did vertloT wsll i.e., u¥ poznT T.
As ihc surface nf the wall is j›r/ectIy serood•', ‹tie fesction J?t wtll be normal to the vcnical wall (i.e.,
reaction g< will be fiorizori«l in ‹me cs+c) eca will p•ss tluo•gh ‹ha point 6. be r«agniiuda off is
also unknown. w< complex £›c<-l›ody diagram is sbo‹vn in Fig 4.1 I (S)-
”The reectien at a gerYec0y & zurfzcz is cfuays rorm#l zo k e azfa¢e.
 73

Protdea 69. A circuñrr xaffer a/ueigfH J/'I 'Y ‹url rodizzs /0 cci fut/tgs 6} n lie rodA6 = 20 cm
and wsLs ogur/rs/ n smoad veriicef›*'eff as C ‹zss/ioi*w in Mfg. 4./2 I'a}. Drzrrmi/t•' : f‹} rare/arse 6 in
the rie md. i,«f fiiy the reoezibn Ae ar/x›ñtr C.
BuL Given :
Weight nF mllcr,

Lcnglh oFtie r‹xf, AB -- 2fl cm

From W8’C, wc get si n 6 - =

0 = sin-’ 0.Ji = 30•

The fmc-body diagram 0/ t3¥ roiicr i8 Bhown ia rig 4.12(6) in which
R C -- B io n »t C
F - Eire» in the rie todd6
fi'ree-fx›dy diagram shows thc equilibrium of the roller. Hmce the TcsuII«n1 fom in z direclinn and
\-direction should he zero.

fioi

9rohte- 4.I& Dro 'inc/mee-fx›dy dïegron ri/'a öef/o/›+vig/tr W', stgzporraf öj'a s/ri‹tgd8 und resfïng
u. ei°sr e --£ •er/Jc•t -// er C •/ d Also rss/f›tg Agriiea e smoodi //o/ïrou/of/?öor er0 as hoe ïn
74

Th draw ihc free-hody Jiagrsm of fits ball, Ihc ball should be isolated c‹›mpIoIcly fmm jhc veriest
.support, ñorizonlal support and string AB. Then the fœcos aciing on ihe isolated b‹sTI ss shnwn in Fig. 4. Iy
(6),

(i) Rcamion Rc at point C. normal to DC.

fri3 Force 6 n tho direction of striag.

(ív) Rczclina Ro at point 0, normal to horiæn\a\ surface.

’Ï‘fie reaetions Aø and 6p will pass through the centre of the ball żø, through point 6.
Ptobleat 4.II. A òołï c/ we gem J20 I rests in a rr//ir-augfed groove, as shon'/t rn 6‹ę 4.74 (eJ.
77‹r i’8es r/zh gzœw ccc iacl/n ed ø› eo aug • ‹Y30” e›e/ 6t/’ to IJ r forüxvize£ //4/f ific sui/4c s 4re
sn«xfi,
¥ńøii de¥crmznø ¥fiø reoct Ą ered' Ą Æ rim Ńk fo¢Ł

Weight of ball,

Angle ma4c by xidc ID witß horixoniai - 30’

Angle make by side £O with horizontal - 60ᵉ

Cunsider 1hc equilibrium of the ball. For this dresv tl\a free body diagmm of the ball as shown in
Pig. 4.14 (6).
Tic fDyøøs King art t& isolated ball wiżl b< :
li1 Weight of t < ball - J20 N and øøting ae TTy downw .
t‹• Re«c1i‹ n seHng at Ł’ and normel to FD.
(iii3 Roactiaa ftx cctin8 aid ‹uid rorrn•l loll.
Tfic reactions ltd and /I'ø will psss thioMgh 8, i.e, ccnlie oFlhe bell. The angles made by Rø anJ
Rø st
/s›int 8 will fee uhiained as ahown in Fig. 4.t4{c).
carrions oF zquiriwiuu 75

In AHOC', añDH = 30" and 0C// = 'XI". Hence LRIC will be 60". Now ›n AH61. / PI If =

90"

WOf W -- 0, we hsvc sin 30" - JTt sin 60' = 0

ZF/ = 0, we have 1 20— ilp cos 60" -At cas 30’ = 0

\20 = Its cv 60• + lid cos 30•

Substifu ing thie value in equafinn (i3, we get

filC - J.732 > 60 • 103W N.
Proh!cas4.GZ.Mcirsuferza//ero/zodiusJ cas4/t‹f‹i/iwig8t /¢¥tiYrcsrso/‹us ooz/i /Tnr/zu/tfef ur/ace
YOU M /i0/d /r7 pasTrioH on Tc/iged aX c /engzh 70cmes 1// 4.7S.J /gog/ONua//oKcE o/200/
is •cri iy oi 8’, 6i tdi/ie ier‹siou for 6orw./ in the 6ord8 em/z/ic wrcfcs/ruoc/iou n/ C.
 •
Weight,
Radius i.‹., BC' -- 5 cm
Length nt AB = JO
har, x‹ cm
Horizkonu›I /t = 3on
N
sin 0 = dzt O = TLS

Cr^nsidcr 1hc equilibrium of the roller. For this dr4w the free body diagram of the rnllei as
shown in Fig 4. I3 (6).

As ihe m)lcr is in equilibrium in Fig. 4.JS (I›), the r-ultsnt furce in z-direction and direction
BhnuId

Fur

ñ Of li - 0, we have Etc- If'- rsin 0 =0

ords ver/leaf n'oll assh inFig. 4./6{‹z}. As w›trolttAex

u/4¢esio0¢.oeoorbOrowrJ‹r/rwbodyd/egroms

GSoL ivcn :
Wcighi of each roller = IN’
Radi u of each roller =6
fdcnlicel ballets muaJis the zadiu8 of each rul!er is same.
Hence the line EN in P'ig. 4.!6(•) will be parallel la sMrFaoe A6.
tiigel her, then (xiinlx of en.n!acts arc d, & and 6'. The fw•hody dia m of thia is shown in Fig. 4.16 (‹j').
rh o ‹CBB Nh g o I
 ltadi us ot each roller is urine. thence lino £f will R pamlłel to J&.
EqulllbzJo a o£RoMw fi
Fint dun the free-body diagram of roller P as shown in Fig. 4-17 (c). The rullcr f•has point*of
cøntsci
:it Ñ and D. Hcnec £ he fu¥cn acting tin the Alter f’src
: ți) \Veight fII00 N acling venio1Ily
downward. tiï) Reaction P,t st poinl A. This is
nurma1 to Ud.
{iii) Rcuctinn Rn of pnin\ II. hisis parallel to line 0ü .
The resultant force in z and directives un roller # shncld be z.cm.
Fnr ZS, = 0, we have
Ąp stn W' - Rg sin TO“ - 0 ‹›r Rq sin 60" j9'ø six @"
sin 30•

Rø ‹xci 6tł’ + Aø cns 3U° - JfA¥t = 0

(fT.577 R¿) era 60º + R¿ cos ID’ -- JŁXXI (*.' J /› = 0.S77 4»)

R —— O.577 x S6'6.17 - 499.7g

Fiqul!fhzłum oF Rolkr Q
Nc Free-hndy dıayrsm of n›jtcr Q s shown in {''ij;. 4. I'? (ù ) The foIIcc e fnLs pn me ‹›ham\ac
at 6, C

The forces ac\ing un the roller 0 arc :

txq Weigkz łf' gtłA N ;
(ir) Rcaclıu‹i Rg at pn r\I 6 snd normal Iu8 I ;
liii) Reacfinn ldc at pnint 6 and normal to CO ;
and (i›') fteric\iun hn at point D nnd parallel
to BO.
‹›r

a.R66 R - iz‹ęø9 - 0 •‹ R - - IN X. Ao
Suhstiluttng I his value in equsiion (iiȚ we get
 9•if. Given :
Weight ‹›f each sphcr¢, II"= Tt¥Xt I/
Radio < F cach sphere, 9 25 em
' AF -— BE -— ID -— DE -— CA -— 2d cm
Width ‹›t’ hurizon\aI channel - 90 cm
J‹› n the centre 6 to cc ntro F as s rrw A in F g, 4 R (6).
Nnw EF = ZS + ZS = TO cm, did = 4ff cm

IC ,iO N

D g

Fi 4.15

snd sin 0=
P uItlI›idaat of Spheee No. 2
The splicm 2 has pninrs of cunta s at C and O.
but Mr-Rzmiux81C
ard Rn=Ri›i nmD
L fm»LWy6izgmm‹ñqhzmNo2us€owninFi¿.

Wc reunion R at pnint O, well pass thmugh the

centre W \af thc sQh8f8 Nn. 2, as any line cormal tr xny
,
poiat m the circumference oT the circle w4T through 4fie
¢cnTrc zJf circTc. Our the equiTiAiurn nd zhe sphere No. the
rmuTtanT f‹ice inc aody‹tirecfionsshmi)d be z•m.

Fear = iJ, we hove 6t cos 0 = JOXI

 xl

fiu&Iitutin¿ the value of Pp in equation (g.

.›r

''pufflbriom nf sgkere No. f. The sphere I has jxiinls of con\act ct A, B and 6.

Let 6a = Reaction at points
??y = Pltzon st point B
W m e -hudy ‹diagram of sphere No. I is shown in
I-t¿. 4.III{‹ft. The rc«ctior‹s R/, R •nd R wilt pm
highthe
«vnlrc F ›t” Ihe sphere No. 1.
f-‹›r ZF, = \t, we have

and sin U -
3

Fnr “ ZF - 0› we have
t - I tIIXJ - /t/t cos 8 = 0 i”
it - lo‹x›* e acs s

' ' * 3 ”
= 2I¥t0 N. An

zooo x 20ODN

E
 T. Given •
Weight of cylindeza 1 ud 2 • l00£f N
Weight uf cylinder 1 = 2fItI0 N

elf = x x6 - • 40 ° 20 cm.

tl = sin-' O.fiñ 7 = 41.Rl6’.

kqutMbrtoia o€cylinder 3.’The cylinder 3 has points of
contact at F and I?. TTie relations Its end Its will p‹zss
through
‹he cenrrc nf sphere 3. 'l1c frrc-hody diajuom is skown in
flip.'/. I'd(c). Rcsnlving Forces horizontally,
JTt sin f\ - Rr, sin 0 = 0

Bq«lllbrium or tyli aer I

i- • '
S - Rp sin B - O
S = Rp sin 0
= I S4?..i7g « sin 41 A36°
[ .‘ From equation {ii), fi - 1342.179]
- .2 . n
For ZF = ti, we have

= \fI0IT + 1341 I As x c 4f ,43f

 ›t3

Tbe egulllbrtuas ofcjrllodets 1 2 and 3 €akeo

!Jcncc rcsMllant fnrcc in ditoclion should be zclc.

/t + J? - ltXX) - 2OIU — I ut¥Xl = 0

‹›r R/ = 4I¥¥\ - Ro
= 4f8XJ — ZtXxI (”.° Rt = 2I¥KI)
= 2000 N- Aa¥•

fiinJ fu›ri*nlal fnm ', rcacfinn Ra and re c-

Ii‹ n /?u alien 1hc n Ilcrjust turns ‹wer Ikc bluck.
When the mller is about to Turn over the o›mer
›f the rcetanguTar hTc*ck Thc mTTey iiA at lfig pint
A and then thcro ’ill he nn cc•ntact between the
roller andf The Bznf # . Hcncc Lion Ag at point A

will f'eeumc
Now the ml7er will be in equil hrium under the actirn of the following three forces :
(i$ iia weight \\" acting venicoTly dowrr+azd

film reaclma Rt al point £I. TT›c direction nf 6t ia unknown,

Fnr the equilibrium, these ihr<c foro<s sIx• l0 pass thMugfi a rnmDn pint. AB¥hg mm /’and
w s hi If'is pusin/t thn›ugh point C,tienec ihe react on Rt r«wst also pass tkmugh the point C.
Thercfnre, ihc line/t6 gives the direction of tkc rcaoion ltd.
la bBGD. BO —- Ind ve • 4o cm,
‹JD - OJ -ID - 40 -20 - 2fl cm
BD = 0 a = - z‹xi - 34.M
11. Two identirol follcta. eacfi of weir1 3ß N, z ie sum

Pig433

[has Jł,\ - dø - 6e.67 N,Jtø - IŒt

Nj
 Support Reactions
svINTRO8U O8
Whena number ‹ F fnrccl arc acting on a frodo. snd Ihe bndy is suppuncd ›n an Iher bndy, then
the

n equilibrium. The sccund hocly is knnwn as support aod the fc›rcc, exerted fry the s¢ccmd fxMv nn time fint
b d}', is knnu'n :is support rcacti‹›ns.

(e) Fixod or huilt-in support.

62.I. Simple support or kniFe cd4e support
.'\ heum supported ‹›n the kaiFc edges ñ and 6
itshmwi in Fig. 5. i rz}. be medians az é and B in eve of
knitc cJg< svppon w II be n‹›rmsI to 1hc surface of the
t›e«m. The n•aciiuns fid and flg wñh trcc4›ody
diagram of the hcrrm is shtiwn in Fig. 5.1. (b).
ñ.yX Rnjkr flvpport. A bra supplied on etc bullets nt poiais A and B is sfiown in I'm. 5.2(«).
Ie rcnoinas in race of mlttr sup xirts will W normal to ihe surface on which rolls an pit as shown

'in

hing•cd gor pzn-joini) st points, is shuwn in Fig. SP. be Lionst

‹he hinged end may he eizñ et ier/rcriJ r›r i/tcf//'d depending
upon ihc ty of lr adin$. IL the I‹ud is vertical, then ‹he inaction
riff alsn be venical. But iftGc load is inclined, then the rcoc\ion at
1hc hinged end wiTT also be iucTined.
 5.2.4. hmootb éi•tf•ce Support Fig 5.4 siviws a br›dy in cont u'ilh a smonit surface.’l’lic
reaction
*ill always act normal io ihe support res shoz'n in did. fi.4 Arr) Anil 5.4 (b).

I °*\JOw a rU/ ’’S’ n 4 n ide D 6phCF0:,

wh‹ee surface ur‹: smo‹›Ih. Here ihc ro‹l bonnmes
hody and sphere hcc‹›mcs surfec<.. Tkc icactinas on
the ends

SP.’I‘YPfifi Ofi OADJNC

The fnllt wing are the imporlsnl types uf Inadi ns
{u) Tunccntra¥cd or point T ,
(6) L7nifnrinly d stribMlcd Noa I, ‹uid
{c') Un Poem Ty may ing Tod
5.3.1. Concentrated or poJat loud. Fig. /i.7 shows a
l›c.1m III, wh‹ch is simply supposed a‹ the ends A and B. A UJ
\\' i* actins al the pnint ¢/. his t‹ cd is knnwn z jx ml 1t›ad \nr
CCDccnIr:t£cd Inñ 3). 33cncc sn} land a0t\n a{ o pUinr tTn a ’ m,
IB 3nnwn ?ñ jam\I It+ad.
\* inl
4.

Span ‹›f hcam = 6 m

I. e‹
Aa = R<aciion at A
’ ill = R+actioo at 6
 in cqt›ilibrium, his momcuD of al! tbe for¢es
:ih‹uit any point slaztsld be zero.
Nnw faking Ific moment of th forees
:itu Mt 4,and equotlng the jesulwit n¥urant to

âm x 6 - 3 x 2- 6 x 4 = 0

Big. S. 12

- R +Ae - 3 + 6 = 9
” @ - 9 -Ae - 9 - S - 4 GUI.
(d} Graplzi<al bfetiu L rirst cifai draw the sync dieg‹a‹n of the beam to a suitable sesle. Let I em
length in sja/ee diagram rsprecsno I m leugth of baaai. ITez›os 1aAc JB = 6 cui, diasnce of lu«u 3
kN fmm A
• 2 cui and ‹distance nF6 kM Fmm A •4 cm aa altown In Pip S.IB (o\
Now MW433 the loods and ‹zoctionsaecntdi«g‹oBow'snutation i.<.. L›aJ 3IN i• «•ucd fly kg.
tool
‹• x• e . • R› lay.sx•n4 •• • on R by SP.
Now The vecu›r diegmm is drawn rding u› the folloa/ing steps : [Refer to F'ig. S.13{6)|.

i.e.. 3 kN) will he equal to 3 em and jaed QR(£r., 6 kN) b cm.

2. Now lake any {xfint y aod draw line ygpsruflsf to kud (i'c., 3 kN). Taken= 3 crti In
tcpreeent
\5o I+•ad of 3 ItN.
ñ. Wr‹xigh g, draw line gr psralkl e load QR(Le, 6 kN\ Cut gz oguat tu li cm to represent
ihe laad
‹*II›ItN.

(6) Vro‹s &agreui

4. fJuw raka any point 0. 3oin the point0 to the potnup q and rasahoem in Pig,
5.J3(6).
 ñ. N''u’ in big. S.13{n}. cxtenJ the linee of aciinn of the Insert (3 kN an‹l fi kN). i›nd tête twn
rcactmns. 'WiLc sny pninl I .‹\n the Iincofaciir›nofthc reactirn Rt. Tlirouj;h T , drap the I ne 1-2 par. I1cI
In/'7, in crscctiny lhc line uf acHon of hwfl 3 kN ar poifit 2.
u. fmm pnin\ 2, drap line 2-3 parallel to ‹jO. intcræcting the fine of aclinn nflosd ù kN
at3.Siniil«rly.
l’rnm {x›int 3, üraw s line 3-4 psral1el ro›-¢?, inlcrsectin the line nf sction of’ rcsclir›n R zi po nt 4.
7- loin t t'› 4.'l”hc line \-4 is krinwn æ clnsing line. from the vectnr diagmm, frnm pninl f?. Jraw
line
f 7, pzrallel \‹ line T -4.
R. Mesure The T*n th aya *ni es. bc )cngTh sp reprends the zcsHon Rg and IcngTh z.s rcpreanls the
react nn R/.
by m summcnL sp -— 4 cm and es = S cm
.. Ag AngA sp x uMe - 4 x 1 kN = 4 W. Aoe.

nglh nfI›cam =9m

R»‹< ‹›f U.D.L = 10 kN/m
Angth nf U.D.L. -f m

Fig. 5.14

This Inud of fî0 kN will rte octin sl the middlc pninl ufAC ï.e„ at o

distance of = û m l’mm a. lx /?a = Rmction ai A and J?e

= Rcoelion nt Zt
T:rking ihc mt›menIs shall fr rccs abott gains #, and equating the zaIlcqt moment In zcr z, xc bsl

Ixnglh of heam - IO in
Lcngih ‹›f U.D.1.,
Rate ‹›t” U.D.1 = IO kN/m
 Fi 5.lȘ
. . TutaT head Ac @ U-D.L = 4 ø 10 = 40 kN
THE kcal ‹ f40 kN d••Io U.D.L 'ifIb• midget tkc ciaJlcpirsofCQ îø, ai» Jica›ncc of* = zm
fmn,
C f‹›r a\ e uîsranm rf2 + 2 - 4 m fro‹n point J).
Law R -- Rcochon at A

Tekin$ the memcets of all foreca about points and ajc•tin$ tho uøujtant moment to zcra. we get

9 x 10 - 50 x 2 - d0 x (2 + 4)- (\0 x 4) 2 + O

Also for cquiłit›rium of tkc bœrn, EP‘ - 0

@ + Ry = Total fued on tlæ beam = TO + IO a 4 c 40 = j30

ßeL Given •
Span oFł›mm -Rm

a 40ł)

• 4050 N

lfH) or or
 tifl0) u 2.5 - x 5 x FifKl x x5 =O

Sft — 1000 — f›666.F›fi - ff

Sip
5/‹x = luU› + 6666.66 = 16066.66
—
(5 x R = ” =33Ma3 u. Are.

= UML ( . Tnl«l Incd nn hccrti • 6t¥ItI N)

/fa = 6‹XO - 6# - ‹ xXi — 3333.33= 266&67 N. Aos.
1.6. PROBl.EI\lfi ON GYBRIIANGING BfiAMS

TaLin@ the morncnls of”aII doYccs zzlx Mt point A and equating ihe ulLant momcnl to zero, we get

‹›r /f - 2‹XxIe - 24i¥i = 17r›‹O

17
Z200 N. Anx.
 I0t

Als› f‹›r thc equilibrium uf the beam, we have

R +/t = a‹O + 2‹x I + I0‹xi= 3A‹xi
R = 3fI‹xI - g = 3ax› - Taxi= t6a0 UI. A
j”robtem S,7.,4 nm„tBo/Ayn g,u, overhangingon oacs¡deup oale»qiha(2m, carries auniformly

0'otal lcnglh =6m

Rate nf U.D.L = 2 kN/m
Total Toad due to U.D.L. = 2 x 6= I2 kN

Fly;. 5.7ñ
the mad ‹›f 12 kN {‹.e., due In U.D.k) will oct s\ the middle point of DC, r.c, ni a disk1i\cc of 3
m

Lcl /t = Rewtion af
:ind ñ Rt = Rcac\ion
at 6.
J”oking the moments of all f‹›rcc«about points and equating the resultant mnmeni \n zcrn, we
gc
Rn ^ * - I* W /) X 3 - 2 x {4 + ’.) - 0
4Rt -36 - 12 = II
4/ta - 3G + J2 - 48

Alsn fnr equilihrium›

5.7. PROBE SONROLLBR ANDI4INGBD 6UPPORT8D BEAMG

In cssc nt’ rnllcr sup}›oned heams, the reaction on the mller end is al-ys /rermo/ In Ihe support. All
the deck trusses ‹ I tW briflgas is gcncraTTy haviny ono of their ends supported on weller. The mciv zdvanla¿;e
oT’.such a sMp@¢t is that ba‹m, due to cffurl@c in TcmpcrAtur•, aux move ¢#4 Iy towards Icat or ri&h4, in
oee0Mni nl’ expnnsic•n car ccnIrac\ion.
Tn use rit”u hingcJ sup rlcd bcsm, tho reA¢t ‹›n on the hinged end may be cilher vertical or
inclined, depending upnn Ihe type of leading. main adven\agc of a hingod end is that the I earn remains
si«blc. Hence all lhe steel tosses of the 'ridgea, Marc onc of lhear end on rollers aad the other end as

hinged.
Length of bcsrn = I.7 m'
 I lI2

Let Rd —- Iteseti‹›n at d
and Sta = Reaction uT &.

Aa›' = Vertical component of madman ftp.

Chest r‹ e›Ive all the i nclinM loads anda Orton CenieaI artd orizon4a4 -mp nenL
(i) Venicnl component of lo0sd at
• 30 min Al° - ZO x 0.fI66 - 12J2 N
and its haunted com em

(ill Vertical component nf mad at 6

—- 30 eia 4S• = 2T.21 N
:ind iiñ h‹\ri2r\nI0I cx\m{X\n6nt
= 30 cos 45•= 21.2J N -•
(ii‹g Vertical cnmponcnl uf load ate
= US sin I\0° = i4.T7 N
:ind ils hnriz‹ nrol component
= I5 cos B7” = z.6 N -
I'n*m cont itton of cqu illbriu tM* - 0
‹›r Rar - TO + 21J1-2.6 - 0
or R 1s— 2s JI+ 16 =- 8.6s N
- ve sign stows that ihc assumed di ion otR {ée., horizontal component of Rd) is wrong
dizsclinn will he npposile n the cms\rmod direction. A.seemed direction of P,rr is nwards right. Hence cnfrcci

Fnr m\uiIibi›um, MJ’¿ = 0

if› x 30 + (20 sin 60°} x (30 + 4lJ) + (30 x sin 45°)
• ‹ a› in 7o) + (is sin 8«°i ( 7o) — a R. = a

SUPPORT RRAIONS

nr I OIXI + 1039.2 + 2757.7 + 2SJ I - 170 J?t = 0 to

›r T307.9— 1?0 Jta - 0 fin
 d /tgg apply condition of equilibrium, EPS - 0 II)3
JTtt + Rt = TO + 20 s n 6IJ" + 3U sitt 4S" + IS sin t¥I°
@t + 42.98 - TO + I?.32 + 21 II + f4.77 = 103.3
R¿ -— 103J - 42.98 = TO.32 l"/ }

s made by ltd wilh x-direction s given by

8,r 8%32
R “ 8.6\

GSog ivcn :
Snghofb m -6m
at dia = Rcsctiun at A
Rd - Reaciinn at B.
be reaction Ag will A vertical zs The Team is wppnncd nn m1Iers al end it.
0 kU4kN

Lrt Jt,cr - H‹sieonal component of reaction J7t

R - Veclical component of z¢oction Rt.
(u)AnalyUml ñ 4efturd. first resolve the imlincd \omI uf4 kN in\a horizonts\ «nJ vertical cum/x›nena
Hozizonuti component oF46kN st
= 4 ‹-as 4S• = 2.828 kl^i -
and its vertical component

'
 2
Ra x r› — 5 x 2 — T2 x I.5) 2 + — (4 sin 45•) (2 + 2) = 0
2
Me — TO— V — 1 lJi2 =0
‹›r 6Rp=1O+9+11312:MB12

Tu find /t s apply the condition uf¢ctuilibrium, ZP‘ = 0

fear + R - 3 -(l x 2) - 4 sin 45' - 0
Mar + 5.052 - 5 — 3 —2828 = 0
é/x - - 5.052 + 5 + 3 + 2828 - 5.776 kN
kcaclion «i A is given by
R -
= 2 6

= ZII424

0 = k i—! 2.0424 - 63.9•.

(f ) Gr›•pfilcal M<tb•d. First •£«JI -n•ert th• •‹iiform1y dfstribi›Icd IuaJ (U.D.L) into ils
equivo1enf jx›inI I‹›M sclin *I ihe C.G. of the ponion on which U.D.1 is acting. Hence 1oisI load due.tn
U.D.k will be I x 2 = 3 kl‘/ dieting nl n distance of 3 m from point A :
(i) Now draw the pace tisgram of Ifie beam nnuonJing \o some suitable ate, as shmvn in
Fig. 5.Z.1 (<).
(ir) Name all the loads and reactions occatding la Box’s nolaliun. Now flaw flu vwtnr diagmm ae
6rrwn in Fig. 5.T (6t. any suitable No Mr vector dii.
(iǤ Take any point p for drawing sector diagram. From p, draw line pg psrnIte\ and cqusl to load
5 kN
(i. , Imd ). I'‹om q, draw gr parallel and equal to 3 kN. Prom r, draws pa sllcl eud equal to 4 kN load-

I -2 parallel to lined› I, intersecting the line of action uf 5 kN at point

(Piz$ Similarly, dmw lines 2-3, 3-4 anrl 4-5 padTIeT 4o g£f, ›D and sQ respectively. Unit point T to 3.
line
I-3 is the c1‹xsing line in space diagmm.
 "

suFPO8’T‘
REASONS toe

t•) Sg•m diagram

(wii) Fro‹n it in vectrr diagram, dntw a )inc parallel In closing line I-3. Nuw thmugh .y, due a Tina .Yr
vcitical tae the rcsctiun /ft is votical), inlarsccting Ifie line through O at r. Join r to g.
(¿r) TI\e length st repmsazits the rceetion fTt in magnitude aiid direction wlic c«s the 7cnglh rp gives
the n«›t;nttMdc anlt direcsitin of rczcfion Isa. At point d, draw a ltr\c parallela p' fifi}fiSY) *fi Fig. 5.Z3
(a). By rnWsurcmcnt, we yet
A/ = length fy = e.43 kN
/ft = Icngtb si = 5.052 kN
:ind

SeL Given :
Lcn$jh uf beam = 0m
Let Ra = R<ac ion ai ñ
Rg -- Rculinn zl B

The reaction fig will be normal in the support as the besm m & in suppoiiol on ih« rollers Bui
the support at 6 is mcAing an angle 30” with the horizontal or 60’ with the vertical as shown in Fig
5.24. Hence the maetirn R is meking ao angle of 30• wiih tho v<rticsl.
ltló

The venicsl component of/t#

and lir›rizcintsl compnnan\ of/ta
='t sin 30°
These cnr»ponenis arc shuwn in flip S.24(e\
Rwlvin the load of 5 kN acting at 0 into borizon‹cl and
vcrtical components. xc get
Vertical cwn{oncnt all kN
- S sin 4S• = 5 x 0. -3J3S kN
tiorizontal component of 5 kN

'Fhc reaction at A Citi be irclincd, es the end d is ftingod artd bcsm carz cs inclined load.
Let lip = H‹vizoolal -mpooe‹d of reaction Aa
@y - VefllT component of reaction Aa
Mr equilibrium of tA km, the mornm+La o£a]T Tar about agy point should be gem.
Taking the mooionts" oboct point A.
(ltd cos 3t/•) x IO - 4 x 15 -(S sin 45•) x 8 - 5 u k = 0.
ft.66 Rg - tfl -17675 - 4fI - f\

F\ar @uiltÒ 'raMm, ZÉ ‘ = Ó

ur Ran + 5 coa 45’ - là s ein 30* - O

‹›r

The anj;Jc made @ R wi r-di n is givcn by

Thobkm S.LI. ier/niae the zeocr‹ous izrthe 8ingrd sojy›orrA and//i'e roffer sv/›porf 8 es s//o••'n
ùi
Fig. S,2S {o).
&b Gis'en •
The suj›port at d is hingod svI›eresa lke euppó rt at 6 is plcccd nn tbe rollcr. Flrncr the rc«ction at
the
r‹›IIcr suppr•rt witl he pcrpcndicuiar Io the inclined surface.
SU'PDRTREAIOWS

Fig 5.2S (e}

The rear\ion at the hinged support 4 (be., rm‹-lion Ra) will be inclined at sane angle to the inclined

Let Rig—- impox‹n of maction I? normal to inclined su‹facsJ8

has = Component of r•sction R a}ongtl›e ineIi•ec{sMrfaee,t8.
The given vccticaT force of 'I I IN at C is resolved parallel and perpendicular Io the inclined
surface
W. TT\c volMc of ils cornponem parallel to the imlinod surface is equal la TOO sin 30" or 250 N and
irs vsluc t›erpcndiculer1o1hc incJiaod azrface isogual tn 500cos 30• or 250 x W N.Re d reet oia of Iheso

compouc›irs
Similarly, the wrtical fnrcs of GUI LI at/J ie rese\vcd zs shm•n in Pig. 5.2'i \b).
 ł‘łow sum oL the campohcnls jærallei to the incüncd surface AB - Ø sin 30• + SEO sin 30" = 250
+ 0 = SUU N «cling from 1cfi to right.
Hence the value oF the rcsclion component /tøy would be cquel to TOO N and should act from
right to
tell z1 etown.
Tu fin0 Its, lake the moments nf all forces about Pnint A shown in F'îg. 5.ZS (a).

But AT - S cm, AO = t£I cm

Pn›m
AAdB,
at0 x 220
fíenfc

Nuw from rig S.2S (ò), equating all the forces pcrFcndículør to flu inchncd su Haec GB, we ßcl . ' ’
Iføø + fiø = SEO » cm 30’ * 5Œi cos 3O’
rir fi, + 6ł9.5 - IŒD cos 30‘ = IŒD x g

Bul Rxo -— SM N

oL Gwen :
rorcc af pointÖ w T00 N at on angle of 30• with hnri@rîrcl
Force al point C —-’7fj N et an ance oF45“ witb vert cal
 6F''= MO M/m = 250 x Length EF in metm
= TO • 0.6 - I 5fl N

The loao on 66wilf be •criog at the middle point olds Lc•, «I a distant= of d.fv'2 = OF n›
from 6 or at 4 ‹listener of 0.6 +0C - 0.0 m from A.be polut6 is plaoed on roller at ea angle of 2£I‘
with the fiozizonM. Ilenee reaction at 8 will be normal to the surfaos of the roller.
The pezpsndicutar distance From A on The \inc of action of Rd •AO --GB as 20• -— SBO x nos
20• cm
= I.8 cus 20’ m as showa ia Pig. SC?(a). For cqcitibcium ofjho baaot, tbe rnorttents oFall fnrees
about any nt ekould be zero- Takin moments of •J! lorries about into we
[Horizontal component ate] a - [Horizontal component at
x 4C + Load on W x 90 - R «AO

-- II

= l09,O7 x 0W2 + R x 0. - \6 x 0.8ö6

- 37.3 + 49.49 - 866= 0.j9 N
fior equilibrium, ZFt - 0
c'r ltd + III sin 30" + 70 cos 45’ +j{t coe TO* - y50
or Aa,- iso- ia›sin3o• -70cos4s•-fi cos20•
= 150 - SO - 49.49 - J09.OT x 0.9596 --11.98 N
I )0

Nc angle made by @ with z-azis is given by

- 2’73.5?

s.& PROBLEMS W›4en sBAMG Axz SUedB D TO COUPzsS

in this section, the reaetious oFIGe beam will be calculated’.a'hcnbeams am subjected to clakwisc ar
:int -cIr›ckwisc c‹›upIe along with the other loads. WEiIe taking the moments about any {a nt, the
maguirude
. nd senc oF the cuuplc is taken. rn\o consideration. But when the toial load on the beam is wlculatcd
the magnnude and um of tlto covplo is not considered.
Pzoblees 5.13. A s n/›/F sup/›or/ud t›eem API o/7 m s/szn is su6jcc/cd ro. {iJ 4 M m clockwise
cau ie ui 2 m/roas d, fiiJ Pt M’/n miii-elicrx/pfe ‹zf S m/romd and fÎii,l o oi4ngufax Joadmii um
i›ciess/q' ur 2 m/co tr A i icreasing ro'f J\/ r /n of ojno//tf S m/zoni A. &czezst//ie reocr/ons ‹tii
om/6.
Sel. Given :
Spun ot bese = 7 m
Couple atC (ée.* ct 2 m from A) 4 IN t• 8 ••)
C‹›uplc of0 toe., at5 m from A) • 8kN m en i-clockwise)
T›ianpcl food from C ‹oo w ki :
Vertieal Lord at C = 0
VertiwT had atD - 4 kN/m

. Tulol load ou beam - Aroa of triangle CCII- ” -6\N

nr 2 + 2 + 4 m from cr›d 8.
Let Its - Rcactton at J.
R/ = Reaction •t JI.
 Takin$ lhe moments of elI Łorcœ about poimd aod equating the rcsultarit riæment to zero (r.c, Z lx
- II end œosid•ńng ck›clr iac roomeat positive a«d aati-clockwise nsomeot negative), we go
- Rø x 7 + 4* - 8"• + Total laird on bœm) x Dbtams of toBl load from d) - 0
‹›r —?Äø + 4— 8 + 6 x 4 -
0
- 7/tø + 4 - 8 + Z4 - 0

›r ftp = hS.
- Also for the equilibrium of ttc boeni W
- 0

2.

Thy load Is veøIaT, iłico in wITT be veNi&. if& iosa iø lncllœa, in be zeion wiTT also be
incTincd.
4. For e smr•nth surface. If\c taa-non is elucys eonœl io tł›csuppm.
S. a load, a‹siag at a goírit o« x bæm, is Ia›owe zs point Iœd œ comsnlrsltd Ios&
fleece unit Ieng/hoft¥e bremœnIcsumsineæityołIoad,tI\coitøtfYpsofkmIisknowtiasvniforroly aIsirib•t•d
load which is u'ritum as IJ.D.L
7. The rcactia›s of a been cao be dctcnoincd Q a\aIytiœI mBod act grapłiicd a c0od.
reactions @ øneTyúœT mlhod aze ø laid sy p quac?oø4 ofcgøiTâWm, ś c., W - 0. Wg - 0 end

e, rca nie‹o by gzapfiM nicikod xc obisimd @ óra •ing e die$tem and a•ectot dIag‹s«i.
t9. If a bceni is faded wt\h Inch‹\cd loads. Ihcn tic IMiœd loads arc reœtvcd normal io the t›cxm and slang
tic helm. ł'ło•v ihc cqustiaæ of cqoilibriMa› en væd frc fiading teacdotœ

i. Exglain ihc lcrm 'suppocł Ieac\I ' Plus he lbs dilTczenf fYțes of support.7
What ir tic diffcxncs been e r¢ălo support oid a ëfi›pd sappott?
tørcihe imtonmT oŁIoøaingoztøIe•m tDiRezenIiaicfezwewuzdfonatyakiñb•i•dTqa0andunifom›Iy
varying Iœd on a team.
Nam d ihem¥ methods & findiog tbø zeact?ons az tbe two gala of a .

Łi and 1z £r‹xo me ends msp•ciive17. How will j/oc find ha aøctiwøAx œd Aa by anc/ytksJ mclhat
DcscriÆ in Æuils 0›e aifP«eatu+țs involved ia CoxIiag Ibc tssctiœz aha beaio by grapbkał
cicihod.
&fine and e¥@Un œ one Eng
whzl is be main sd?tnta$s of iollcr æjipon la œsr oFlła mcl imss<s oftM bńdgcs ?
•Wc epic øt C is g W rrs Cockwiœ. A in zeøaø Is ctive.
’•Wc couglc •t 0 i• 8 kN m oiIf'-tJaMæ. Maace laænsc is negalfve. Min óxipk b who a›<eznnc
I I2

A simply sup I 'cam of kngth 8 m cszcks połnt Iaa<Is nf4 LN 8nd 6 kN #T a disi of 2 m and 4 m
from il›c Ich and. Find thc rceai¢xts at both <4ąs enslj kelly and giephicalJy. [ 6 kN. 4
kNj
i A ampTy xr pported bez od Tengtb 8 m cazncz o untform I y distnbuted of T 0 W/m kar o d lncc of 4 rn.
Narńng from a poinz which is st a dislennc of T rn fzont zho III cnd. &TcuTazc tle ions at łmlh mds.
[Aaa. 25 Łł'I, ł5
kNj A bcam 6 m Tang ia simpiy a› #z & em a‹xi ca zics a unif‹x›oig d@‹ibu&a ieoa of i
kN/m bhp uonccn‹rawd louis I kN. 2 kN and 3 LX eaing ›cĄe<tily st a discan of II io. 3 m and •i.5 m
fYom rhe jeff vnd. CaTcuTaTo Thc rcacli‹>M a‹ tozh co6 [ 7 kN, 8 W

s. A simply '‹rppurtcd ł›¢am GB is svbjo:Iod to a Oistrłbuied Icod incteasing from 15IXI Nim ic /'I/m fiom ¢n¥

2kłt/•›

7. on uvcrh nging t•¢sm carilcs iłi¢ lozds os shnwn in Flg, SA. Cała›Tai• u\r rcacti‹ms •t *4h ond .
[Aa•-xx • j0 XN,/t» - j j kn]

A Sejm ig loaded an sfiou n in Fig, 5.il. Detennior tle rewtioas at both cnds.
{ Ajp - 2.8751:H. - 5.196 tH •-. Ay = 7.123 ¥H]
 Fig. 5M
I l. A simply supported I»samXB is subjected u› a di•tributea Io•a incte%rg horn 15IXI N/m ie aero Num
from end

Fig.S.

[Heat. Ana ‹›f /cc‹angIc = TSIAi x b = 9t¥XI N, Area of fl N.C.G. nf rrcI88@4

*" *2" '
ffrW
X = 3 m. C.G. nf Irlan$lc horn A •0 4 n›.
 ( )3

Supper we add a #et of two mwnA‹g md a joint •g¥jn, we a palest flame as clown in did 6C
h],
ig¢nca for 0 pe¢f¢ct frame, the Cymm ofjoint8 And nun¥bcr of mmb¢Fs ago ginn bg,

here it = Number of members.

and j • Number of joints.
6J6 Iatpezt¥<t PYame. A Fiaree in which number nf members and mimbsr nfjoinls am cot given
hy
n = 2j- 3
\s Lnnwn, an mge‹fem frcme. This mea«s that numbci of members in an imperfect fmrnc will be eithar
niorc
or Ices \h•n (2j - 3).
{§ }f lkc num!er of members in e Lr4it›c src fees tkart ( - 3), then the frame is known ss
dr/ic'rai

W. A8SUMPTtOH8 MAOP, IN FINDING OUT THit PORC8S INA FRAME

The casumptioi s made in Fuidin$ out the forecs in a fmmc arc :
(i) Tec frco›c is a pctf<<t fiamc
(i) The fume cmfics load at tjoirm
(&} IIhc m<mWu w HnjtW.

&4. RBACTfONG OP 5LfPPORTE OF4 PBAMB

(g un n roller support
or (ill on n hinged
support.
Iflhc frome isruppoztedcin a mflcr suppor Ihen the line of acfion uflhe rcuctirn will t›c at eight
sngles tn the mllcr hasc ss skown in F''ig;. 6J xnd 6.4.
IN ihe frame is supportod rn e hiagod suppun. then the line of sctinn ollf\e reaction will depend
u/x›n
Ihe lnad nyntrm on the frame.

The ieactu›nx at the mppntn of s frame arc detnmiined by the conditions of equiliRium. Tn<
exiemal Sued rim tin fianu and the mactioas at the supports muet form a syucm of equilibrium.
 (i} DcierminatJons ‹›f the reactions at the supports and
(fit Determination of the forces in Ihc merebera o€thc frame
The reactions arc determined by the condition Stat the applied laad sysem and the Induced
reactions at the supports fnrm e syslem in equilibrium.
The fnrccs in the members of the frame am determined by the cond tion that every joint
ahould be in equilibrium and en, tho Forecs sitingat ovary jomt should form a systwn in

equilibrium.

(ii/} Graphical method.

US.I.Method of'Joiotc. In this rticthod. afier deicrtriining the reactions atthesMpports, tile
equilibrium nf every joint is considered. This means the eim ofaTl the vertical forees as well ss the

horizoorcl forces acting

Acjoñ r io wfiich it ia -nn<cu›d whereas the fa c• in the member w )l be tccrik if the mcmber/ud/s
//tejoi•ii tn which it is cnnn•c1aJ•

SoL First determine the reactions fie eod

/fr. be line ofzction of Ioadoñ20 kNwtiogat A
ievezticzl. This )oad is at a dislancc ofA/t x cos
60” frore tfie /xiint
B. ho ^' let us find the dis\ance AB.
TI\c iAa«fl» ABC ie x rigN-an lad triangle
with angle BMC -- 90”. Hence d6 wiil be equal la
BC x cos

Nnw the disranccof fine of action of 20 kN from

Sta = Total Ia«d - J?t= 2fl - 5 = IN kN
 1.17

Now Tel us consider alia equilibrium of the

vazi‹xmjoinW Lct

6 is acting awsy” hmm thc joint 6 aa shr-'n in Fig. 6.b. fTIi4

rcaction/ttissmingvcnioa{Iy up.WeforcsP'zishorizonta4. Nie
r•cction Itp n'ill bc bsls +ced by tha varti<aI com{x s›ent
oF fi'i. The veiticel com <ment of 6t must act downwards t•
beIancv R flencc Fi reua act lowarde tbe joint 8 so th•t ils
ve›1ice) component is downward. N‹zw the horizontal cor«
onent of F‹ is towards jho joinl 8. Hence force 6t must act
away horn thn
joini fo b«lancc ttic honcnnt4l eofnpooent ot ft).
Resolving the forces acting on tbe jnint ż/, v¢‹dcttIy
Fi sin ‹ l• = \5

we As6\ is p‹tshingthnjoinł6,hcnccthisfoiccwillbecomjemsivc. Now recolvirigtlw f•rces

get hnrizoulafly,

cnmprcssive. Fig. &+

Taking momants aboui d, we get Aq n †.S = S u I

S 2
7J ' 3
”TIi¢ dir¢cii‹m ali' cci•^•n I:c'nim lowsrds thc joint6. AclueJly wf\en we amcidrr ific cquiTihrivm of
hc}oim 9, if ilie mogeiiudc of F'i aną 6 crea•s uut ł•I- Ixsi‹iva kicn d›s uuirnod di ixvi of F't and 6J >rs
cortocc Btit if my nrc of they ia Gming a wgaziw magoi aha› tla eeomcd di‹eotfo+ ofd›zt fórae ia gC t
direcńon theo wiTT be rcvcw oF tj mmd diii
 III

Jniol F
The foiccs r end I' tic krXr•vn in rn*6niIuds aim
directions. The assumed direotnns nfthe f‹›rces 6orand 6rr
arc shown in Fig. fL23 (d}-
R ›lving the forces vwtic«Ily, we 8ct
'i x sln 0 + T Tn 0 = 3

.•. Frx-, = 0
Resolving forces hurizontolly, we get

= to kN tv••• I )
Rcsnlviny t’nrccs horizontally,
e -- 16 - F acs 0
= I6 - 10 x 0.a = 8 kN {Tensile}
 The muss is hingeu st d snd hence the support rcsetions of A will a›nsists elf s hwizonrsl rcsclion li
:in'd a vertical reac\ion Rt.
for )cn@h DC - 4 x 30 4 x fl.866 = 3.464 m
lengih AD —-2 x DC -- Z x 3.464 = 6.R28 m
Nnw taking mnmonta about fi, we go
Rg x }2 = 2 x AC + I x ID + \ x 4E
= 2 x 3.464 + I = 6.928 + I x 4 = J?&6

a nd

Resolving the Forces venicsily, we gci

/'’,\ x sin 3/J° + I x sin 60° = 2.974
‹r F c x f›a * a.ss« - z,+74
2.974-O.BOX
n.s
= 4,21 6 kN {C‹›nq»r
•sive) Resolving \Ge forces horizontally, we get

Nuw c‹›nsi‹lci tke juin\ C.

I3f›
 F/
-
-
Nnw consider the joint /.

nmm= 2J8£t'l Nnw coxsidm tke pint B.

Receiving vertically, we get

Fac v sir D• - â .49

Joint ¢i

Tfic fuices are xhoxvn in a tabular form as

6frm6er Fa lx be men6er

2 kN
4J l6 kN
I:”D 3.155 LN
2•i8 kN

2.58 kN

6.6. METEIOD DF SR ONS

When the t’ozoee in a few members elf u true aro to be 4crcm›incd, then the melhod ofsecl on is
rn‹›slly
used. This mcIh‹›d it ver7 quick as it not involve the.solution nf other joinls ‹if the meet.
 jn this methnd. a section line ›s pass¢d through ihc members, in which forces arc In he
de\crmine‹l as xh‹›•r in Fig.6.11. TI\e section line should t›< dtawn in such sway that ildoss not cut more
than Ihrcc members in which the forces ccc nnknnwn. The pazt of the Urea, on *ny ono side of the
section line, is Irested u a fmc t«,dj in equilibrium under the set ion nf cxternai forces nn that part end Tom
in the nicmhers cut hy the scclinn I inc. J”he un h nz4on f‹› s in the member arc 4 hen deTerminefl fry using eqmt
infis ‹i£edu sl ihYi u m as

j/* t T i'] I ii It

It' lhc magnitude nf' \hc forces. in \t e mcmbcis cut fry s sec\ion line, is positive then the
aseumzd lirccli ›n \s currccl. IL magrtiludc ma fnrcc is negative, then mvcrs¢ the dir¢ution of th: I t‹
Tec.

Sub. flint Jclermine the reaction Ra and R .

Thc distance +F line ur action of 20 IT'S fn›m

Taking moments sbout point B, M gcT

R • S -— ID « I.34

Nnw draw a section line(I.\), cutting the

mem- here alt and 6C in which forces see tri be
delecmincd. Nnw cnnsider the e‹iuiIibri um of the
loll pan ut tfie trust. This pcr\ is ahown in Fig.
6J1.
it thc diroctiuns of F ‹tn4 F are cxs‹›mcd
as shown n did. 6.*7.
Now Isking the moments of all the frrces acting
‹in Ihc left part alTut rpm C, be gcT

(°. 3Tie pcrpcnd cuIar diuancc betwwa the Zinc of

act«›n oFfi'tt and goint C is equal to AC} diy. 6.*7
 = — I’7.32 LN
. i•• sis• n Itat F is acting in Itie opposite diroclion(i.e., Inwards{s›int6). Hence
f'‹›rcc

£*,= lT32CN(lmpxoi ) ’Ass

Agmn i*kin6the rromenls ntsll the fotocs acting on ihc lefi p«rt shout pnint #, we ycI
I S x PcrPcndicclur distance bet •cen Ihc line of ac‹ion '›f
IN kN and point fi = £”tt x f'crpcnd cular distance hcfweeo FunJ jx›inf ,j

0.866
- 6.66 kN fTensilc). Ans.
The.in f‹›rees arc same as nf›i:\ineJ in Prnhlcm ti. l.

@L tel ux fi est determine the reach ionB f2 anlt Rd.

Tn nnglc Z BD is o righl •nnglcd tnntlglc having n nglc

AD =d/t cos 6fI• • 5 x 0.8 = 2.S m

Tfic distance f line u£ action II\c vciiica\ iosd )0 kN from /x ml A wi)I he AT c‹›s /'¥T° ‹›r 2_1
x ‹7?

. . — .. .
tn iipht•znglcd trin nblc US,B we have

T2 kN fmm pcint6 will bu BE cue 3D" ur BE x 2

2 2
- I .875 m
. . The ‹distance nf the line of aclion of ihe luad of I2 kN fern Point fi will be

Now iaking tf›c rnr»nenm about J,w gci

Sta x 5 = l0 x JW + t2 x 3.1Z5 - TO
 N‹›w draw a secIi‹wi line (1.I}. cu\‹ing the members
4, ñ .ml 7 in which forces arc tn he ‹ ›tcmiined. Cunsi‹lcr
the Lquilihrium r›f Ihc r‹ghl pen uf Ihe Incas(because it is
smaller ilian the IcIt p:irt).
ThiS part is sb›wn in Fig. 6.29. Lcl F , Fs andF «ie
\T1c f\\rets in meTIM ¥. 5 and 7. III their 31mctioRs 4re
:i••unied z" sh'»^'n in Fig. 6.29.
Nna takiny tIi« m‹›mcii nt” ‹th the f’nrccs aclieg ‹›n
tit right n ah‹TuI {ñ\inl E. We get
R x 66c‹vi 30" = F‘ x 62 x sin 30•

2J

Now' ‹ating the moments uf •J} the fnrccs uA•ut pnint8 aoing on Tfic right pen, we gel

Of

Negative sign fihown that Fz in coifipmxsive.

.'. Ns - f4 IN (Comp 'ssrvc).
Choc fumes sec same as oblainett in Riiib)nm 6.3,
Pettiest 6,13, A ri• rr o/spen e m is tended nr .Nnwvi ir fig ñ3fi, find ter morifcais rind /ortv* iii
8fr1• GB?JJf fS RHf I, 2 H b.

Sot It its firsi cnleulnte tin reactions fid and fig.

Taking mt ixicflls ahout ,j, m grit
 4
= 7.5 kN fTccsileJ. .
Nnw takifig the mømntc of all ldc forces
’‹sling nn the )cf1 pan about poinl Û. we get

6\ = 7.5 kN (Comp‹csx1e).Aoø
l’Jnw takin6 the moments abeut tile poinl C, •''c get

r 2 x 3 -2? + ?.S x 4 = 0 ( .' F z -— 7.i

27 - 7J x 4 -3
' 3 ' ” ’”’
Ncytlivc sign sho»rs that force F'> is ct mpressive.

Pzułdeas 6.f4. for //ieyiă-joined zzusssho›m ia rid. 6ńJ, /iud tùe/òrccs in the nn'nrhers

eianb•d J,
 I 4fi

e‹J.wcg•M
P x lż- 2x1C+ 1 x1D+ l x3f
•z•3.#f'#+l •f.O2R•1x4-17.Vn

n in Fig. 6.33 (e). W 6n‹a Pro

niembeis D‹?, FD and F6 rc›pcctivcly. I-ct ił:cir dircc‹inn¥ are assumcd a shown in rip. fi.Z.3 \u). Tokiny moment ul a

‹. Fri -- ą x min 3l›°

,•r Ć = ” ' ” .” ” . - - *.9P kł•I
— vc sgn sh‹›ws tł\st thc Furoc F'‹x; is mmprcssive.
Fz›s = 2.0x kN (Cc•mprcssive). Aau
Now iakiny fhc mnmcnts abuut pnim J7. we get
II • BD ‹x•s. 30 - F y = 8D x ein M
Pn = cos 30 = lp x sin 30
I .4’/ x cos 3U 1.49 x 0.8f›6

- z1›i kN (zcn•ii‹t.
Nnw taking ihe mnments nf ali fnrces zcling on \he right gan abmit B, vn• ccl

( . 1 distancc bciween F›t and 6 is t«›t

zen›)
aY. G PłsICAL ktErrt4OD

The namin6 of Ihe various mernbcis •f a frame are dnne

¢ccnrding t\\ 8zJw'3 nza¥oTTrJrT.T. Ae0ording to This hotaTi0n u/ forcc is
d8SignsteJ by tsvi› cagilal letters which arc written on oi\her side of tko
line ‹iFactir›n of ihe force. A fnm wiih letters 8 and 8 on either side
of the line of netion is Unwn in Fi •. fs.34. Wig force w |I caT ed
AT
 ( ) ”I”aLc any pi nl p and draw parallel tn vcnically downwards. Cut = 4 kN Ir sime Kate.
I i) how trnm g draw porcTlcT zo A vcztiwTTy upwards and cut Mr - 2 kN to the aamc scale.
(‹i‹) Kmm r draw r/› pursllel tn JIC venicaily upwards and cut ry = 2 kN tn the same scale.
( ›') N‹›•- ln»n, j ‹Ir«w a line y\ paraIict to PSsnd fmm r, draw a line r.sj: ziullcl Ice /i'.'\, meeting
lhc first
line ai . This is vccmr diagram fear joinl (A). Similarly the vcclor diagrams for joint ('0) and ( can I›c
drc 'n.
3. Fr 'nurtnp n fncce tahle. T!tc nisgnituJc nf a fnrcc in a memher is knnwn hy the Icnglh ‹›f
ihc vecior Ji:mr•m tor ihv cnrrcsfx›ndinS mcmhcr. ‹.e., the len$lh /›s ot the vector diagmm will lpvc
tke ma niludc nf Inrcc in the incmher f•\’ ‹›t the frame.
M:wr›rc ‹ f z he T rcc z. a., tens il c rir mm aside) i» determnM aecoM tnb to the €‹›T Iurinb pnwcdurt :
(i) fit the space Jiagrom. c‹›nsider arty jnirtl. Mnve mund thci joint in a cJW»i. e ‹fit c'/i‹wi. N‹›lc Ihe
or ler ‹›f Iwn c:nilai lcticrs by which ihc n\emhers am named. Fnr cxamplc, ihc m¢mhcrs ui tltc jnint

(A) in

l-'roml-i§.f›.if*(r) AR RCx*igW’=.Sx =2.3nT

 D›slanc< ‹›I’ line nf Quinn of 20 kN fmm /s›int II

‹Iran a line zx parallel Io SR, meeting jhe first line a r. Nnw )›r,s is the sector diagram f'›r Ihe jninf
(//). N' w mark The as on the jump B. The amuw in rticmber 'R «'ill be \osvards la joint B, whereas
tic arrrae in zhc member AS win T be away fmm the @int B cs sh rw n in F'ig. 6.36 (b).
(iii} Similarly dms the vectnr Jiagraas Inc joint d and C'. Monk Ihe arro*s nn \hose jnint in •P
cc

17.3CN
 fit it.ñ Firsi lc rmine the re:whom ft. an*l ftp.

Now Jraw tke space diagram fnr the Truss alon itk load oL T00tf N and macttnns Aa and Rn
equot In ññ7 N andill N res ively s shnwn in Fig. 6.37{fi), Name the m mI›ci sAC. LiB, iSD,CAV ol
DB’amr‹liny I‹› £I‹›w'1 n‹›tsti‹›ns zs PA, PQ, RR, QR »nd j2S mpeclivcly. N iw cnnslrucl the vccl‹›r
‹diagram as shn\vn in Fig. T›.37 (c} and as explained hcTow :
{) Tak» any point .s and dun' a veriical line sr downward equal to load lmkl N tn .mime
suiiable xml . Kn›m i draw a vcniczl line ip upward eqiutl to 333 N ‹n ‹he scme scale io represent
1hc reaction nl #. The /ts will fcpresenl the re:icti‹›n he I‹› Ihe scale.

arms no thejuinz A.The airman in the member 9P wiTT be Awards The joint A, whezens th arr‹tw in Thg mem
ior
R7' +'ill t•c an'ay fmm ihc jnint /t ca skm•n in Fig. fL37(6).
(ii} Similarly draw the s'cck›r ‹tiogrems foe the joint C, /7 snJ &. Mark the airs on these joints Ns
shuwn in Fig. 6d \b).
Inc measure jhe various sides uf the valor diagmms. be forces in Thc memh'en are uhlainud diy
multiplying ate •‹ .ie filctnr to the corresponding sides of the vcclor diagram. The force" in mcmhcrs arc
given in u tahuler form is :

57G.7N Tvwsilc

cn I 1S5 N Tensile
I SSS N Terniilc

SoL In this case thc vemor diagram can be draw without knowing the reactions. First of oil draw the
•pnce diogrom for the truss along with loads of TQXI N oF joinls B and C'. Name the members AO,
BC, cD.
DG, ID and 60 ceo›rding \o Bnw's uoIa\ion cs /'7', OS. SR. RR. W and W icspccliveiy. Nnw cr›itsIruct the
•xl‹rflagmmesshownin Fip6.38(r)enJe»xplonod6cTow:
 Tensile
Te9>i

R33 N Tensile

hr inn zhc x”eczor diagmm, the rcoczions A and 4 2 at A and A can be determined in mat;niIude

and

H1GI!LIGBTS

\. The ml:4i‹›n \›c‹mcn number of Joinls (/3 on8 nMmbcrof mmbcn i) in e gcrfm frcme is j;›vrn hy « = 2j —
3.
A DiWcrcnT frcrnc ill a fern is which number of nvm\scre arc less ilizn (2¿-3) whereas a rcdunJanz Iran is a
frame In wh ch number of mcmbcn aw iw›rc than ( — 3).
 S.

s.

s.

to.
I j.

rTcfia and c XpTain Ihz lorITc& . Pcrfecl framc, im@rfccT /rBmr. dc cicnt fmmc and a md1Jnd#n\ fTitlñ .
i f«} what is a rr mc .' fii> ihc diffc‹<a< cun x perfect frame *na *n in›I<rr ct frcn›c.

I•) whui \s the gdronlagc of n›cthoa oF soaioo ohm fnMkod of joints Y How WiTT yntt uN mclfl ›d n7*
Quinn in
fiM»g £‹›rc . in be members of 8 truss ?

8.
9,
& Detem¥ife IfTe forces in the ‹runs down in Fig 6.46 which carries a horizonT6f Toad nd T6 IN and a vcrTiccf
T‹x ñ of 24 kN.
[CXC = 24 IN (Tc«s.j

p.

10.

Fri • 577.5 l4 Tens.1]

13.

EN - 3.15S kt'i {Teas)

FiM the fn/<ss In the members GB, AC»4 BC of ttc must shown in Fig 6.39 of siion I, using
graphical nuthnd.
Llsin 6rs§hicsI Wth‹¥T, d¢l££mlNñ II\c tn¥@iitudc 9ad taken of Us forces in be fncm&r¥ of be Inca
shown in Fig. G.40 •›fqu s+‹m 2.
IC Determine zinc Toms ig aTT ihc rncm&rs of e csatilcve ass abown in Fig. 6.44 of queatie s, uaing
grap7iiccl mctliM. Alt dc\crmIra lh¢ sections of0›s ran¢Twcr.
 Centre uf ¿mvily of a body is the point through which \hc whole weight of the body ‹\cIs. A body
is
having only one ccntro ‹if jpsvity for all positions of the body. Ji is repented by C.G. ur stmp\y G.

Tf\e /x›int a\ which \hc i.'Tal area of a plane figum alike rectangle, squarr, Iriangle, quadrilalcml, circle
ccc.) is as nrncd To be concentrated, is known as tA eenTzoid of That area. The ccntroid is ole represented by
C.G. ‹›r simply G. The eenlroid snd ccnlrc of gravity arc ai ihe some point.
7N C TROI D O CODE OFGRAVITY OP SI MPLE PLANE F2 G URRS
fi) The c»oim of gravity (VG.) of a unif0mi nod lins at its middle Point.
(ii) The cenfec of gzavif y of n triangle lies at the point where the ihice medium‘ of i he triangle meet.
(Hi) The ccntm of 6mvit oF a reclan@c nr oF a por«IlcIo ram is •t the point, where its diagonal
meet csrh mher. tt is atso tkc puint of intersection of Ihe lines gaining the middle pninLs nf tic
opposite

(?v} be ccntrc gf @m'uity o3s Circlc is a\ if cenTrc.

2.e cEnFrHH oF CWvtTY OP PL/LNB nGUeZS BYTiTB MET¥fOD OF MOMENTS
Fig. V. T shows a phone Figure of total area A whose centre oT gravity to b'e determined. Az
this are
A •s cnmpuscd ‹›f:i numh'cr nf.small aha-s oi, oJ, o1. o„ ..-..- clc-

0 side of a _triangle is known as median nf tic

c line c mnc¢ting r c vonex and the middle point of the pits
 IS.1

ivh
rrc

3.4.1. Ceotre o£Grovity ofPlane Flg‹trw hz tntegniti•n kk+ti& The uatieins(7.\} «nJ (7.2)
can

The value uf i depends upon the number of smaTT areas. FT the stall arms arc large in number
(mathematically speaking infin re in numbzs), then ihe summations in tkc sbove equations can be rcplscoJ
fry in\e¿ra1it n. Let fhc small annas arc represented by dll i»i‹tc•d nf ‘a*, tficn the ofxwc equations
am’wrinen as :

Also z’ = Dislancc of C.G. ofalta dt froro axis OF

y‘ = Distance of C.C•. of ama d4 horn axe OF-
7.4.I. Colm ct Gmvlty etc Ellie. The centre of graviiF of • ti»° wbich mm bu stmighi or
curre, is
otuained by dividing the given line, inio s laige number if sreal! lengths as shown in Fig. 7.1
(••). be ccntm of gravity is obtained by replacing dt by d1 inequations(’7.2 A)
and{?.2 B).
 ’TTien thèse cquolims bcœme

...(7.2 D)

y” - Distance of C.G. oùIcngtli dz. from z-uxis.

Tf the lines are strcighL, tien the al equotionz tre writtcn as •

...{7.2 E)

/= :{7.2Ç
L + 1z +1 + .....

uncle, axis OF and OY as called axis of referee.

(i) Tlic azis of rcfcrrnct, of plans figurn, ix gcneiell2 tekcn as ihc lust line of the figure
ftir
determining J, rind lcfi line of the figure for mlcul4ling z.
(rii) lf the given section is symmetrical about X-¥ axis or I’-Fasis, then the TO. of the section
will lie
tin the ants is symmclty.
7,S,t, Cenice of Gra>jly of Stn›etuz•l gecco•s. The centre ul gmvit of stmctumJ sections IiLc F-
section,/-section,L-sociions etc. are obiaiaedbr splitünglhem in\o recfangu1arœiziponents.Then cquaTi‹›r›s
(7.I) • t* ¢) •‹
Prob\est 7.1. r‹/td rita ccnrxe o/gxav/g' o/elie 7'-section s/\‹nvn In s'il 7.2 feu.
Sol. the given I’-section is split up imo no rectang!csd and SFI /-I as shawn in fiig,’7.2 (ô). The
jtiven 6-section is symmotriœl sbout I’-7sxis. H<nce the C-G. of tha aectiop wiTT Tie on this axé Towœz
line ‹›Fthc ligutc is tiea ‹?F-'. Honcc the na›mcnis oftlw aieas arc uiken about this line f?F', whicti ts \Ge
axe of fefcrñncc in Ihis CW.
 I57.

•› = Arcs otro¢tang!< 6FT?/f - IO x 3 = 30 <m*

F@ 7.2{b)