PHY 582: MODERN PHYSICS I

CHAPTER 1: RELATIVITY I

1.2 The Principle of Newtonian Relativity and the Galilean Transformation

2 IN THE REST FRAME:

In an elastic collision, energy and momentum are conserved.

pi  m1v1i  m2 v2i  pf  m1v1f  m2 v2f

or m1 ( v1i  v1f )  m2 ( v2i  v2f ) . The energy equation is

1 1 1 1
Ei  Ef  m1v1i2  m2 v2i
2
 m1v1f2  m2 v2f
2
2 2 2 2

or m1  v1i  v1f   v1i  v1f   m2  v2i  v2f   v2i  v2f  . Substituting the momentum equation into
the energy equation yields a very simple and general result (true even for three-dimensional
collision if the velocities are replaced as vectors)  v1i  v1f    v2i  v2f  or as Newton put it
originally, the final relative velocity is opposite to the initial relative velocity:

 v1i  v2i     v1 ff  v2 
for elastic collision (and a fraction of the initial for general collisions). Now, putting in the
numerical values, the momentum equation, and this relative velocity equation gives:
m1 v1f  m2 v2f  0.3v1f  0.2v2f  0.9 kg  m s , and  5   3      v1f  v2f  . Solving the two

equations, two unknowns, we find v1f  1.4 m s and v2f  6.6 m s .

IN THE MOVING FRAME:

The Galilean velocity transformations hold.

v1i  v  20 m s  10 m s  10 m s
  v2i  v  0 m s  10 m s  10 m s
v2i
pi  m1v1i    2 000 kg   10 m s    1 500 kg   10 m s   5  10 3 kg  m s
  m2 v2i
pff   2 000 kg  1 500 kg  v   3 500 kg   vff  10 m s  , and because v  11.4 m s ,
pf  5  10 3 kg  m s
1.5 Consequences of Special Relativity

L
L
6 This is a case of length contraction.  in this problem the proper length L  L0 ,

 
1 2 12 2 12
 v2    L 2   
L v  1   0  1 1 2
L 2
L  1  2  L0  v  c 1       1 
L 0  4 
 c    L0   ; in this case 2 ,   L0  
therefore v  0.866c .

L
L
8 
12
1 L  v2 
  1
 L  c 2 

    
2 12 2 12
 L   75
v  c 1    c 1   0.661c
 L   100

A. u  090
. c
y
+y

+x ux A
11 tt   
Earth 1 2 uy 
 4.0  10 2 m s  
2
 v2  
–0.90c v2 
tt    1  2    1  2  t   1    3 600 s 
 . cc 
B. u  090  
2c Earth  2  3.0  108 m s  2 
x  
  1  8.89  1013   3 600 s    3 600  3.2  10 9  s
B. at rest
tt    3.2 ns . (Moving clocks run slower.)

1.6 The Lorentz Transformation

uXA  uXB 2uXA

  0.7 c 
uXA 0.70c 
1   uXA c 
2
uXA  uXB ; 1  uXA uXB c 2 2
0.70uXA  2cuXA  0.7 c 2  0 .
19 ; or
Solving this quadratic equation one finds uXA  0.41c therefore uXB  uXA  0.41c .

uX  v 0.50c  0.80c
uX    0.50c
1  uX v c 2 1   0.50c   0.80c  c 2
21

24
 ux  v 0  0.90c
ux    0.90c
1  ux v c 2
1   0   0.90c  c 2
uy 0  0.90c
uy    0.392c
  1  ux v c   1  0.81 1 2
2

The speed of A as measured by B is

uAB   ux  2   uy  

2 12 12
  0.90c  2   0.392c  2   0.982c
  .

Classically, uAB  1.3c .

CHAPTER 2: RELATIVITY II

2.1 Relativistic Momentum and the Relativistic Form of Newton’s Law

mv
p
1   v 2 c 2  
12
1

p
 1.67  1027 kg   0.01c 
 5.01  10 21 kg  m s
2 12
1   0.01c c  
(a)  

p
 1.67  1027 kg   0.5c 
 2.89  10 19 kg  m s
2 12
1   0.5c c  
(b)  

p
 1.67  1027 kg   0.9c 
 1.03  10 18 kg  m s
2 12
1   0.9c c  
(c)  

1.00 MeV 1.602  10 13 J

  5.34  10 22 kg  m s
c 2.998  10 8 m s
(d) so for (a)

p
 5.01  1021 kg  m s   100 MeV c 
 9.38 MeV c
5.34  10 22 kg  m s

Similarly, for (b) p  540 MeV c and for (c) p  1 930 MeV c .

2 (a) Scalar equations can be considered in this case because relativistic and classical velocities
are in the same direction.

  
2 12
mv 1  1
p   mv  1.90mv    1.90  v  1  c
2 12 2 12 
1   v c   1   v c   1.90
   
 0.85c

(b) No change, because the masses cancel each other.

2.2 Relativistic Energy

 ER  mc 2   1.67  1027 kg   3  108 m s   1.503  10 10 J  939.4 MeV
2
8 (a) (Numerical
round off gives a slightly larger value for the proton mass)

1.503  10 10 J
E   mc 2   4.813  1010 J  3.01  10 3 MeV
(b)
 1   0.95c c   2 12

(c) K  E  mc 2  4.813  10 10 J  1.503  10 10 J  3.31  10 10 J  2.07  10 3 MeV

11 (a) K  50  109 eV ; mc 2  938.27 MeV ;

E  K  mc 2   50  10 9 eV    938.27  10 6 eV   50 938.3 MeV

12
 E2  m2 c 4 
E2  p 2 c 2  m 2 c 4  p   
 c2 
12
 50 938.3 MeV  2   938.27 MeV  2 
 
p  5.09  1010 eV c
c
5.09  1010 eV

3  10 8 m s
 1.6  1019 J eV   2.71  10 17 kg  m s

12
mc 2   mc 2  2 
E   mc  2
12
 v  c 1    
1   v c  2 
    E  
12
  938.27 MeV  2 
  3  10 8 m s  1      2.999 5  10 8 m s
(b)   50 938.3 MeV  

13 (a)
E  400 mc 2   mc 2
1 2
 v2 
  1 2   400
 c 
 v 
 4001 
2 2
1 2  
 c 
v  1 1 2
 1 
c  400 2 
v  0.999 997 c

(b)
K  E  mc 2   400  1 mc 2  399 mc 2   399   938.3 MeV   3.744  10 5 MeV

14 (a) E  mc 2
 E 4  10 26 J
m   4.4  109 kg
c2  3.0  108 m s 
2

t
 2.0  10 30  kg
 4.5  10 20 s  1.4  1013 years
4.4  10 9
kg s
(b)
12
 Vq 2 v   Vq 2 
  1 2  2   
1  1   
15 (a)
K   mc 2  mc 2  Vq and so,  mc  and c   mc 2  

12
v  1 

 1    0.412 7
c  1   5.0  10 4 eV 0.511 MeV  2 


or v  0.413c .

1
K mv 2  Vq
(b) 2
 2  5.0  10 4 eV  
12
12
v  
2Vq 
  2 
 0.442c
 m   0.511 MeV c 

3
 100%
(c) The error in using the classical expression is approximately 40 or about 7.5% in
speed.

2.3 Mass as a Measure of Energy

17 m  mRa  mRn  mHe (an atomic unit of mass, the u, is one-twelfth the mass of the 12
C atom or
1.660 54  10 27 kg )

m   226.025 4  22.017 5  4.002 6  u  0.005 3 u

E   m   931 MeV u    0.005 3 u   931 MeV u   4.9 MeV

2.4 Conservation of Relativistic Momentum and Energy

21 E, p

e(–) e(+)

K, p(e–) positron 
at rest 
E, p

Conservation of mass-energy requires K  2mc  2 E where K is the electron’s kinetic energy, m

2

is the electron’s mass, and E is the gamma ray’s energy.

K
E  mc 2   0.500  0.511 MeV  1.011 MeV
2 .
pe  2 p cos  pe 
Conservation of momentum requires that where
is the initial momentum of
E
 1.011 MeV c E2  pe2 c 2   mc 2 
2
the electron and p is the gamma ray’s momentum, c . Using e
Ee  Ee   K  mc 2
where is the electron’s total energy, , yields

1  1.00  2  2  1.00   0.511 MeV

pe   K 2  2Kmc 2   1.422 MeV c
c c .

pe 
cos    0.703
;   45.3 .
2p
Finally,

23 In this problem, M is the mass of the initial particle, ml is the mass of the lighter fragment, vl is
the speed of the lighter fragment, mh is the mass of the heavier fragment, and vh is the speed of
the heavier fragment. Conservation of mass-energy leads to

ml c 2 mh c 2
Mc 2  
1  vl2 c 2 1  vh2 c 2

From the conservation of momentum one obtains

 ml   0.987 c   6.22    mh   0.868c   2.01

 mh   0.868c   2.01
ml   0.284mh
 0.987   6.22 
Substituting in this value and numerical quantities in the mass-energy conservation equation, one

obtains
3.34  10 27 kg  6.22ml  2.01mh which in turn gives
3.34  10 27 kg
m   8.84  10 28 kg
3.34  10 27 kg   6.22   0.284  ml  2.01mh or h 3.78 and
28
ml   0.284  mh  2.51  10 kg .
CHAPTER 3: THE QUANTUM THEORY OF LIGHT

3.1 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave

2 Assume that your skin can be considered a blackbody. One can then use Wien’s displacement

law,
maxT  0.289 8  10 2 m  K with T  35 0 C  308 K to find

0.289 8  10 2 m  K
max   9.41  106 m  9 410 nm
308 K .

3.4 Light Quantization and the Photoelectric Effect

Using E  hf with h  4.136  10

15
8 eV gives

(a) for
f  5  1014 Hz , E  2.07 eV

for f  10 GHz , E  4.14  10 eV

5
(b)

for f  30 MHz , E  1.24  10 eV

7
(c)

11 Following the same reasoning as in Problem 3-9, one obtains

n P P 500  10 9 s 1
    3.74  10 26 J s   3  108 s1   9.45  10 44 photons s
t hfh c 6.63  10 34 J s .

hc 1 240 eV nm
K  hf      2.24 eV  1.30 eV
14 (a)   350 nm

hc 1 240 eV nm
   554 nm
(b) At   c , K  0 and  2.24 eV

hc hc
Kmax  hf         Kmax
20   ;
hc
  1.00 eV
First Source:  .
 hc 2hc
 
 4.00 eV=  4.00 eV
2 
Second Source: .
As the work function is the same for both sources (a property of the metal),
hc 2hc hc hc
 100 eV   4.00 eV   3.00 eV    1.00 eV  3.00 eV  1.00 eV  2.00 eV
   and  .

hc  6.626  10 J s   3  10 8 m s 
34
E   2.48 eV
23
  5  107 m   1.6  1019 J eV 
h E  2.48 eV   1.6  10 J eV 
19
p    1.32  10 27 kg m s
 c 3  10 m s
8

h
   1  cos     0.002 43 nm   1  cos  
. When   90 ,   0.002 43 nm .
me c
24 (a)

hc hc  1 1
 Ke  hc   
(b) 
Conservation of energy requires that 0    K e or  0   

  6.625  10 34 J s   3  10 8 m s  
  2  10 m   1   2.024 3  10 10 m   1
10
Ke  
  1.6  10 19 J eV  
 74.4 eV


27 Conservation of energy yields hf  K e  hf (Equation A). Conservation of momentum yields
E hf
p  
pe2  p2  p 2  2 pp cos  . Using photon c c there results
hfh 2  fh2  fh  f   cos 
pe2        2  
 c   c   c  c  (Equation B). If the photon transfers all of its energy,
hf 2
pe2  
f   0 and Equations A and B become Ke  hf and  c  respectively. Note that in general,
2
Pe2   
hf
Ke  Ee  me c 2   pe2 c 2   me c 2  
2 12
 me c 2 
  . Finally, substituting K e hf and  c  into

Ke   pe2 c 2   me c 2   hfh  f    me c 2  
2 12 2 12
2
 me c 2  me c 2
  , yields  
(Equation C). As Equation

C is true only if h, or f, or e , or c is zero and all are non-zero this contradiction means that f
m
cannot equal zero and conserve both relativistic energy and momentum.
29 Symmetric Scattering,    . First, use the equations of conservations of momentum given by
Equations 3.30 and 3.31 for this two dimensional scattering process with    :

h  h
   cos   pe cos 
(a) 0     (1)

h h
sin   pe sin  pe 
 or  (2)


Substituting (2) into (1) yields   20 cos  (3)

Next, express the Compton scattering formula as

   0  c  1  cos   (4)

h c  0
c   0.002 43 nm cos  
where me c
. Combining (3) and (4) yields c  20 . In this case,
hc
E
because E  1.02 MeV , and 0 there results

hc 1 240 eV nm
0    0.001 22 nm
E 1.20  106 eV .

0.002 43 nm  0.001 22 nm
cos    0.749 5
0.002 42 nm  0.002 44 nm
Thus, , and solving for the scattering angle,
  41.5 .

33 Substituting equations 3-33 and 3-34 of the text,

Ee  h  ff0     me c 2 and

pe2 c 2  h 2  ffh
2  0
2
 2 2
ff 0 cos 

Ee2  pe2 c 2   me c 2 
2
into the relativistic energy expression yields

h 2  ff2   2 ff0    me2 c 4  2h  ff0    me c 2  h 2  ffh  2 ff0  cos  2   me c 2 

2
2
0 2  2
0
2
.

Canceling and combining there results

2me c 2  ff0   
 ff2  0
2
 2 ff0  
h
 ff2  0
2
 2 ff0  cos 

me c 2  ff0    h  1  cos  
 ff0   1  cos      0 
. Using  f  c one obtains
h me c
which reduces to ,
which is the Compton scattering or Compton shift relation.
CHAPTER 4: THE PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER

4.3 The Bohr Ataoms

1  1 1 
 R 2  2 
11
  nfi n  . For the Balmer series, nf  2 ; ni  3, 4, 5,  . The first three lines in the series

 R  2  2 
1 1 1
1
n  where R  1.097 37  10 m .
7
have wavelengths given by   2

1
1st line:

1 1
R  
4 9  5
36   
R;  
36
5R
 656.112 nm

1 1 1
2nd line:  R 
 4 16 

3
16   
R;  
16
3R
 486.009 nm

1 1 1
3rd line:  R 
 4 25 

21
100   
R;  
100
21R
 433.937 nm

 R  1  2   n 
1 1 R R
  2.99  3
  n   R    m
1 12 12
  102.6 nm ; R  102.61109
13 (a)

(b) This wavelength cannot belong to either series. Both the Paschen and Brackett series lie in
the IR region, whereas the wavelength of 102.6 nm lies in the UV region.

For Li , Z  3 from Equation 4.36

2
16

0
E3  13.6 eV

13.6Z 2 122.4
En   2
 2
n eV n eV

E2  30.6 eV

So E1  122.4 eV
E2  30.6 eV
E3  13.6 eV , etc.

E1  122.4 eV
  1 1 
 E   13.6 eV   2  2 
20  nfi n 

(a)
 E   13.6 eV   251  161   0.306 eV

(b)
 E   13.6 eV   361  251   0.166 eV

26 Lyman series has nf  1 , max has ni  2 ; min has ni  

1
max
 1 1 
 
 R 2  2   R 2 
 nfi n 
11
2
3R
4
4 4
max    121.5 nm
3R  3   1.097  107 m 1 
1
min   91.16 nm
R
CHAPTER 5: MATTER WAVES

5.1 The Pilot Waves of de Broglie

6.63  10 34 Js

h

h

p mv 1.67  10 27
kg
 10 6 m s   3.97  10 13 m
1

2 The issue is: Can we use the simpler classical expression

p   2mK  1 2 instead of the exact

 
2 12
K 1  2 mc
K
p
relativistic expression c ? As the relativistic expression reduces to
p   2mK  1 2

for K  2mc , we can use the classical expression whenever K  1 MeV because mc for the
2 2

electron is 0.511 MeV.

(a) Here 50 eV  1 MeV , so

p   2mK  1 2

h h hc
  
 0.511c MeV   50 eV     2   0.511 MeV   50 eV   1 2
12
p  2 
 2

1 240 eV nm
  0.173 nm
 2   0.511  10 6   50   eV  2 
12

(b) As 50 eV  1 MeV ,
p   2mK  1 2

hc
  5.49  10 3 nm
   50  10 eV  
12
 2  0.511 MeV 3
 c2 .

As this is clearly a worse approximation than in (a) to be on the safe side use the
 1  2mcK  2 12

pK
relativistic expression for p: c so

h hc 1 240 eV nm
  
p  K  2Kmc 
2 2 12
 50  10 3    2   50  10 3   0.511  106 eV  
2 12

 
 5.36  10 3 nm  0.005 36 nm

3
6 From Problem 5-2, a 50 keV electron has   5.36  10 nm . A 50 keV proton has
K  50 keV  2mc 2  1 877 MeV so we use p   2mK  1 2 :
 h h hc
  
   50 keV     2   938.3 MeV   50 keV   1 2
12
p  2  938.3 MeV
 c2
1 240 eV nm
  1.28  10 4 nm
 2   938.3  10 eV   50  10 eV  
3 3 12

h h h  h  1 2
    12 
V
p  2mK  12
 2meV  12
  2 me  
8
 6.626  10 34 Js 
  V 1 2
  2  9.105  10 31 kg  1.602  10 19 C  
1 2
 
9
 1.226  10 kg m  1 2
12 2
 V
 sC 1 2 

11 (a) In this problem, the electron must be treated relativistically because we must use

relativity when
pc  mc 2 . (See problem 5-5). the momentum of the electron is

h 6.626  10 34 J  s
p   6.626  10 20 kg  m s
 1014 m

and
pc  124 MeV  mc 2  0.511 MeV . The energy of the electron is

E   p 2 c 2  m2 c 4 
12

  6.626  10 20 kg  m s   3  108 m s    0.511  10 6 eV   1.602  10 19 J eV  

2 2 2 2 12

 
 1.99  10 11 J  1.24  108 eV

so that K  E  mc  124 MeV .

2

(b) The kinetic energy is too large to expect that the electron could be confined to a region
the size of the nucleus.

5.5 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle


2 where p  mv   0.05 kg   10  30 m s   1.5  10 kg  m s . Therefore,
 x p  3 3
18
 6.626  10 34 J  s
x    3.51  1032 m
2 p 4  1.5  10 3 kg  m s 
.
 mv 2 p 2  1  10 6 eV   1.6  10 19 J eV   p2
K   p  2.312  10 20 kg  m s
19 2 2m : 2  1.67  10 27
kg  ,
h
xp 
p  0.05 p  1.160  10 21 kg  m s and 4 . Thus

6.63  10 34 J  s
x   4.56  10 14 m
 1.16  1021 kg  m s   4  .

Note that non-relativistic treatment has been used, which is justified because the kinetic energy is
 1.6  1013   100%  0.11%
only 1.50  10 10 of the rest energy.

22
K     1 mc 2 where
The relativistic expression for the kinetic energy is given by
K
  1
2 
mc  0.511 MeV for the electron. Solving this for gives mc 2 . Using the three values of
K given, we find that

(a) For K  0.01 MeV ,  1  1.02

(b) For K  1 MeV ,  1  2.96

(c) For K  100 MeV ,  1  197

1
 
1  v2 c 2
As we can use the above results to calculate the corresponding values of v. Solving
12
 1 
v  c1 2 
for v gives    .

(a)
v  5.91  107 m s
For  1  1.02 , 1

(b)
v  2.82  108 m s
For  2  2.96 , 2

(c)
v  3.00  108 m s
For  3  197 , 3

The corresponding values of the momentum, using

p   mv are

p1  5.49  10 23 kg  m s
p2  7.60  10 22 kg  m s
p3  5.38  10 20 kg  m s
 
xp 
We can use the uncertainty relation, 2 with x  a to determine the width of the slit.
Since it is required to resolve a 1% difference in momentum, we take p  0.01p . This gives
 
xp  a  0.01p   a
2 or 2  0.01p 
. Using the calculated values of p, we find

(a) For p  p1 , a1  0.096 1 nm

(b) For p  p2 , a2  0.006 94 nm

(c)
a  9.80  10 14 nm
For p  p3 , 3

5.7 The Wave-Particle Duality

n
sin  
27 For a single slit with width a, minima are given by a where n  1, 2, 3,  and
x x1  x2 2  x x 
sin   tan      2 1 
L , L a and L a L a or

ax 5 Å  2.1 cm
   0.525 Å
L 20 cm
 1.24  104 eV  Å 
2
p2 h2  hc  2
E     546 eV
2m 2m 2 2mc 2  2 2  5.11  10 5 eV   0.525 Å  2

h 6.63  10 34 J  s
   9.93  10 7 m
mv  1.67  10 27 kg   0.4 m s 
28 (a)

 9.93  10 7 m
sin     4.96  10 4
2 D 2  1.0  10 3 m 
(b)
y  R   10 m   4.96  10 4   4.96 mm
As  sin  , .

(c) We cannot say the neutron passed through one slit. We can only say it passed through
the slits.
CHAPTER 6: QUANTUM MECHANICS IN ONE DIMENTION

6.1 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

1 (a) Not acceptable – diverges as x   .

(b) Acceptable.

(c) Acceptable.

(d) Not acceptable – not a single-valued function.

(e) Not acceptable – the wave is discontinuous (as is the slope).

6.2 Wavefunction for a Free Particle

3 (a)
A sin 
2 x 
  
  A sin  5  10 x 
10 2
so 
 
 5  1010 m 1  
,
2
5  1010
 1.26  10 10 m
.

h 6.626  10 34 Js
p   5.26  10 24 kg m s
(b)  1.26  10 10 m

p2
K m  9.11  10 31 kg
(c) 2m

 5.26  1024 kg m s 
2

K  1.52  10 17 J
 2  9.11 1031 kg 
1.52  10 17 J
K  95 eV
1.6  10 19 J eV

6.3 Wavefunction in the Presence of Forces

5 (a) Solving the Schrödinger equation for U with E  0 gives

  2  dx2
U 
 
d2


 2m   .

 
d 2   2   4 x2 
  4 Ax 3  6 AxL2  4 e  x
1 2
L2 U   6
x 2 2
2  2
If   Ae
L
then dx
2
L ,  2mL   L .

3 2
U  0  0
(b) U  x  is a parabola centered at x  0 with mL2 :
 U

3 2 x
mL2

6.4 The Particle in a Box

7 Since the particle is confined to the box, x can be no larger than L, the box length. With n  0 ,
n2 h 2
En 
8 mL2 is also zero. Since the energy is all kinetic, this implies px  0 .
2
the particle energy
But px  0 is expected for a particle that spends equal time moving left as right, giving
2
 px  px2  p x 0
. Thus, for this case  px  x  0 , in violation of the uncertainty principle.

n2 h 2
En 
10 8 mL2

 6.63  1034 Js 
2
h2
  6.03  10 18 J  37.7 eV
8 mL2 8  9.11  10 31 kg   10 10 m  2

(a) E1  37.7 eV
E2  37.7  2 2  151 eV
E3  37.7  32  339 eV
E4  37.7  4 2  603 eV

hc
hf   Eni  Enf
(b) 
hc 1 240 eV  nm
 
Eni  Enfi En  Enf
E  Enf  603 eV  37.7 eV  565 eV   2.19 nm
For ni  4 , nf  1 , ni ,
ni  4 , nf  2 ,   2.75 nm
ni  4 , nf  3 ,   4.70 nm
ni  3 , nf  1 ,   4.12 nm
 ni  3 , nf  2 ,   6.59 nm
ni  2 , nf  1 ,   10.9 nm

L
11 In the present case, the box is displaced from (0, L) by 2 . Accordingly, we may obtain the
L
x
wavefunctions by replacing x with 2 in the wavefunctions of Equation 6.18. Using

sin 
 L  x  L2    sin  nL x   n2   sin  nL x  cos  n2   cos  nL x  sin  n2 
n

L L
 x
we get for 2 2

 L2   x
   x
12
cos  cos 2 
2
 1  x   P1  x   
 L ; L  L 

  x     P  x     sin 
2 x   2 x 
12
sin 
2 2 2
2 2 
L  L ; L  L 

  x     P  x     cos 
3 x   3 x 
12
cos 
2 2 2
3 3 
L  L ; L  L 

10
13 (a) Proton in a box of width L  0.200 nm  2  10 m

 6.626  1034 J  s 
2
h2
E1    8.22  10 22 J
8mp L2 8  1.67  10 27 kg   2  10 10 m  2

8.22  10 22 J
  5.13  10 3 eV
1.60  10 19 J eV

(b) Electron in the same box:

 6.626  1034 J  s 
2
h2
E1    1.506  10 18 J  9.40 eV
8 me L2 8  9.11  10 31 kg   2  10 10 m  2
.

(c) The electron has a much higher energy because it is much less massive.

17 (a) The wavefunctions and probability densities are the same as those shown in the two
lower curves in Figure 6.16 of the text.
 3.5 Å
2 3.5 Å
2  x
P1    dx  10 Å  sin  10
2
 dx
1.5 Å 1.5 Å 
(b)

  x 
3.5
1  x 10
 sin  
5  2 4  5 1.5

x 1
 sin axdx  2  4a sin  2 ax 
2

In the above result we used . Therefore,


  x   1 3.5  5 sin    3.5    1.5  5 sin    1.5  

3.5
1  5
P1  x  sin  
10    5 1.5 10   5    5 
1 
2.0   sin 0.3  sin 0.7     2.00  0.0   0.200
5 1

10   
 10