17-03-2020

Importance of text in a multimedia

fonts and typefaces

elements in a multimedia

Computers and text

Font editing and design tools

Multimedia and hypertext

Source Acknowledgement
Vaughon(2007): Multimedia – Making it Work, Tata McGraw Hill
Villamil et al(2001): Multimedia – An Introduction, PHI

Long history in communication - easy to accept
Words and symbols in any form

Recitable - easy to retrieval

Precise - accurate and concise

spoken or written

Abstract concept - eg, literacy, human beings
most common means of communication.
communication
vital element of multimedia

Sequential order - certain effect embedded in the
 menus, navigation systems, and content
development of a story

Unformatted Text: Limited Char, Fixed Size, One
Factors affecting legibility of text:
form/style  Size

Formatted Text: Rich Char Set, Multiple Fonts, Sizes ,  Background and foreground color
Color etc  Style
 Leading (ls)

Design text as a component of MMA
Types

Choose appropriate character attributes  Times, Allegro, Arial, BankGothic, Benguiat, Bremen,

Use special effects Courier, Dauphin, Futura, Haetten, Impact, Lithograph,
Poster Bodoni, ShelleyAllegro, Staccato, Symbol (symbol),

Apply character formats Verdana

Choose fonts for moods
Sizes

Modalities  8pt (figures), 10pt (caption), 12pt (text), 18pt (slide), 36pt
 font type and point size (public lecture)
 character formats
alignment
 alignment and paragraph formats  left, right, centered, justified;
 scrolling text  paragraph formats
 font mood
 indent, bullet, multiple columns..
 text colour  scrolling text

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high colour contrast
Font mood refers to the feeling associated with

warm colour (red) a type style.

cold colour (blue)
The mood projected by a font style is in part

Arrange colors among the result of social and technological conditions
different layouts that affect the original design.

Color contrast
Trendy

Trendy fonts represent a popular look of the time. For

Intensity contrast
example, Impact is simple to use, and its geometric

Appropriate color styling looks new and refreshing.

Visual balance New Trends in Sociology

• Traditional • Classic
The user feels at ease when the mood is traditional. A classic mood brings a quiet natural balance to
Atraditional mood is achieved by using a font like
the typographic composition. New York is
Bookman..
Bookman
Acme Incorporated Annual Sales capable of creating this mood.
• Nostalgic Our products include games, scientific calculation, image processing,
Nostalgic fonts make us think of the Victorian Age and video digitising and editing, etc
early Twentieth Century. For example, you can use • Playful
Bodoni(Courier) to create the designs of that era. A playful mood is entertaining and relaxing.
Victorian Reflections & C
Staccato is representative of this mood.
The Villa Annual Expo

• Classic
Typeface - a family of graphic characters that

usually includes many type sizes and styles
A classic mood brings a quiet natural balance to
Font - a collection of characters of a single size and
the typographic composition. New York is style belonging to a particular typeface family
capable of creating this mood.
Attributes:
 Font styles
Our products include games, scientific calculation, image processing,
 Font sizes
video digitising and editing, etc
 Cases
• Playful
Font styles:
A playful mood is entertaining and relaxing.  Boldface
 Italic
Staccato is representative of this mood.  Underlining
 Outlining
The Villa Annual Expo

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Font size - measured in points.

Kerning - spacing between character pairs

Leading - space between lines

Cases
 capitalized – uppercase
 small letter - lowercase

An uppercase letter in the middle of a word -
intercap

Menus for navigation
 through content using a menu
 text list of topics

Interactive buttons
 clickable object that executes a command
 creations from bitmaps and graphics
 design and labeling of the buttons as an industrial art
project

Signifier — a form of a sign
e.g. sound, word, photograph, facial expression,
 emoticons.
painting of a pipe, etc.

Signified — concept or object that’s represented.
 E.g. an actual pipe, command to stop, a warning of
radioactivity

3 Types of Signifiers / Signs
 Icon has a physical resemblance to the signified, the
thing being represented eg photograph.
 Index shows evidence of what’s being represented
e.g. image of smoke to indicate fire.
 Symbol has no resemblance between the signifier and
the signified e.g. numbers alphabets
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Serif
 little decoration at the end of a letter stroke
 used for body text.

Sans serif
 do not have a serif at the end of a letter stroke
 used for headlines and bold statements

Fields for reading
 Natural, easier and faster
 orientations - portrait or landscape

HTML documents
 Hypertext Markup Language.
 Standard document format used for Web pages.
 HTML Tags, eg:

The <B> tag for making text bold faced.

The <OL> tag for creating an ordered list.

The <IMG> tag for inserting images.
 Symbols convey human emotions are called
 Icons are symbolic representations of objects and
processes.

Ideas and concepts can be highlighted by making the text bold or
by emphasizing text.

A pleasant look can be created by experimenting with different
font faces, sizes, leadings, and kerning (char sp) .
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PostScript
Macromedia Fontographer

a method of describing an image in terms of  specialized graphics editor
mathematical constructs.  compatible with both Macintosh and Windows

Scalable, can be drawn much faster  used to develop PostScript, TrueType, and

two types of fonts are Type 3 and Type 1 bitmapped fonts

TrueType
Creating attractive texts

Apple and Microsoft it  Adobe Photoshop

a system of scalable outline fonts, and can draw  TypeStyler
characters at low resolution  COOL 3D
 HotTEXT
 TypeCaster

organized cross-linking of words largely -
Typical methods for word searching in

images, and other Web elements hypermedia systems are:

Categorical search

words keyed or indexed to other words
Word relationship

Adjacency

enables the user to navigate through text in a
Alternates
non-linear way

Typical methods for word searching in
hypermedia systems are (continued):

Negation

Truncation

Intermediate words

Frequency

Association

Links
Two functions common to most hypermedia text

Connections between conceptual elements management systems:

Navigation pathways and menus
building (authoring) and reading

Nodes
The functions of ‘builder’ are:

Accessible topics, documents, messages, and content elements  Creating links

Backbone of a knowledge access system  Identifying nodes
 Generating an index of words

Anchors

Reference from one document to another media file on the Web

Hypertext systems are used for:
 Electronic publishing and reference works

source node -link anchor.

destination node - link end
 Technical documentation
 Educational courseware

Navigating hypermedia structures  Interactive kiosks

The simplest way - via buttons.  Electronic catalogs

Location markers make navigation user-friendly

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Text is one of the most important elements of
Introduction to sound.

multimedia.
Multimedia system sound.

The standard document format used for Web
Digital audio.
pages is called HTML.
MIDI audio.

Multimedia is the combination of text,
Audio file formats.
graphics, and audio elements into a single
MIDI versus digital audio.
presentation.
Adding sound to multimedia project.

A hypertext system enables the user to
Professional sound.
navigate through text in a non-linear way.
Production tips.

Sound
System sounds

 Vibrations in the air create waves of pressure

Sound waves
 vary in sound pressure level (amplitude) and in
frequency or pitch

Acoustics
 branch of physics that studies sound

Sound pressure levels
 loudness or volume - measured in decibels (dB)
 assigned to various system events
 E.g. startup and warnings

Macintosh system sound options

glass, indigo, laugh

Windows system sounds

start.wav, chimes.wav, and chord.wav

Multimedia sound

either digitally recorded audio or

MIDI (Musical Instrumental Digital Interface) music

Digital audio data

common sampling frequencies
 actual representation of sound
 CD-quality 44.1 kHz, 22.05 kHz and 11.025 kHz
 stored in the form of samples

Sample size

Sample
 number of bits used to describe the amplitude of
 a digital representation of an analog signal sound wave when sampled
 Creates digital video and digital audio files

device independent
 represent the amplitude (or loudness) of sound at a
discrete point in time
The value of each sample is rounded off to the
nearest integer (quantization)

Quality of digital recording
 sampling rate, (or frequency) i.e number of sample/ps

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Crucial aspects of preparing digital audio files:
 Balancing - sound quality against available RAM and hard disk
resource
 Setting appropriate recording levels to get a high-quality and
clean recording.

Audio resolution
 accuracy with which sound can be digitized

Size of a monophonic digital recording = sampling rate
x (bit resolution/8) x 1

Size of stereo recording = sampling rate x duration of
recording in seconds x (bit resolution/8) x 2

MIDI is a shorthand representation of music
stored in numeric form.

It is not digitized sound.

A sequencer software and sound synthesizer is
required in order to create MIDI scores.

MIDI is device dependent.

sound file format
 a recognized methodology for organizing data bits
of digitized sound into a data file

Macintosh
 digitized sounds may be stored as data files,
resources, or applications such as AIFF or AIFC.

Windows
 digitized sounds are usually stored as WAV files
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Once a recording had been completed, it almost always
needs to be edited.

Basic sound editing
 Trimming
 Splicing and assembly- Removal of extraneous noise , touch up,
creating a longer recording by mixing many small recordings.
 Volume adjustments and working on multiple tracks.

Additional available sound editing operations
 format conversion
 resampling or downsampling
 fade-ins and fade-outs
 Equalization -process of adjusting the balance between frequency
components within an electronic signal.
 time stretching, digital signal processing
 reversing sounds

Since they are small, MIDI files embedded in
web pages load and play promptly.

Length of a MIDI file can be changed without
affecting the pitch of the music or degrading
audio quality.

Working with MIDI requires knowledge of
music theory.

MIDI analogous to structured or vector
graphics, while digitized audio to bitmapped
images

MIDI device dependent while digitized audio
is device independent

MIDI much smaller than digitized audio

MIDI sound better than digital audio files
when played on a high-quality MIDI device
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With MIDI, it is difficult to playback spoken
dialog, while digitized audio can do so with
ease.

MIDI does not have consistent playback quality
while digital audio provides consistent
playback quality.

One requires knowledge of music theory in
order to run MIDI, while digital audio does not
have this requirement.

Red Book (or ISO 10149)
 standard is a standard for digitally encoding high-
quality stereo

For this standard
 the digital audio sample size is 16 bits and sampling
rate is 44.1 KHz

Digital sound information
 required for high-quality sound takes up a great deal
of disk storage space

Recording on inexpensive media rather than
directly to disk prevents the hard disk from
being overloaded with unnecessary data.

The equipment and standards used for the
project must be in accordance with the
requirements.

It is vital to maintain a high-quality database
that stores the original sound material.

Sound and image synchronization must be
tested at regular intervals.
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File formats compatible with multimedia
authoring software being used along with
delivery mediums, must be determined.

Sound playback capabilities offered by end
user’s system must be studied.

The type of sound, whether background music,
special sound effects, or spoken dialog, must be
decided.

Digital audio or MIDI data should be selected
on the basis of the location and time of use.

Compression techniques
 reduce space but reliability suffers

Space
 conserved by downsampling or reducing the
number of sample slices taken per second

File size of digital recording (in bytes) =
sampling rate X duration of recording (in secs)
X (bit resolution/8) X number of tracks.

The speed at which most animations and
computer-based videos play, depends on the
user’s CPU.

Sound’s RAM requirements as well as the
users’ playback setup must be evaluated.

Copyrighted material should not be recorded
or used without securing appropriate rights
from owner or publisher.
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Vibrations in air create waves of pressure that are

perceived as sound.

Creation of multimedia images.

Multimedia system sound is digitally recorded audio
Creation of still images.
or MIDI (Musical Instrumental Digital Interface) music.
Colors and palettes in multimedia.

Digital audio data is the actual representation of a
Image file types used in multimedia.
sound, stored in the form of samples.

MIDI is a shorthand representation of music stored in
numeric form.

Digital audio provides consistent playback quality.

MIDI files are much smaller than digitized audio.

MIDI files sound better than digital audio files when
played on high-quality MIDI device.

Creation of images in Multimedia, one should:

Bitmap
 Plan their approach using flow charts and storyboards.
 from the words ‘bit’
 Organize the available tools.
 Have multiple monitors, if possible, for lots of screen real estate.
 the simplest element in which only two digits are used
 ‘map’- two-dimensional matrix of these bits

Still images may be the most important element of a
multimedia project.
A bitmap is a data matrix describing the individual

The type of still images created depends on the display dots of an image.
resolution, and hardware and software capabilities.
Suited for creation of:

Still images are generated in two ways:  Photo-realistic images
 Bitmaps.  Complex drawings
 Images that require fine detail
 Vector-drawn graphics.

Also known as paint graphics

Made up of individual dots or picture elements known
clip art gallery an assortment of
as pixels or pels  Graphics

Varying bit and color depths:  Photographs
 Sound
 video

a popular alternative for users who do not
want to create their own images

Inserted by:
available on
 Using clip art galleries
 CD-ROMs
 Bitmap software
 Internet
 Capturing and editing images , Scanning images.

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The industry standard for bitmap painting and
editing programs are:

Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator.

Macromedia's Fireworks.

Corel's Painter.

CorelDraw.

Quark Express.

Image editing programs enable the user to:
 Enhance and make composite images.
 Alter and distort images.
 Add and delete elements.
 Morph (manipulate still images to create animated
transformations).

Users can scan images from conventional sources
and make necessary alterations and
manipulations.

A vector is a line that is described by the
location of its two endpoints.

Vector drawing makes use of Cartesian co-
ordinates.

Cartesian coordinates are numbers that
describe a point in two or three-dimensional
space as the intersection of X, Y, and Z axis.
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Capturing and storing images
 directly from the screen
 assemble images for multimedia

The PRINT SCREEN button in Windows and
COMMAND-CONTROL-SHIFT-4 keystroke on
the Macintosh copies the screen image to the
clipboard.

Applications of vector-drawn images.

How vector-drawn images work?

Vector-drawn images v/s bitmaps.

Vector-drawn images are used in the following
areas:
 Computer-aided design (CAD) programs.
 Graphic artists designing for the print media.
 3-D animation programs.
 Applications requiring drawing of graphic shapes.

Vector images use less memory space and have a smaller
file size as compared to bitmaps.

For the Web, pages that use vector graphics in plug-ins
download faster, and when used for animation, draw
faster than bitmaps.

Vector images cannot be used for photorealistic images.

Vector images require a plug-in for Web-based display.

Bitmaps are not easily scalable and resizable.

Bitmaps can be converted to vector images using
autotracing.
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3-D animation tools.
Modeling

Features of a 3-D application.
Placing all the elements into 3-D space.

Panoramas.
Extrusion

The shape of a plane surface extends some distance.

3-D animation, drawing, and rendering tools
include:
Lathing

A profile of the shape is rotated around a defined axis.
 Ray Dream Designer.
 Caligari True Space 2.
Rendering
 Specular Infini-D.
Use of intricate algorithms to apply user-specified
 Form*Z. effects.
 NewTek's Lightwave.

Created by stitching together a sequence of
photos around a circle and adjusting them into
a single seamless bitmap

Software
 ULead Cool 360, and Panorama Factory are required
in order to create panoramas.

Light comes from an atom where an electron
passes from a higher to a lower energy level.

Each atom produces uniquely specific colors.

Color is the frequency of a light wave within
the narrow band of the electromagnetic
spectrum, to which the human eye responds.
 Additive color.
 Subtractive color.
 Monitor-specific color.
 Color models.

In the additive color method, a color is created
by combining colored light sources in three
primary colors - red, green, and blue (RGB).

TV and computer monitors use this method.

In the subtractive color method, color is created
by combining colored media such as paints or
ink.

The colored media absorb (or subtract) some
parts of the color spectrum of light and reflect
the others back to the eye.

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Subtractive color is the process used to create
color in printing.

The printed page consists of tiny halftone dots
of three primary colors- cyan, magenta, and
yellow (CMY).

Models used to specify color in computer
terms.

RGB model
 A 24-bit methodology where color is specified in
terms of red, green, and blue values ranging from 0
to 255.

HSB and HSL models
 Color is specified as an angle from 0 to 360 degrees
on a color wheel.

Other models
 CMYK, CIE, YIQ, YUV, and YCC.

The most common is PICT.

PICT is a complicated and versatile format
developed by Apple.

Almost every image application on the
Macintosh can import or export PICT files.

In a PICT file, both vector-drawn objects and
bitmaps can reside side-by-side.
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Colors should be used according to the target
audience's monitor specifications.

The preferred monitor resolution is 800x600
pixels.

The preferred color depth is 32 bits.

mathematical tables that define the color of
pixels displayed on the screen

called ‘color lookup tables’ or CLUTs on
Macintosh.

The most common palettes
 1, 4, 8, 16, and 24-bit deep

Dithering:
 the color value of each pixel is changed to the closest
matching color value in the target palette
 By a mathematical algorithm

The most common is DIB.

DIB stands for Device-independent bitmaps.

The preferred file type for multimedia
developers is Resource Interchange File Format
(RIFF).

Bitmap formats used most often:
 BMP - A Windows bitmap file.
 TIFF - Extensively used in DTP packages.
 PCX - Used by MS-DOS paint software.
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DXF - Used by CAD applications.

Initial Graphics Exchange Standard (IGS or
IGES) - Standard for transferring CAD
drawings.

JPEG and GIF - Most commonly used formats
on the Web.

Introduction

Computer-generated

File formats

Making successful animations

Animation can be rendered in:
 2-D space - 2-D animations are very simple and
static.
 2-1/2D space - An illusion of depth is created
through shadowing, highlighting, and forced
perspective, though in reality the image rests in two
dimensions.
 3-D space - Complicated and realistic animations are
done in 3-D space.
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The computer generates still images as bitmaps
and vector-drawn images.

Images can be incorporated in multimedia
using clip arts, bitmap software, or by
capturing, editing, or scanning images.

Creating 3-D images involves modeling,
extruding, lathing, shading, and rendering.

Color is one of the most vital components of
multimedia.

Controlled moving graphics
 a series of images are rapidly changed to create an
illusion of movement

the act of making something come alive or
moving

concerned with the visual or aesthetic aspects

object moving across or into or out of the
screen

possible because of a biological phenomenon
known as persistence of vision and a
psychological phenomenon called phi.

Animation process.

Cell animation.

Computer animation.
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The steps to be followed in creating
animation are:
 Organize the execution in a series of logical steps.
 Choose an animation tool best suited for the job.
 Build and tweak the sequences.
 Post-process the completed animation.

Keyframes refer to the first and the last frame
of an action.

The frames in between the keyframes are
drawn in the tweening process.

Tweening depicts the action that takes place
between keyframes.

Tweening is followed by the pencil test.

Kinematics is the study of the movement and
motion of structures that have joints.

Inverse kinematics is the process of linking
objects, and defining their relationship and
limits.

Morphing is an effect in which a still or moving
image is transformed into another.
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Cel animation is a technique in which a series
of progressively different graphics are used on
each frame of movie film.

The term "cel" is derived from the clear
celluloid sheets that were used for drawing
each frame.

Cel animation begins with keyframes.

Computer animation is very similar to cel
animation.

The primary difference is in how much must be
drawn by the animator and how much is
automatically generated by the software.

.dir and .dcr - Director files.

.fli and .flc - AnimatorPro files.

.max - 3D Studio Max files.

.pics - SuperCard and Director files.

.fla and .swf - Flash files.

GIF89a file format:
 It is a version of the GIF image format.
 GIF89a allows multiple images to be put into a single file and
then be displayed as an animation in the Web browser.
 Applications like BoxTop Software's GIFmation or ULead's GIF
Animator are needed to create GIF89a animation.
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Use animation carefully and sparingly.

High quality animations require superior
display platforms and hardware, as well as raw
computing horsepower.

File compression is very important when
preparing animation files for the Web.

Some animation tools are:
 Macromedia's Flash.
 Kai's Power Tools' Spheroid Designer.
 Alias|Wavefront's Maya.
 NewTek's Lightwave.

Using video.

How video works?

Broadcast video standards.

Analog video.

Video is an excellent tool for delivering
multimedia.

Video places the highest performance demand
on computer and its memory and storage.

Digital video has replaced analog as the
method of choice for making and delivering
video for multimedia.
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Animation is visual change over time and adds
great power to multimedia.

Cell animation uses a series of progressively
different graphics on each frame of movie film.

Computer animation has eased the process of
creating animation.

Many file formats are designed specifically to
contain animation.

Digital video.

Video recording and tape formats.

Shooting and editing video.

Optimizing video files for CD-ROM.

Digital video device produces excellent
finished products at a fraction of the cost of
analog.

Digital video eliminates the image-degrading
analog-to-digital conversion.

Many digital video sources exist, but getting
the rights can be difficult, time-consuming, and
expensive.
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Light reflected from an object through the
camera’s lens is converted into electronic signal
by charge-coupled device (CCD).

This electronic signal contains three channels of
color information and synchronization pulses
(sync).

Several video standards exist that deal with the
amount of separation between the components
of the signal.

Phase Alternate Line (PAL) and Sequential
Color and Memory (SECAM):

PAL has a screen resolution of 625 horizontal lines
and a scan rate of 25 frames per second.

SECAM has a screen resolution of 625 horizontal
lines and is a 50 Hz system.

SECAM differs from NTSC and PAL color systems
in its basic technology and broadcast method.

Overscan and the safe title area:
 Analog television sets remain the most widely
installed platforms for delivering and viewing video.
 Overscan occurs when an image is larger than the
standard TV screen.
 Underscan occurs when computer monitors display
a smaller image on picture tube.
 The safe title area is where the image will not be
affected by overscanning, even in the worst
conditions.
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National Television Standards Committee
(NTSC):
 These standards define a method for encoding information into
electronic signal that creates a television picture.
 It has screen resolution of 525 horizontal scan lines and a scan rate of
30 frames per second.

Advanced Television Systems Committee
(ATSC) Digital Television (DTV):

This digital standard provides TV stations with
sufficient bandwidth to present four or five
Standard Television (STV) signals or one High
Definition TV (HDTV) signal.

This standard allows for transmission of data to
computers and for new Advanced TV (ATV)
interactive services.

Video color:
 Television sets use composite input. Hence colors are less pure
and less accurate than computers using RGB component.
 NTSC television uses a limited color palette and restricted
luminance (brightness) levels and black levels.
 Some colors generated by a computer that display fine on a
RGB monitor may be illegal for display on a NTSC TV.
 While producing a multimedia project, consider whether it will
be played on a RGB monitor or a conventional television set.
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Interlacing effects:
In television, the electron beam makes two passes on the screen while

drawing a single video frame.
 It first lays down all the odd-numbered lines, and then all the even-
numbered lines, hence they are interlaced.
 While capturing images from a video signal, they can be filtered
through a de-interlacing filter provided by image-editing applications.

Text and titles for television and taking care of
analog tapes:
 Titles for video productions can be created with an analog character
generator.
 Computers can create titles digitally using video and image-editing
software.
 New tapes should always be fast-forwarded to the end and then
rewound, to ensure even tape tension.

Digital video architecture consists of a format
for encoding and playing back video files by a
computer.

Architecture includes a player that can
recognize and play files created for that format.

MPEG is a real-time video compression
algorithm.

MPEG-4 includes numerous multimedia
capabilities and is a preferred standard.

MPEG-7 (or Multimedia Content Description
Interface) integrates information about motion
video elements with their use.
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Video clip stored on any mass-storage device
can be played back on a computer’s monitor
without special hardware.

Setting up a production environment for
making digital video, requires some hardware
specifications.

Some specifications include computer with
FireWire connection and cables, fast processor,
plenty of RAM, fast and big hard disk.

Digital video compression schemes or codecs is
the algorithm used to compress (code) a video
for delivery.

The codec then decodes the compressed video
in real-time for fast playback.

Streaming audio and video starts playback as
soon as enough data has transferred to the
user’s computer to sustain this playback.

Composite analog video.

Component analog video.

Composite digital.

Component digital.

ATSC digital TV.
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Composite video combines the luminance and
chroma information from the video signal.

Composite video produces lowest quality
video and is most susceptible to generation
loss.

Generation loss is the loss of quality that occurs
while moving from original footage to editing
master to copy.

Composite digital recording formats combine
the luminance and chroma information.

They sample the incoming waveforms and
encode the information in binary (0/1) digital
code.

It improves color and image resolution and
eliminates generation loss.

These standards provide for digital STV and
HDTV recordings that can be broadcast by
digital TV transmitters to digital TV receivers.

ATSC standards also provide for enhanced TV
bringing the interactivity of multimedia and
the Web to broadcast television.
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Component video separates the luminance and
chroma information.

It improves the quality of the video and decreases
generation loss.

In S-video, color and luminance information are
kept on two separate tracks (Y/C) to improve the
picture quality.

Betacam is a new portable professional video
format which lays the signal on the tape in three
component channels.

Component digital formats add the advantages of
component signals to digital recording.

D-1 component digital format is an uncompressed
format which has a very high quality image.

It uses a 19 mm (3/4-inch) tape in order to save
data.

Several other digital component formats are DCT,
Digital Betacam, DV format, DVCPRO, and
DVCAM formats.

Import video and sound at the highest
resolution and with the least amount of
compression possible.

Resolution should be reduced and footage
must be compressed later according to the
requirements.

A steady shooting platform should always be
used.
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Good and even lighting is extremely important.

Blue screen in digital video editing applications
is a popular technique for making multimedia.

Wide panoramic shots and camera motion
should be avoided when shooting for a small
computer window on CD-ROM or the Web.

CD-ROMs provide an excellent distribution
medium for computer-based video.

When preparing video for CD-ROM distribution,
interleave the audio track(s) with the video track.

Key frames should be used every 10 to 15 frames
and the size of the video window must be kept
small.

The Sorenson codec is optimized for CD-ROM
playback.

Digital video method is used for making and

delivering video for multimedia.

Charge-coupled device (CCD) converts the
light that has been reflected from an object
through the camera’s lens.

Various video standards are NTSC, PAL,
SECAM, and ATSC DTV.

Categories of video standards are composite
analog, component analog, composite digital,
and component digital.

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