Professional Documents
Culture Documents
_________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Evaluation of existing structures;
Evaluation and/or repair of existing concrete structures can be Load and resistance factors;
challenging to design professionals, owners, building Design of repairs;
officials, and contractors. Difficulties arise due to a myriad Durability requirements; and
of questions pertaining to the extent of necessary repairs, Quality assurance.
responsibilities during the project, and uncertainties regarding
the governing code requirements. The concept of a building ACI 562 was developed to be performance-based (in contrast
code for repair of existing concrete structures has been to prescriptive) to provide engineers the maximum amount of
discussed for nearly 30 years. However, a major obstacle to flexibility in developing repair solutions. The document’s
the development of a concrete repair code was the interaction extensive commentary, including a comprehensive list of
with existing codes, such as ACI 318 [ACI 318-11], general references, provides guidance to design professionals using
building codes, and the International Building Code [IBC] the code. The paper and presentation will describe the
that were developed primarily for use during new development of ACI 562, the relationship of ACI 562 with
construction. The development of the International Existing other building codes, and the impact of the code on typical
Building Code [IEBC-12] provides design professionals a concrete repair project.
pathway delineating code requirements for repair and
alterations of existing structures. However, the IEBC does Introduction
not provide detailed code requirements that address the
unique challenges of how to evaluate damaged concrete The concrete repair industry is estimated to generate between
structures or provide provisions to extend the service life of 18 and 25 billion dollars per year in construction spending in
both the repair area and the repaired structure. the United States. While a significant portion of this sum is
spent to repair deteriorated concrete, it has been estimated
In 2013, the American Concrete Institute (ACI) published that 50 percent of repairs are not performing satisfactorily
Code Requirements for Evaluation, Repair, and due to errors in design, construction, and/or material selection
Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings [ACI 562-13] to provide [REMR and BRE] resulting in "repairs to the repairs."
design professionals with a code for the repair of existing Seeing an area of the industry that could be improved, the
concrete structures. ACI 562 represents the first material ACI Strategic Development Council along with the
specific repair code in US practice and is the first code International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI) and other
specifically developed to be integrated with the IEBC. ACI organizations developed Vision 2020 in 2006. Vision 2020
562 contains specific provisions for: [Vision 2020] was a strategic plan for the concrete repair,
1
protection, and strengthening industry that included the Need for a Repair Code
development of a repair/rehabilitation code as one of its
specific goals which would: Projects involving repair/rehabilitation of existing buildings
can be challenging to engineers for many reasons. For new
1) establish evaluation, design, materials, and concrete structures, engineers are typically working with a
construction practices; "blank slate" and can refer to the IBC and ACI 318 Building
2) raise the level of repair and durability Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, to assist them in
performance; specifying material requirements and other design
3) establish clear responsibilities between requirements for the structure. For existing structures, the
owners, designers, and constructors; and repair engineers must work within the constraints of the
4) provide building officials with means to existing building, obtain accurate information about the
evaluate rehabilitation design. structure's condition and material properties, address
unforeseen conditions, and determine which building code
ACI took the lead in pursuing the Vision 2020 goal, forming that project should satisfy.
Committee 562, Evaluation, Repair and Rehabilitation of
Concrete Buildings, to develop the repair/rehabilitation code. During the development of Vision 2020, it was found that
A group of 31 members, comprised of engineers, contractors, repair and protection practices vary widely between engineers
and manufacturers from across the United States and Canada and a current standard practice is hard to define. The
spent seven years developing the document Code variation in practices have allowed for inconsistent levels of
Requirements for Evaluation, Repair and Rehabilitation of reliability of repaired structures and places a burden on
Concrete Buildings (ACI 562-13) shown in Figure 1. This building code officials that must approve repair construction
paper provides insight into why the code was needed, the documents based on a lack of specific requirements. In
development of the code, its relationship with other codes, absence of any guidance, decisions have often defaulted to
key provisions, and how it influences a typical concrete repair requiring a repaired structure to satisfy all criteria of a new
project. building code, like ACI 318, which can result in overly costly
repairs and even in decisions to demolish and rebuilding
entire buildings.
Development
2
possible scenarios that an engineer may encounter, including Chapter 7 Design of Provides design
type of building, code under which the building was Structural Repairs criteria and
originally constructed, and level of deterioration, is endless. commentary for use
For example, increasing the depth of a beam to accept during design of
additional loading may not be feasible due to limited repairs.
headroom. These constraints typically require the engineer to Chapter 8 Durability Provides durability
become creative in their repair designs and to think "outside requirements.
the box" in developing their repairs. To allow this creativity Chapter 9 Construction Provides
while maintaining minimum requirements in a recommendations
repair/rehabilitation code, the only approach through the use for the EOR to
of performance based requirements. consider regarding
shoring and stability
The committee also spent considerable effort on the of the structure
organization of the repair/rehabilitation code. An order that during construction.
was intuitive and similar to the way a project should be Chapter 10 Quality Assurance Provides testing
evaluated (Table 1) was desired. Initial chapters provide recommendations
guidance to the engineer in establishing project for quality
requirements/parameters, the design basis code along with assurance.
other general requirements. Determination of loading Chapter 11 Commentary Provides a list of
requirements, evaluation, and analysis sections can be found References references used
within the middle section of ACI 562 which is followed by within the
the design chapter that provides guidance on the repair commentary
design. Durability requirements are provided along with sections.
quality assurance at the end.
Throughout the development process, the committee
Table 1 – Summary of ACI 562 Chapters followed the standardization process of the American
Chapter Title Description National Standards Institute (ANSI) known as "ANSI
Chapter 1 General General information Essential Requirements: Due Process Requirements for
regarding design American National Standards." The purpose of the ANSI
basis code and other [ANSI] document is to ensure that a standard is developed in
general information. an environment that is equitable, accessible, and responsive
Chapter 2 Notations and Definitions for to the requirements of various stakeholders.
Definitions terminology and
notation used within Consensus on a proposed standard by a group or
the code. "consensus body" that includes representatives from
Chapter 3 Referenced Listing of standards materially affected and interested parties.
Standards used as references in Broad-based public review and comment on draft
the code or standards.
commentary. Consideration of and response to comments
Chapter 4 Basis for Design Basis Code submitted by voting members of the relevant
Compliance and compliance consensus body and by public review commenters.
methods. Incorporation of approved changes into a draft
Chapter 5 Loads, Load Provides the loads standard.
combination and and load factors that Right to appeal by any participant that believes that
Strength reduction are specified to be due process principles were not sufficiently
factors used in evaluation respected during the standards development in
and analysis. accordance with ANSI accredited procedures of the
Chapter 6 Evaluation and Guidelines for the standards developer.
Analysis evaluation and
analysis of existing Relationship with Other Codes
buildings. Also
provides historical In the past, designers have often turned to IBC Chapter 34
material properties. (existing structures) or to their local existing building code, if
3
it exists, when working with existing buildings. In 2006, the of damage is found to exist in a structure, the building and its
ICC published the IEBC to provide additional guidance to repairs need to conform to requirements for that of new
designers. During development of the 2015 ICC codes, it construction, which will become the design basis code for
was decided that Chapter 34 would be deleted from the IBC any repairs.
leaving the IEBC to govern repairs/rehabilitations to existing
buildings. In addition to the I-codes, standards such as ASCE Load Testing
31 and ASCE 41 are available to the designer when
evaluating the seismic performance of existing buildings.
While developing ACI 562, the intention was for the standard
to work alongside the IEBC but used as a stand-alone
document in areas that have not adopted an existing building
code. The committee also included references to ASCE 31
and 41 in the mandatory sections to direct the licensed design
professional when considering seismic repairs to a structure.
Key Provisions
Design Basis Code ACI 562 references the recently developed ACI 437.2-13
Code Requirements for Load Testing of Existing Concrete
One of the first steps in any evaluation/analysis of an existing Structures and Commentary for load testing requirements.
building is determining to which code the evaluation/analysis This new standard was selected over the procedure contained
should satisfy, which the committee has termed design basis in Chapter 20 of ACI 318. The ACI 437.2 load testing
code. Within ACI 562-13, chapters 1 and 4 provide guidance standard was developed specifically for existing structures
for the determination of the design basis code, which will and includes acceptance criteria based upon monotonic and
typically be the general building code, such as IBC, that was cyclic test results and provides for lower load ratings based
in effect at the time of original construction. In the absence upon load testing results. Committee members included
of any data regarding the age of the building or original code these provisions, as load testing has been found to be
information, chapter 4 allows the licensed design professional particularly useful to supplement analysis, verify strength of
to evaluate the structure using the provisions given in chapter members in lieu of detailed assessments and testing, as well
6. as to verify the effectiveness of repairs.
An important step in the evaluation is that the licensed design Historical Properties
professional must determine whether “substantial structural
damage” has occurred within the structure. “Substantial It is not uncommon for an engineer performing an evaluation
Structural Damage” is defined by the IEBC as a condition to find that a building's owner has no information, such as
where (1) In any story, the vertical elements of the lateral- drawings or specifications, regarding the building or
force-resisting system have suffered damage such that the materials used during original construction. In these
lateral load-carrying capacity of the structure in any situations, the engineer must perform additional field
horizontal direction has been reduced by more than 33 investigations to determine member sizes and spacing. On
percent from its predamaged condition; or (2) The capacity of the material side, the engineer has the option to perform
any vertical gravity load-carrying component, or any group of material testing to determine concrete compressive strength
such components, that supports more than 30 percent of the of tensile strength of steel reinforcement. As an alternative to
total area of the structure's floor(s) and roof(s) has been the testing, the committee researched and adopted various
reduced more than 20 percent from its predamage condition tables that provide historical material properties for concrete
and the remaining capacity of such affected elements, with and steel reinforcement from ASCE 41-06. These historical
respect to all dead and live loads, is less than 75 percent of values can be used in the analyses in lieu of potentially costly
that required by this code for new buildings of similar materials testing. Consistent with the philosophy contained
structure, purpose, and location. IEBC states that if this level in Chapter 20 of ACI 318, higher strength reduction factors
4
can be used when material properties are confirmed by
testing. If an analysis using historical values indicates the
need for repairs, material testing can be performed to allow
the use of higher strength reduction factors, which may be
sufficient to eliminate an overstresses.
Bond
ACI 562 is the first ACI code to allow the use of FRP
materials in concrete repair projects. The code is also unique
in requiring consideration of durability in repair design. The
5
code does not specify a minimum service life for a repair or a 6. The Condition of Corps of Engineers Civil Works
repair structure. The goal of the durability requirements is to Concrete Structures, Technical Report REMR-CS-2,
prevent common errors that limit repair durability. 1985, 133 pp.
References