Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12951
2017WORLDWORKSHOP
1 2 3 4
Søren Jepsen | Jack G. Caton | Jasim M. Albandar | Nabil F. Bissada |
5 6 7 8
Philippe Bouchard | Pierpaolo Cortellini | Korkud Demirel | Massimo de Sanctis |
9 10 11 12
Carlo Ercoli | Jingyuan Fan | Nicolaas C. Geurs | Francis J. Hughes | Lijian
13 14 15 16
Jin | Alpdogan Kantarci | Evanthia Lalla | Phoebus N. Madianos |
17 18 19 20
Debora Matthews | Michael K. McGuire | Michael P. Mills | Philip M. Preshaw
21 22 23 24
| Mark A. Reynolds | Anton Sculean | Cristiano Susin | Nicola X. West |
25
Kazuhisa Yamazaki
1
Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
2
University of Rochester, Periodontics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, Rochester, NY, USA
3
Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
4
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
5
U.F.R. d'Odontologie, Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Rothschild AP‐HP, Paris, France
6
Private practice, Firenze, Italy; European Research Group on Periodontology, Bern, Switzerland
7
Department of Periodontology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
8
Department of Periodontology, Università Vita e Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
9
University of Rochester, Prosthodontics & Periodontics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, Rochester, NY, USA
10
University of Rochester, Periodontics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, Rochester, NY, USA
11
Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL, USA
12
King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
13
Discipline of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
14
Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
15
Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontics, New York, NY, USA
16
Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
17
Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
18
Private practice, Perio Health Professionals, Houston, TX, USA
19
Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
20
Centre for Oral Health Research and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
21
University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, Baltimore, MD, USA
22
Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Switzerland
23
Department of Periodontics, Augusta University Dental College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
24
Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental School & Hospital, Bristol, UK
25
Research Unit for Oral‐Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental
Sciences, Niigata, Japan
Correspondence
Prof. Søren Jepsen, Department of
Abstract
Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Antecedentes: Una variedad de enfermedades y afecciones sistémicas pueden afectar el
Dentistry, University of Bonn, curso de la periodontitis o tener un impacto negativo en el aparato de fijación periodontal.
Welschnonnenstrasse 17, 53111 Bonn,
Las recesiones gingivales son muy frecuentes y, a menudo, se asocian con hipersensibilidad,
Germany.
Email: jepsen@uni-bonn.de el desarrollo de caries y lesiones cervicales no cariosas en la superficie expuesta de la raíz y
estética deteriorada. Las fuerzas oclusales pueden provocar lesiones en los dientes y aparatos
Sources of Funding: The workshop was de sujeción periodontales. Varias condiciones de desarrollo o adquiridas asociadas con
planned and conducted jointly by the
dientes o prótesis pueden predisponer a enfermedades del periodonto. El objetivo de este
American Academy of Periodontology and
European Federation of Periodontology with grupo de trabajo fue revisar y actualizar la clasificación de 1999 con respecto a estas
financial support from the American enfermedades y afecciones, y desarrollar definiciones de casos y consideraciones
Academy of Periodontology Foundation, diagnósticas.
Colgate, Johnson & Johnson Consumer
Inc., Geistlich Biomaterials, SUNSTAR, and
Procter & Gamble Professional Oral Health. Métodos: Las discusiones fueron informadas por cuatro revisiones en 1) Manifestaciones
periodontales de enfermedades y afecciones sistémicas.; 2) Condiciones mucogingivales
The proceedings of the workshop were
naturales alrededor de los dientes; 3) fuerzas oclusales traumáticas y trauma oclusal; y 4)
jointly and simultaneously published in the
Journal of Periodontology and Journal of
Prótesis dentales y factores relacionados con los dientes. Este informe de consenso se basa
Clinical Periodontology. en los resultados de estas revisiones y en la opinión de expertos de los participantes.
b. Fenotipo: aparición de un órgano basado en una combinación ¿La colocación del margen restaurativo intrasulcular
multifactorial de rasgos genéticos y factores ambientales (su
influye en el desarrollo de la recesión gingival?
expresión incluye el biotipo).
La colocación del margen cervical restaurativa / protésica por
El fenotipo indica una dimensión que puede cambiar con el tiempo ultrasonidos puede estar asociada con el desarrollo de una recesión
según los factores ambientales y la intervención clínica y puede ser gingival, particularmente en un fenotipo periodontal delgado.
específica del sitio (el fenotipo puede modificarse, no el genotipo). El
fenotipo periodontal se determina por el fenotipo gingival (grosor ¿Cuál es el efecto del tratamiento de ortodoncia
gingival, ancho del tejido queratinizado) y morfotipo óseo (grosor de en el desarrollo de la recesión gingival?
la placa del hueso bucal). El fenotipo delgado aumenta el riesgo de Varios estudios informan la observación de recesiones
recesión gingival. Los fenotipos delgados son más propensos a gingivales después del tratamiento de ortodoncia (principalmente
19,20
desarrollar lesiones de recesión crecientes .
sobre el efecto de la proclinación del incisivo mandibular). La
prevalencia informada se extiende de 5% a 12% al final del
¿Cómo se puede evaluar el fenotipo periodontal
tratamiento. Los autores informan un aumento de la prevalencia
de manera estandarizada y reproducible? 27‒
de hasta el 47% en las observaciones a largo plazo (5 años).
Se puede evaluar utilizando una sonda periodontal para medir el 30
grosor de la ginival (GT) observando la sonda periodontal brillando Un estudio informó una correlación entre la inclinación del
1) Sonda visible: delgada (≤1 mm). 1. Dirección del movimiento dental y del grosor bucolingual.
2) Sonda no visible: gruesa (> 1 mm). 2. de la encía puede jugar un papel importante en la alteración de
32
los tejidos blandos durante el tratamiento de ortodoncia.
Table 2 reports a diagnostic approach to classify gingival phe‐ Can traumatic occlusal forces cause
notype, gingival recession, and associated cervical lesions. This is a gingival recession?
treatment‐oriented classification supported by data included in the
There is evidence from observational studies that occlusal forces do
accompanying narrative review. 2
not cause gingival recession.37,38
Can traumatic occlusal force cause Should we still distinguish primary from
periodontal inflammation? secondary occlusal trauma in relation to
There is limited evidence from human and animal studies that treatment?
traumatic occlusal forces can cause inflammation in the periodontal Primary occlusal trauma has been defined as injury resulting in tissue
ligament.3 changes from traumatic occlusal forces applied to a tooth or teeth
S22 | JEPSEN Et al .
6
TA B L E 2 Classification of mucogingival conditions (gingival widened periodontal ligament space, tooth migration, discomfort/
phenotype) and gingival recessions
pain on chewing, and root resorption.
RT = recession type33
REC Depth = depth of the gingival recession
DENTAL PROSTHESES AND TOOTH‐ REL
GT = gingival thickness
KTW = keratinized tissue width ATED FACTORS
CEJ = cemento‐enamel junction (Class A = detectable CEJ, Class B =
un‐ detectable CEJ) Several conditions, associated with prostheses and teeth, may
Step = root surface concavity (Class + = presence of a cervical
predispose to diseases of the periodontium and were extensively
step > 0.5 mm. Class – = absence of a cervical step > 0.5 mm)44
reviewed in a background paper. 4 The extent to which these condi‐
tions contribute to the disease process may be dependent upon the
with normal periodontal support. This manifests itself clinically with
susceptibility of the individual patient.
adaptive mobility and is not progressive. Secondary occlusal trauma
has been defined as injury resulting in tissue changes from normal
or traumatic occlusal forces applied to a tooth or teeth with reduced What is the biologic width?
support. Teeth with progressive mobility may also exhibit migration
Biologic width is a commonly used clinical term to describe the apico‐
and pain on function. Current periodontal therapies are directed
coronal variable dimensions of the supracrestal attached tis‐ sues. The
primarily to address etiology; in this context, traumatic occlusal forces.
supracrestal attached tissues are histologically composed of the
Teeth with progressive mobility may require splinting for patient
junctional epithelium and supracrestal connective tissue at‐ tachment.
comfort.
The term biologic width should be replaced by supracrestal tissue
The group considered the term reduced periodontium related
attachment.
to secondary occlusal trauma and agreed there were problems
with defining “reduced periodontium”. A reduced periodontium is
only meaningful when mobility is progressive indicating the forces Is infringement of restorative margins within the
acting on the tooth exceed the adaptive capacity of the person supracrestal connective tissue attachment associated
or site. with inflammation and/or loss of periodontal
supporting tissues?
Case definitions and diagnostic considerations Available evidence from human studies supports that infringement
within the supracrestal connective tissue attachment is associated
with inflammation and loss of periodontal supporting tissue. Animal
1. Traumatic occlusal force is defined as any occlusal force resulting in
studies corroborate this statement and provide histologic evidence
injury of the teeth and/or the periodontal attachment ap‐ paratus.
that infringement within the supracrestal connective tissue attach‐
These were historically defined as excessive forces to denote that
ment is associated with inflammation and subsequent loss of peri‐
the forces exceed the adaptive capacity of the individual person or
odontal supporting tissues, accompanied with an apical shift of the
site. The presence of traumatic occlusal forces may be indicated
junctional epithelium and supracrestal connective tissue attachment.
by one or more of the following: fre‐ mitus, tooth mobility, thermal
sensitivity, excessive occlusal wear, tooth migration,
discomfort/pain on chewing, fractured teeth, radiographically Are changes in the periodontium caused by
widened periodontal ligament space, root resorption, and infringement of restorative margins within
hypercementosis. Clinical management of trau‐ matic occlusal supracrestal connective tissue attachment due to
forces is indicated to prevent and treat these signs and dental plaque biofilm, trauma, or some other
symptoms. factors?
2. Occlusal trauma is a lesion in the periodontal ligament, cementum
Given the available evidence, it is not possible to determine if the
and adjacent bone caused by traumatic occlusal forces. It is a histo‐
negative effects on the periodontium associated with restoration
logic term; however, a clinical diagnosis of occlusal trauma may be
margins located within the supracrestal connective tissue attach‐
made in the presence of one or more of the following: progressive
ment is caused by dental plaque biofilm, trauma, toxicity of dental
tooth mobility, adaptive tooth mobility (fremitus), radiographically
materials, or a combination of these factors.
JEPSEN Et al. |
S227
Para las restauraciones dentales indirectas TA B L E 3 Classification of traumatic occlusal forces on the
subgingivales, ¿el diseño, la fabricación, los periodontium
actuar como un factor que contribuye a la a more coronal level, which leads to pseudopockets and esthetic
concerns. Correction of this condition can be accomplished with
inflamación gingival y la pérdida de tejidos de
periodontal surgery.
soporte periodontales?
Los factores anatómicos de los dientes (proyecciones de esmalte cervical,
perlas de esmalte, surcos de desarrollo), proximidad de la raíz, anomalías TA B L E 4 Classification of factors related to teeth and to dental
y fracturas y relaciones dentales en el arco dental están relacionados con
prostheses that can affect the periodontium
la inflamación gingival inducida por biopelículas de la placa dental y la
pérdida de tejidos de soporte periodontales A. Localized tooth‐related factors that modify or predispose to
plaque‐induced gingival diseases/periodontitis
Can adverse reactions to dental materials occur?
1. Tooth anatomic factors
Dental materials may be associated with hypersensitivity reactions 2. Root fractures
3. Cervical root resorption, cemental tears
which can clinically appear as localized inflammation that does not
4. Root proximity
respond to adequate measures of plaque control. Additional diag‐ 5. Altered passive eruption
nostic measures will be needed to confirm hypersensitivity. Limited
B. Localized dental prosthesis‐related factors
1. Restoration margins placed within the supracrestal attached
tissues
2. Clinical procedures related to the fabrication of indirect
restorations
3. Hypersensitivity/toxicity reactions to dental materials
S22 | JEPSEN Et al .
8
The workgroup agreed to a classification of dental prosthesis and 16. Fuggle NR, Smith TO, Kaul A, Sofat N. Hand to mouth: a systematic
tooth‐related factors (Table 4). review and meta‐analysis of the association between rheumatoid
arthritis and periodontitis. Front Immunol. 2016;7:80. https://doi.
org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00080.eCollection 2016.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DISCLOSURES 17. Warnakulasuriya S, Dietrich T, Bornstein MM, et al. Oral health risks
of tobacco use and effects of cessation. Int Dent. 2010;60:7–30.
Workshop participants filed detailed disclosure of potential conflicts of 18. Dictionary of Biology, 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press;
interest relevant to the workshop topics, and these are kept on file. 2008. Print ISBN‐13: 9780199204625.
19. Agudio G, Cortellini P, Buti J, Pini Prato G. Periodontal conditions of
The authors receive, or have received, research funding, consultant
sites treated with gingival augmentation surgery compared with
fees, and/or lecture compensation from the following companies: un‐ treated contralateral homologous sites: an 18‐ to 35‐year long‐
Biolase, Colgate, Dentsply Sirona, Geistlich Pharma, Nobel Biocare, term study. J Periodontol. 2016;87:1371–1378.
OraPharma, Osteogenics Biomedical, Osteology Foundation, and 20. Chambrone L, Tatakis DN. Long‐term outcomes of untreated buc‐
Straumann. cal gingival recessions: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J
Periodontol. 2016;87:796–808.
21. De Rouck T, Eghbali R, Collys K, De Bruyn H, Cosyn J. The gingival
biotype revisited: transparency of the periodontal probe through
REFERENCE S
the gingival margin as a method to discriminate thin from thick gin‐
1. Albandar JM, Susin C, Hughes FJ. Manifestations of systemic diseases giva. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36:428–433.
and conditions that affect the periodontal attachment apparatus: case 22. Kan JY, Morimoto T, Rungcharassaeng K, Roe P, Smith DH. Gingival
definitions and diagnostic considerations. J Clin Periodontol. biotype assessment in the esthetic zone: visual versus direct mea‐
2018;45(Suppl 20):S171–S189. surement. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2010;30:237–243.
2. Cortellini P, Bissada NF. Mucogingival conditions in the natural den‐ 23. Liu F, Pelekos G, Jin LJ. The gingival biotype in a cohort of Chinese
tition: narrative review, case definitions and diagnostic consider‐ subjects with and without history of periodontal disease. J
ations. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S190–S198. Periodontal Res. 2017;52:1004–1010.
3. Fan J, Caton JG. Occlusal trauma and excessive occlusal forces: nar‐ 24. Zweers J, Thomas RZ, Slot DE, Weisgold AS, Van der Weijden
rative review, case definitions and diagnostic considerations. J Clin GA. Characteristics of periodontal biotype, its dimensions, asso‐
Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S199–S206. ciations and prevalence: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol.
4. Ercoli C, Caton JG. Dental prostheses and tooth‐related factors. J 2014;41:958–971.
Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S207–S218. 25. Ghassemian M, Lajolo C, Semeraro V, et al. Relationship between
5. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 8th ed. Brussels, biotype and bone morphology in the lower anterior mandible: an
Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; 2017. observational study. J Periodontol. 2016;87:680–689.
6. Sanz M, Ceriello A, Buysschaert M, et al. Scientific evidence on the 26. Heasman PA, Holliday R, Bryant A, Preshaw PM. Evidence for the
links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: consensus report occurrence of gingival recession and non‐carious cervical lesions
and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and di‐ as a consequence of traumatic toothbrushing. J Clin Periodontol.
abetes by the International Diabetes Federation and the European 2015;42 Suppl 16: S237–255.
Federation of Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45:138–149. 27. Aziz T, Flores‐Mir C. A systematic review of the association be‐
7. Lalla E, Papapanou PN. Diabetes mellitus and periodontitis: a tale tween appliance‐induced labial movement of mandibular incisors
of two common interrelated diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011 and gingival recession. Aust Orthod J. 2011;27:33–39.
28(7):738–748. 28. Renkema AM, Fudalej PS, Renkema A, Kiekens R, Katsaros C.
8. Papapanou PN, Sanz M, et al. Periodontitis: consensus report of Development of labial gingival recessions in orthodontically
workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification treated patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:206–
of Periodontal and Peri‐Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Clin 212.
Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S162–S170. 29. Renkema AM, Navratilova Z, Mazurova K, Katsaros C, Fudalej PS.
9. Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of peri‐ Gingival labial recessions and the post‐treatment proclination of
odontitis: framework and proposal of a new classification and case mandibular incisors. Eur J Orthod. 2015;37:508–513.
definition. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S149–S161. 30. Morris JW, Campbell PM, Tadlock LP, Boley, Buschang PH.
10. Polak D, Shapira L. An update on the evidence for pathogenic Prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic tooth move‐
mech‐ anisms that may link periodontitis and diabetes. J Clin ments. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;151:851–859.
Periodontol. 2018;45:150–166. 31. Rasperini G, Acunzo R, Cannalire P, Farronato G. Influence of
11. Chaffee BW, Weston SJ. Association between chronic periodon‐ periodontal biotype on root surface exposure during orthodontic
tal disease and obesity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J treatment:a preliminary study. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent.
Periodontol. 2010;81:1708–1724. 2015;35:665–675.
12. Suvan J, D'Aiuto F, Moles DR, Petrie A, Donos N. Association be‐ 32. Kim DM, Neiva R. Periodontal soft tissue non‐root coverage proce‐
tween overweight/obesity and periodontitis in adults. A dures: a systematic review from the AAP regeneration workshop. J
systematic review. Obes Rev. 2011;12:e381–404. Periodontol. 2015;86(S2): S56‐S72.
13. Nascimento GG, Leite FR, Do LG, Peres KG, Correa MB, Demarco 33. Cairo F, Nieri M, Cincinelli S, Mervelt J, Pagliaro U. The interproxi‐
FF, Peres MA. Is weight gain associated with the incidence of peri‐ mal clinical attachment level to classify gingival recessions and pre‐
odontitis? A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Clin dict root coverage outcomes: an explorative and reliability study. J
Periodontol. 2015;42:495–505. Clin Periodontol. 2011;38:661–666.
14. Gaio EJ, Haas AN, Rösing CK, Oppermann RV, Albandar JM, Susin 34. Ismail AI, Morrison EC, Burt BA, Caffesse RG, Kavanagh MT.
C. Effect of obesity on periodontal attachment loss progression: Natural history of periodontal disease in adults: findings from
a 5‐year population‐based prospective study. J Clin Periodontol. the Tecumseh Periodontal Disease Study, 1959 – 87. J Dent Res.
2016;43:557–565. 1990;69:430–435.
15. Penoni DC, Fidalgo TK, Torres SR, et al. Bone density and clinical 35. Kaku M, Uoshima K, Yamashita Y, Miura H. Investigation of
periodontal attachment in postmenopausal women: a systematic periodontal ligament reaction upon excessive occlusal load –
review and meta‐analysis. J Dent Res. 2017;96:261–269. osteopontin induction among periodontal ligament cells. J
Periodontal Res. 2005;40:59–66.
JEPSEN Et al. |
S229
36. Yoshinaga Y, Ukai T, Abe Y, Hara Y. Expression of receptor activator 43. Cortellini P, Tonetti MS, Lang NP, et al. The simplified papilla pres‐
of nuclear factor kappa B ligand relates to inflammatory bone re‐ ervation flap in the regenerative treatment of deep intrabony de‐
sorption, with or without occlusal trauma, in rats. J Periodontal fects: clinical outcomes and postoperative morbidity. J
Res. 2007;42:402–409. Periodontol. 2001;72:1702–1712.
37. Bernimoulin J, Curilovié Z. Gingival recession and tooth mobility. J 44. Pini‐Prato G, Franceschi D, Cairo F, Nieri M, Rotundo R.
Clin Periodontol. 1977;4(2): 107–114. Classification of dental surface defects in areas of gingival reces‐
38. Harrel SK, Nunn ME. The effect of occlusal discrepancies on gingi‐ sion. J Periodontol. 2010;81:885–890.
val width. J Periodontol. 2004;75:98–105.
39. Stenvik A, Mjör IA. Pulp and dentine reactions to experimen‐
tal tooth intrusion. A histologic study of the initial changes. Am J
Orthod. 1970;57:370–385. How to cite this article: Jepsen S, Caton JG, et al.
40. Wennström JL, Lindhe J, Sinclair F, Thilander B. Some periodontal Periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases and
tissue reactions to orthodontic tooth movement in monkeys. J Clin developmental and acquired conditions: Consensus report of
Periodontol. 1987;14:121–129.
workgroup 3 of the 2017 World Workshop on the
41. Eliasson LA, Hugoson A, Kurol J, Siwe H. The effects of orthodon‐
tic treatment on periodontal tissues in patients with reduced peri‐ Classification of Periodontal and Peri‐Implant Diseases and
odontal support. Eur J Orthod. 1982;4:1–9. Conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S219–S229.
42. Boyd RL, Leggott PJ, Quinn RS, Eakle WS, Chambers D. Periodontal https://doi.org/10.1111/ jcpe.12951
implications of orthodontic treatment in adults with reduced or
normal periodontal tissues versus those of adolescents. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;96:191–198.
F I G U R E 1 Participants of Workgroup 3