NOR Gate Using Transistor

Theory :

NOR Gate is the combination of OR and NOT Gate with input of NOT Gate
connected at the output of the OR Gate. Thus corresponding to each combination of the
inputs of the NOR Gate, it will have an output that is the complement of the output of the
OR Gate. The schematic symbol along with the basic circuit of the NOR Gate is as
shown in the following image

NOR Gate has a very useful property which makes it unique and important
among all other Gates. The Boolean expression of any complexity can be implemented
using NOR Gate only that is NOR Gate alone can be employed to realize all possible
Boolean expressions without the need of any other Gate. This property of NOR Gate is
called Functional Completeness, due to this property the entire microprocessor can be
designed using NOR Gate only! NOR Gate shares this property with NAND Gate and
both of the Gates are called Universal Gates

Symbolic Representation :
Boolean Expression :

The Boolean Expression for 2 NOR-GATE is written as :

Truth Table :
Apparatus :
I. Bread Board.

II. Resistors

III. Transistor

IV. Battery

V. Connecting Wires

VI. LED

VII. Buttons

Working :
The inputs A and B of the NOR Gate are connected at the base of
the transistors T1 and T2 respectively and the output is taken from the collector.
The transistor here acts as the switch so when the signal is applied at the base of
the transistor the transistor starts conducting and shorts the output to the ground
similarly when no signal is applied at the input the output is connected to the Vcc
as shown. When signal is applied neither at input A nor B none of the transistors
T1 and T2 turn on and the output terminal remains connected to the Vcc and
thus output of the NOR Gate remains HIGH.

When signal is applied either at input A or B corresponding

transistor T1 or T2 turns on and shorts the output terminal to the ground thus
output of the NOR Gate gets LOW. Similar is the case when signal is applied at
both terminals. This how the transistors and resistors can be used to implement
the NOR Gate functionality.
Circuit Diagram :