ALMAZ BOIEHM COLLEGE

OCCUIPATION:- Basic Electrical Electronics

Equipment servicing
 UNIT OF COMPITANCY; - TEST ELECTRICAL& ELECTRONIC PARTS
 LO2 identify /test electrical /electronics component
 Objectives
At the end of this Learning Outcomes trainees will be able
to:-
 Identify types of transistors
 know application transistors
 TRANSISTOR
 What is a transistor?
 Transistors are solid-state, active non-linear devices that
facilitate signal amplification and act as switching (controlling)
device.
 There are two main classes of transistors: bipolar-junction
transistors (BJT) and field-effect transistors (FET).
 Bipolar-junction transistors (BJT)
 Bipolar transistor is a current - operated solid-state device in
which current flow between electrodes is through a solid called
“semiconductor”. This semiconductor may either be a
germanium wafer or silicon material. A transistor is actually
two diodes connected back to back with a common electrode
controlling the flow of electrons between the two other
electrodes
  
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)
The construction and circuit symbols for both the NPN and
PNP bipolar transistor are given above with the arrow in
the circuit symbol always showing the direction of
"conventional current flow" between the base terminal and
its emitter terminal.
The direction of the arrow always points from the positive
P-type region to the negative N-type region for both
transistor types, exactly the same as for the standard
diode symbol.
Bipolar Transistors are current regulating devices that
control the amount of current flowing through them in
proportion to the amount of biasing voltage applied to
their base terminal acting like a current-controlled switch.
The principle of operation of the two transistors types NPN
and PNP, is exactly the same the only difference being in
their biasing and the polarity of the power supply for each
type.
 Transistors are three terminal active devices made from
different semiconductor materials that has an ability to
change between an insulator or a conductor states by the
application of a small signal voltage between base and
emitter which enables it to have two basic functions:
"switching" (digital electronics) or "amplification"
(analogue electronics).
Then bipolar transistors have the ability to operate within
three different regions:
Operation of Transistor:
to make transistor function the first junction(J1)or EB
should be forward biased and junction two(J2) should
be reverse biased. One diode is biased in the forward
direction and the other diode biased in the reverse
direction. The P-region of the diode which is biased
forward called the “EMITTER” , the emitter is the
electrode which emits or inject the current carriers into
the transistor. The P-region in the reverse-biased
direction is called “COLLECTOR”
Bipolar transistors have the ability to operate within three different regions:
1. Active Region - the transistor operates as an amplifier and Ic = ß.Ib
2. Saturation - the transistor is "fully-ON" operating as a switch and Ic = I(saturation)
3. Cut-off - the transistor is "fully-OFF" operating as a switch and Ic = 0
 Field-effect transistor” (FET)
 In a PNP FET, current flowing through a thin channel of n-type material is
controlled by the voltage (electric field) applied to two pieces of p-type
material on either side of the channel (current depends on electric
field).Many different kinds of FETs.FETs are the kind of transistor most
commonly used in computers


 Integrated circuits
 An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or
microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or
millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are
fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer,
counter, computer memory, or microprocessor. A particular IC
is categorized as either linear analog or digital, depending on
its intended application.
 IC's are of Linear, digital and mixed types. Linear ICs have continuously variable
output (theoretically capable of attaining an infinite number of states) that
depends on the input signal level. As the term implies, the output signal level is a
linear function of the input signal level. Linear ICs are used as audio-frequency
(AF) and radio-frequency (RF) amplifiers. The operational amplifier (op amp) is a
common device in these applications.
 Digital ICs operate at only a few defined levels or states, rather than over a
continuous range of signal amplitudes. These devices are used in computers,
computer networks, modems, and frequency counters. The fundamental building
blocks of digital ICs are logic gates, which work with binary data, that is, signals
that have only two different states, called low (logic 0) and high (logic 1) or OFF
and ON or this can be represented by False and True .
 That is, signals that have only two different states, called low (logic 0) and high
(logic 1) or OFF and ON or this can be represented by False and True .
Logic Gate:- gate is a device that performs a basic operation on electrical signals
Gates are combined into circuits to perform more complicated tasks
 Truth Table
Digital gates use one or more inputs to produce an output.
Truth tables are the easiest way of describing how a gate behaves. The truth table
gives the state of the output for all possible values of inputs.
Conventionally, letters A, B, C…etc are used for inputs and Q for output.
NOT Gate
By definition, if the input value for a NOT gate is 0, the output value is 1, and if the
input value is 1, the output is 0
A NOT gate is sometimes referred to as an inverter because it inverts
 AND Gate
 AND gate accepts two input signals
 If the two input values for an AND gate are both 1, the output is 1; otherwise,
the output is 0

 OR Gate
 If the two input values are both 0, the output value is 0;
otherwise, the output is 1
 NAND Gates

 NOR Gates
XOR, or exclusive OR, gate
 An XOR gate produces 0 if its two inputs are the same, and a 1 otherwise
 Note the difference between the XOR gate and the OR gate; they differ only
in one input situation
 When both input signals are 1, the OR gate produces a 1 and the XOR
produces a 0
 

 XNOR Gate:- A high output whenever the two input are at

the same level the logic symbol for XNOR
 Implementing an Inverter Using only NAND Gate
 The figure shows two ways in which a NAND gate can be used as an inverter
(NOT gate).
 
 1. All NAND input pins connect to the input signal A gives an output A’

2. One NAND input pin is connected to the input signal A while all
other input pins are connected to logic 1. The output will be A’.
 Implementing AND Using only NAND Gates
 An AND gate can be replaced by NAND gates as shown in the figure (The
AND is replaced by a NAND gate with its output complemented by a NAND
gate inverter).

 Implementing OR Using only NAND Gates

 An OR gate can be replaced by NAND gates as shown in the
figure (The OR gate is replaced by a NAND gate with all its
inputs complemented by NAND gate inverters
 Thus, the NAND gate is a universal gate since it can implement the
AND, OR and NOT functions. 
 Implementing an Inverter Using only NOR Gate
 The figure shows two ways in which a NOR gate can be used as an inverter
(NOT gate).
 1. All NOR input pins connect to the input signal A gives an output A’.

 2. One NOR input pin is connected to the input signal A while all
other input pins are connected to logic 0. The output will be A’.
 Implementing OR Using only NOR Gates
 An OR gate can be replaced by NOR gates as shown in the figure (The OR is
replaced by a NOR gate with its output complemented by a NOR gate inverter)

 Implementing AND Using only NOR Gates

 An AND gate can be replaced by NOR gates as shown in the figure (The AND gate
is replaced by a NOR gate with all its inputs complemented by NOR gate inverters)
 

 Thus, the NOR gate is a universal gate since it can implement the AND, OR
and
 NOT functions.
 Equivalent Gates:
 The shown figure summarizes important cases of gate equivalence. Note that
bubbles indicate a complement operation (inverter).
 A NAND gate is equivalent to an inverted-input OR gate.
A NAND gate is equivalent to an inverted-input OR gate.

 An AND gate is equivalent to an inverted-input NOR gate.

.
 A NOR gate is equivalent to an inverted-input AND gate.

 An OR gate is equivalent to an inverted-input NAND gate

 Two NOT gates in series are same as a buffer because they cancel each other
as A’’ =A.
THANK YOU FOR
ATTENTION!!!