AND Gate Using Transistor

Theory :
The And Gate is a basic digital Logic Gate that implements logical conjunction . It
behaves according to the truth table . A High output ( 1 ) results if and only if all the inputs to the AND
Gate are ( 1 ) . If none or not all the inputs are High in the AND Gate then we get a Low output.

Symbolic Representation :

Boolean Expression :
Expression for 2-input AND-GATE

A.B=Y

Expression for 3-input AND-GATE is

A.B.C=Y

The Dot ( . ) sign in Boolean Algebra refers to logical AND function . It does not stand for
multiplication.
Truth Table :

Apparatus :

I. Bread Board.

II. Resistors

III. Transistors

IV. Battery

V. Connecting Wires

VI. LED
Procedure :

 Transistor are connected in series and their basis are used as output .The base
of both the transistor act like inputs and one of the transistor is used to derive output.
Initially both the switches in off condition so Non of the transistor basis get a power
supply .The base to Emitter junction and Base to Collector junction of the both the
transistors have a voltage lower than 0.65V.

 Both the junction are in reverse biased, hence both the transistors are turn off
and go into their cut off state .Therefore the transistor cut like an open switch .Since all
the current coming from the collector through resistor hence at the output we get a Low
voltage which turns off the LED .

 In next case when we press switch then the base of the first transistor gets a
positive value of voltage but its Emitter is connected to another transistor collector .As
the second transistor still in its cut off state ,the Emitter of the first transistor is
disconnected .

Circuit Diagram :