Chapter 6

Digital logic and Integrated circuits

Digital logic is the application of the Boolean algebra
of 0 and 1 to electronic hardware consisting of logic
gates connected to form a circuit diagram.

6.1 Logic Gates

The combination of logic states (0’s and 1’s) at the inputs of logic gates
(digital logic elements) determines the output state according to the
logic function.
 Con’t

Basic Boolean Operators & Logic Gates

There are seven different type of gates in digital
circuitry, these are
• Inverter
• AND Gate
•OR Gate
• Exclusive-OR Gate
• NAND Gate
• NOR Gate
• Exclusive-NOR Gate
 Logic functions and Truth table
OR gate
•The OR gate is an electronic
circuit that gives a true output
(1) if one or more of its inputs
are true. A plus (+) is used to
show the OR operation.
Truth table
NOT gate
is an electronic circuit
that produces an inverted version of
the input at its output.
• It is also known as an inverter. If
the input variable is A, the
inverted output is known as NOT
A.
• This is also shown as A', or Ā with
a bar over the top
Truth table
 Con’t
AND gate
• The AND gate is an electronic
circuit that gives a true output (1)
only if all its inputs are true. A dot
(·) is used to show the AND
operation i.e. A·B. Note that the
dot is sometimes omitted i.e. AB
Truth table
• NOR gate
This is a NOT-OR gate which
is equal to an OR gate
followed by a NOT gate.
• The outputs of all NOR
gates are false if any of the
inputs are true.
Truth table
 Con’t
• NAND gate • EXOR gate
The NAND gate accepts two The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a
input signals if both are circuit which will give a true
one, the output is zero; output if either, but not
otherwise, the output is both, of its two inputs are
one true.

Truth table Truth table

 Con’t
• EXNOR gate
The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to
the EOR gate.
It will give a false output if either, but not both, of its
two inputs are true.

Truth table
Commonly used Boolean lows & identities
 Karnaugh Maps (K-maps)

Karnaugh maps -A tool for representing Boolean

functions of up to six variables. K-maps are tables of
rows and columns with entries represent 1`s or 0`s of
SOP and POS representations.
Sum-of-products form (SOP)
– first the product (AND) terms are formed then these
are summed (OR)
– eg: ABC + DEF + GHI
Product-of-sum form (POS)
– first the sum (OR) terms are formed then the products
are taken (AND)
– eg: (A+B+C) (D+E+F) (G+H+I)
• Simplify to contain the smallest number of literals
 Minimization of k-map

E.g:-for the given logic CKT, construct truth table and

simplify using K-MAP
Cont…
6.1.2 Diode-transistor logic
Observe the diode AND function
on the front end and the
transistor NOT at the output end.
The extra resistors and diodes are
used to maintain appropriate
currents, to maintain proper
functioning, and to guarantee
certain noise margins.
Operation of DTL
• If all inputs are high, (+5v), no current
will come out of the input diodes at the
input and current will flow down
through the first 5K resistor and
through the diodes D1and D2 toward
the base of the transistor. Some current
will split off and go down through the
lower 5K resistor to ground. However,
most of the current will go into the base
of the transistor causing it to saturate,
pulling the output low .
• If one or more of the inputs to the gate
are held low (0.2 V), then the current
down through the 5K resistor will go
out the input diode, away from the
transistor base. Under this condition,
the transistor will be cutoff and the
output will be high.
 • At Least One Input LO

TRANSISTOR-TRANSISTOR LOGIC (TTL) T1 is ON in forward mode, T2 is OFF, T3 is OFF, while T4 is ON at

the point of cut-in and therefore T2 and T3 have been removed
from the circuit.
(i) T1 ON in forward mode and is operating in saturation as there is
only a leakage current from T2 available as collector current, i.e.
T1 operates with a large base current and negligible collector
current
(ii) With T1 operating in saturation, its collector-emitter voltage is
VCE
(iii) With T4 operating at the point of cut-in its base current and
hence its collector current can be taken as zero. This means that
there is no voltage drop across either resistor R1 or R3 and so the
potential at both sides of these resistors is equal to the supply
voltage VCC giving:
(iv) Node N4 is pulled low by the resistor R2 which has no current
flowing through it so that:
(v) Finally, with T4 operating at the point of cut-in: and with the
diode at cut-in also: The current drawn from the supply can then
be obtained as:

Figure 1. TTL Gate. Both Inputs HI

T1 is ON in the reverse mode, T2 is ON, T3 is ON
and T4 is OFF .
(i) With T3 ON and operating in saturation:
(ii) With T2 also ON and in saturation:
(iii) Since T1 is ON in the reverse mode, the base-collector voltage
in this mode can be taken as the same as the base-emitter voltage
of a transistor operating in the forward active mode .
(iv) With T2 operating in saturation.
(v) With T4 OFF no current will flow through resistor R3 and
consequently Node N5 will be pulled up to the supply rail voltage:
(vi) With T3 ON and in saturation,
(vii) With T4 and the diode non-conducting, the potential at Node
N6 is somewhat ill-defined and depends on the resistances of the
non conducting junctions of these devise but will lie somewhere
between that of Nodes N3 and N7.
 Integrated circuit
• An integrated circuit is one in which circuit
components such as transistors, diodes, resistors,
capacitors etc. are automatically part of a small
semiconductor chip.
• An integrated circuit consists of a number of circuit
components (e.g transistors, diodes, resistors etc.) and
their inter connections in a single small package to per-
form a complete electronic function. These components
are formed and connected within a small chip of semi-
conductor material.
Advantages of Integrated circuits
(i) Increased reliability due to lesser number of connections.
(ii) Extremely small size
(iii) Lesser weight
(iv) Low power requirements
(v) Greater ability to operate at extreme values of temperature.
(vi) Low cost because of simultaneous production of hundreds of alike circuits on a small
semiconductor .
(vii) The circuit lay out is greatly simplified because integrated circuits are constrained to
use

Disadvantages of integrated circuits

(i) If any component in an IC goes out of order, the whole IC has to be replaced by the
new one.
(ii) It is not possible to fabricate inductors and transformers on the surface of semi-
conductor chip. Therefore, these components are connected exterior to the semi-
conductor chip.
(iii) It is not possible to produce high power ICs (greater than 10 W).
(iv) There is a lack of flexibility in an IC i.e., it is generally not possible to modify the
parameters within which an integrated circuit will operate.