S¡c rrrlr 3: Lo.r»s ,\\D I-o,\D F \croR.

The design tandem shall consist ofa pair of25.0-kip

axles spaced 4.0 ft apart. The transverse spacing ofwheels
shall be taken as 6.0 ft. A dynamic load allowance shal1 be
considered as specified in Arlicle 3.6.2.

3.6.1.2.4-Design Lane Laad t

,

The design lane load shall consist ofa load of0.64 klf
uniformly distributed in the longitudinal direction.
Transversely, the design lane load shal1 be assurned to be
uniformly distributed over a 10.0-ft rvidth. The force
effects liom the design lane load shall not be subject to a
dynamic load al lortance.

3. 6. I. 2. S-Tire Contacf Area c3.6.1.2.5

The tire contact area ofa *'heel consisting ofone or 'fhe area load appiies onlf io the clcsign truck and
two tíres shal1 be assumed to be a single rectangle, whose t¿¡ndr'rl. For other design vehicles. the tire cont¿lct area
width is 20.0 in. and'rvhose length is 10.0 in. shor"ild be detenrined Lr,v the engineer.
The tire presslrre shall be assumed to be uniformly As a guicicline for other truck loaris^ the ti¡e area in
distributed over the contact area. The tire pressure shall be in.r lna¡, bc calculated fl-om the fbllou ing dimensions:
assumed to be distributed as follorvs:
Tirt- u idth : P, 0.8
¡ On continuous surfbces. unifomrly over the specified
contact area. arrd
r On internrpted surtaces. unilomly over the actual
Tire leneth - 6.4"¡( 1 - ¿1l/ 100)

contact area r','ithin the footprint with the pressure

rl'here:
increased in the ratio ofthe specified to actual contact
areas.
v load factor
For the design ol orthotropic decks aud u'earing IM dynamic load allowance percent
P design r,r'hee1 load (kip)
surfaces on orthotropic decks, the front wheels shall be
assumed to be a single rectangle whose width and length
are both 10.0 ir. as specified in Article 3.6.1.4.1.

3 .6. 1 .2 ,í-Distribution of 144¡eel Load througk

Ear¡h Fills

3.6.1.2.óa-General ('_.,(> i ).6a

For sin_ele-span culverts, the effects of live load may
be neglected rvhere the depth of f,ill is more than 8.0 ft. and
exceeds the span length; lor muitiple span culveris, the
effects may be neglected where the depth of l-ri1 exceeds
the distance bet§'een inside faces of end wa1ls.
Live ioad sha11 be distributed to the top slabs of flat
top three-sided, or long-span concrete arch culverls with
less than 2.0 ft of fi1l as specif,red in A¡ticle 4.6.2.10.Lwe
load sha11 be distributed to concrete pipe culverts with less
than 2.0 ft ol cover in accordance with Eq. 4.6.2.10.2-1,
regardless of the direction of travel. Round concrete
culvefts with 1.0 ft or more but less than 2.0 ft olcover
shall be designed lor a depth of 1.0 ft. Round culverls rvith
less tiran 1.0 í1 of frll shall be analyzed with more
comprchensi ve methods.
Where the depth of fi11 over round, nonconcrete
cuivefis is greater than 1.0 ft, or when the depth of filI over
tlat top three-sided, or long-span concrete arch culvefis, or
Liirsiic :olutions i-or pressures proclucecl rvitl.rin an
iniliirte haii--space ground surlacc can be
b1' loads on the
iirLmti ii.r Por-r1os and Davis (1974). NAVFAC D\'I-7.1
i i t)81). and soil mechanics textbooks.
Tills aoproxir.nation is sirnilar to the 60-degree rirle
lb.ind in l.iran) texts on soil lnechanics. The dimensions ol
ihe iiic cLrntact area are deterrlir.recl at the surl'ace based on
ihc d1 n;Lrrric load allou'ance oi 33 pcrcent at depth:0.
Ti:e1' are projected through tire soil as specifiecl. The
i)rcssuie intensit.v on the surlace is based on the u hccl load
-,r itiroLrt Cl,namic io¿rd
ailou'ance. A d,r'nal.nic load
¡iiiou ¿rncc is addcd to the prcssule on the prqectecl area.
-l-he
ci¡'narnic loacl allorvance aiso varies u'itil depth as
sneciilecl in Article 3.6.2.2. The ciesi-en lane ioacl is
applied ri.here appropriate and rnLrltiple presence factors
apply.
-firis
provision applies to lelicr ing siabs belou' grade
and to top slabs oi box cuiveñs.