INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to the study

1.2 Objectives of the study
1.3 Scope of the study
1.4 Importance
1.5 Need for the study
1.6 Statement of the Problem
1.7 Limitation of the study
1.1 Introduction

Export in itself is a very wide concept and lot of preparations is required by an exporter before
starting an export business .A key success factor in starting any export company is clear
understanding and detail knowledge of products to be exported. In order to be a successful in
exporting one must fully research its foreign market rather than try to tackle every market at
once. The exporter should approach a market on a priority basis. Overseas design and product
must be studies properly and considered carefully. Because there are specific laws dealing with
International trade and foreign business, it is imperative that you familiarize yourself with state,
federal, and international laws before starting your export business.

Price is also an important factor. So, before starting an export business an exporter must
considered the price offered to the buyers. As the selling price depends on sourcing price, try to
avoid unnecessary middlemen who only add cost but no value. It helps a lot on cutting the
transaction cost and improving the quality of the final products.

Export is one of the lucrative business activities in India. The government also provides various
promotional schemes to the exporters for earning valuable foreign exchange for the country and
for meeting their requirements for importing modern technology and essential inputs. Besides,
the income from export business is also exempted to the specified extent under the Income Tax
Act, 1961, Refund of Central Excise and Custom Duty on export is also made under the Duty
Drawback Scheme of the Government. There is no Sales Tax on products meant for exports.

Exports can be of goods which can be moved physically from one country to another or can be of
service rendered. Detailed list of services are given in the Foreign Trade Policy covering more
than 160 items e.g. Insurance, Hospital, Postal and Telecommunication so and so.

How to Start Export is a fair question that every first time exporter wants to ask. Price is also an
important factor. So, before starting an export business an exporter must considered the price
offered to the buyers. As the selling price depends on sourcing price, try to avoid unnecessary
middlemen who only add cost but no value. It helps a lot on cutting the transaction cost and
improving the quality of the final products.

However, before we go deep into "How to export ?” let us discuss what an export is and how the
Government of Indian has defined it. In very simple terms, export may be defined as the selling
of goods to a foreign country. However, As per Section 2 (e) of the India Foreign Trade Act
(1992), the term export may be defined as 'an act of taking out of India any goods by land, sea or
air and with proper transaction of money”.
Exporting a product is a profitable method that helps to expand the business and reduces the
dependence in the local market. It also provides new ideas, management practices, marketing
techniques, and ways of competing, which is not possible in the domestic market. Even as an
owner of a domestic market, an individual businessman should think about exporting. Research
shows that, on average, exporting companies are more profitable than their non-exporting
counterparts.

Why Need to Export

There are many good reasons for exporting:

The first and the primary reason for export is to earn foreign exchange. The foreign exchange not
only brings profit for the exporter but also improves the economic condition of the country.

Secondly, companies that export their goods are believed to be more reliable than their
counterpart domestic companies assuming that exporting company has survive the test in
meeting international standards.

Thirdly, free exchange of ideas and cultural knowledge opens up immense business and trade
opportunities for a company.

Fourthly, as one starts visiting customers to sell one’s goods, he has an opportunity to start
exploring for newer customers, state-of-the-art machines and vendors in foreign lands.

Fifthly, by exporting goods, an exporter also becomes safe from offset lack of demand for
seasonal products.

Lastly, international trade keeps an exporter more competitive and less vulnerable to the market
as the exporter may have a business boom in one sector while simultaneously witnessing a bust
in a different sector.

No doubt that in the age of globalization and liberalizations, Export has became of the most
lucrative business in India. Government of India is also supporting exporters through various
incentives and schemes to promote Indian export for meeting the much needed requirements for
importing modern technology and adopting new technology from MNCs through Joint ventures
and collaboration.

This project also know as “ Export procedure and Documentation in Transaeromarine imex
solutions ”. This project puts more focus on to know the documents required in the
Transaeromarine to make Export-Import invoice to get shipping bill number from custom
Departments. Exports are the goods and services produced in one country and purchased by
citizens of another country. It doesn’t matter what the goods and service. It can be shipped , send
by email, or carried in personal luggage on a plane. If it is produced domestically and sold to
someone from a foreign country, it is an export. Imports are foreign goods and services bought
by residents of a country. Residents include citizens, businesses, and the government. It doesn’t
matter what the imports are or how they are send. They can be shipped, send by email, or even
hand carried in personal luggage on a plane. If they are produced in foreign country and sold to
domestic residents, they are imports.

The word “document” comes from Latin DOCUMENTUM meaning official paper. This
word also carriers meanings of “Proof” and “Evidence”. Therefore, a document is an official
paper that serves as proof or evidence of something. Document as “official paper” has been
expanded to include non – paper proof or evidence, such as faxes and pure electronic
transmission that never actually printed. “The documents” or “the document package” means a
grouping of individual documents that are required for the export or import of a particular
shipment of goods or for a particular banking transaction. Documentation is one of the most
important aspects of overseas trade. For the beginner it is confusing and irksome aspect, but it
has to be mastered and the pattern of documents used is repetitive so that practice makes perfect
in the end. India adopted the Aligned Documentation System (ADS) in 1991 which is the
internationally accepted documentation system.

Documents what every exporter and importer needs to provide or receive if you are
importing/exporting. All the following docs are needed for clearing import or export custom.To
the

Exporter documents provide an accounting record of a transaction, a receipt for goods

shipped, the means for export clearance of the goods, as well as information and instructions to
the many individuals, companies and governmental agencies who transport, handle, or inspect
the shipment.To the Importer documentation provide an accounting record of a transaction,
assurance that the goods ordered are the goods shipped, and the means for clearing goods
through customs at the country of destination. Documents are used to be prepared d before the
shipments of goods while some others are required while completing customs formalities. The
purpose of preparing these documents are,
 Declaration of export as per exchange control regulation.
 Transportation of goods
 Customs clearance of goods
 Any other purpose.

TWO CLASSES OF EXPORTS:

Physical Exports: If the goods physically go out of the country or services are
rendered outside the country then it is called as physical export. Deemed Exports: Where the
goods do not go out of the country physically they can be termed as deemed exports. This will be
subject to certain conditions as prescribed by the DGFT. Under Deemed Exports, the goods may
be supplied to the manufacturer exporter who ultimately export a finished product of which this
supply forms a part and ultimately go out of the country. E.g. Supply of fabrics to the garment
exporter who exports the garments made out of the said fabric.

The government may announce from time to time the types of supplies that may
be considered as deemed export. The Foreign Trade Policy gives the list of supplies considered
under the Deemed Export Category. The policies and procedures are different for Physical
Exports and Deemed Exports as also the benefits available. In a nutshell, Deemed Exports do not
enjoy all the benefits that are available under Physical Export. The Foreign Trade defines exports
as taking out of India any goods by land, sea, air. Although the act does not term them as
“Physical Exports”, we have to put phrase to distinguish it from “Deemed Exports” which is
sales in India but considered as exports for limited purpose.

TYPES OF EXPORTERS:
 Exporters can be basically classified into two groups

 Manufacturer Exporter: As the exporter has the facility to manufacturer the product he
intends to export and hence he exports the products manufactured by him.
 Merchant Exporter: An exporter who does not have the facility to manufacture an item.
But, he procures the same from other manufacturers or from the market and exports the
same.

An exporter can be both a manufacturer exporter as well as a merchant exporter,

he can export product manufactured by him or he can export items bought from the market.

Once it is decided to export, it is mandatory on your part to follow certain

procedures, rules and regulations as prescribed by various regulatory authorities such as DGFT,
RBI, and Customs. These procedures, rules and regulations are laid down in the Exim Policy
2004-09, Exchange Control Manual, Customs Act etc. Accordingly Export documents are
required to be prepared keeping in view of the requirement of the foreign buyers and our
regulatory authorities.

HOW TO SET UP AN EXPORT ORGANISATION

The proper selection of organization depends upon

 Ability to raise finance.

 Capacity to bear the risk.
 Desire to exercise control over the business.
 Nature of regulatory framework applicable to anyone
 If the size of the business is small, it would be advantageous to form a sole
proprietary business organization. It can be set up easily without much expenses and legal
formalities. It is subjected to only few governmental regulations. However, the biggest
disadvantage of sole proprietorship business is limited ability to raise funds which restricts the
growth. Besides the owner has unlimited personal liabilities. In order to avoid this disadvantage,
it is advisable to form a partnership firm.

The partnership firm can also be set up with ease and economy. Business can take
benefit of the varied experiences and expertise of the partners. The liability of the partners
though joint and several, is practically distributed amongst the various partners, despite the fact
that the personal liability of the partner is unlimited. The major disadvantage of partnership firm
of business organization is that conflict amongst the partners is a potential threat to the business.
It will not be out of place to mention here that partnership firms are governed by the Indian
Partnership Act, 1932 and, therefore they should be formed within the parameters laid down by
the Act. Company is another form of business organization, which has the advantage of distinct
legal identity and limited liability to the share holders.

It can be a private limited company or a public limited company. A private

limited can be formed by just two persons subscribing to its share capital. However, the number
of its shareholders cannot exceed 50, public cannot be invited to subscribe to its capital and the
members right to transfer their share is restricted. On the other hand, a pubic limited company
has a minimum of seven members. There is no limit on the maximum number of its members. It
can invite the public to subscribe to its capital and permit the transfer of share. A public limited
company offers enormous potential for growth because of access to substantial funds. The
liquidity of investment is high because of easiness of transfer of shares. However its formation
can be recommended only when the size of the business is large. For small business, a sole
proprietary concern or a partnership firm will be the most suitable form of business organization.
In case it is decided to incorporate a private limited company, the same is to be registered with
the Registrar of Companies.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To know about export procedure

To know the documents related to export
To know the documents required before and after sailing the cargo
To know the different types of container used in the shipment
To know about the export rules, regulations and policies

1.3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study provides valuable information about the customs procedures for export .
This training gives stepwise customs documentation and gives a detail idea about export customs
procedures.
To study the various services rendered by Imex solutions.
The study aims to measure customer level of satisfaction of exporting the goods .
The area within which the study was conducted regarding the export of goods and services .
And , also it would be very helpful for understanding the export documentation process.

1.4 IMPORTANCE

Document is the major role on export process. Export documentation plays a vital role in
international marketing as it facilitates the smooth flow of goods and payments thereof across
national frontiers. A number of documents accompany every shipment. These documents must
be properly and correctly filled. All main documents are following time period limited .
Sometimes particularly documents are in delay.The document are the mostly used in the
maintained records and evidence . Export documentation is, however, complex as the number of
documents to be filled in is large, so also is the number of concerned authorities to whom the
relevant documents are to be submitted. Moreover documents required differ from country to
country. Incorrect documents may lead to non delivery of goods to the importer. Exporter should
have an adequate knowledge about export procedures and documentation.

1.5 NEED FOR THE STUDY

Export in simple words means “selling goods abroad” or it refers to the outflow of goods and
services and inflow of foreign exchange.

Every country has its own rules and regulations regarding the foreign trade . for the fulfillment
of all the rules and regulations regarding of different countries an export company has to
maintain and fullfill different documentation requirement . The documentation procedure
depends on the type of goods, process of manufacturing , type of industry and the country to
which goods is to be exported.

In order to complete an order for knitted garment, many activities like communication between
different departments, the process of out sourcing raw materials, payment process, quality
control ,packing and shipment of goods etc are undertaken . Different departments work in
synchronicity and various documents are prepared in the process. Hence a single mistake or lack
of proper planning can lead to the rejection of the whole order or increase the cost.

It plays a vital role in international marketing as it facilitates the smooth flow of goods and
payments thereof across national frontiers. A number of documents accompany every shipment.
These documents must be properly and correctly filled.

Export documentation is, however, complex as the number of documents to be filled in is large,
so also is the number of concerned authorities to whom the relevant documents are to be
submitted. Moreover documents required differ from country to country.
Hence it is very important to study the export and documents involved In it.
Hence selecting this project is a judicious decision.

1.6 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

To describe the content for the study and it also identifies the general analysis approach. It is the
exists in the literature, theory or practice that lead to a need to be conducted . Documents have
not well handled delay on to the cargo handled. All documents are mostly handled hard copies.
Incorrect documents may lead to non delivery of goods to the importer. All documents are in
same level process so cargo verification is very difficult.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Time is the major limiting factor of the study

To collect the delivery order through liner and consolidated agents is a very difficult one.
Clearing the bills in customs is very hard to understand.
 CHAPTER 2

ABOUT THE INDUSTRY

2.1 About the Industry

2.2 Competitors
2.3 Market Share
2.4 Global Scenario
2.5 Future of the Industry
2.1 ABOUT THE INDUSTRY

Import and export trade today affects almost every person in the world. Imports and exports
enable each country to make the best use of its most abundant resources. By exporting its
surplus, whether raw materials such as coal, semi-finished products such as cotton stuffs, or
finished products such as computers, a country earns the money to import another nation's
surplus. Import-export trade involves the building of offices or plants in foreign countries,
sending technical or other specialists abroad, and expanding the distribution of a product into the
international market.

About 38 million jobs, or one-fifth of persons in private employment, are engaged in activities
linked to import or export, according to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Each type of import or
export arrangement requires several jobs to organize, develop, and maintain the deal. The jobs
vary with the product or service offered and with the company's goals for the product overseas.
Many overseas jobs are temporary, as when companies send people skilled in setting up a
manufacturing process or researching a new market for a few years.

The industry also involves transport companies and the worldwide network of ports, rail
terminals, truck depots, and airports through which merchandise passes. Import-export trade is
heavily influenced by government policies that affect the value of currency, set import duties that
must be paid, set quotas limiting imports, impose standards on imported merchandise (such as
safety requirements or inspection for pests), arm our allies with American weaponry, impose
embargoes against rogue nations, or create demand for goods that domestic producers cannot
meet.

The total dollar value of all the goods and services that America imports outweighs the value of
what we export.In 2015 the United States imported over 2 billion dollars worth of goods from
around the world. 29 percent in capital goods and 26 percent consumer goods.

The overall imbalance toward imports is called a trade deficit, and ours has been above $100
billion since 1996.  In previous eras, the favored policy was to reduce imports by imposing tariffs
and setting quotas, but that policy has mostly been replaced by the principle of free trade, which
allows goods and services to flow freely between nations.

The free trade policy opens opportunities in the import-export industry, but it does not guarantee
security for jobs in this field. The industry is sensitive not just to changes in government trade
policy, but also to fluctuations in the economies of importing and exporting trade partners. For
example, our monthly exports to the European Union peaked at $24.8 billion in June 2008 and
then declined as the worldwide recession set in. The recession has lingered in Europe far longer
than it has here, and by mid-2013 our exports still lagged behind their peak of five years earlier.

The European nations that first colonized North America used it as a source of commodities and
agricultural products. The northern regions shipped furs and dried fish. The middle regions
provided corn, deer hides, salted meats, wheat, and flour. The southern regions exported tobacco,
rice, sugar (from French Louisiana), and indigo dye. In all three regions, forests were harvested
to produce timber planks, masts, boards, staves, and shingles for export. Apart from some
processing industries that turned raw materials into products with greater export value, most
industries were discouraged by the colonizing nations, which wanted to keep the colonies
dependent on the home countries for manufactured goods.

In the English-speaking colonies of North America, some of the more popular imported
manufactured goods were clothing, furniture, tools, books, leather goods, and weapons. The
colonies also imported sugar and molasses from the Caribbean and slaves from Africa. Although
the colonists attempted to be as self-sufficient as possible, they imported more than they
exported, so the balance of trade was in England's favor. The Navigation Acts prohibited the
colonists from trading directly with other European nations or their colonies.

American independence freed the new nation to trade anywhere in the world. The invention of
the cotton gin in 1793, the opening of the Mississippi River to American navigation in 1795, and
the development of the fabric industry in New England around that time ramped up American
exports. U.S. revenue from exports rose from $33 million to $94 million between 1794 and 1801.
By the beginning of the 19th century, if calculated on a per-capita basis, America's exports were
twice those of Europe and five times those of the world as a whole.

Over the course of the 19th century, even as the American workforce shifted increasingly from
agriculture to manufacturing, the nation's exports continued to be dominated by agricultural
products. During this period, America's land under cultivation expanded continuously, especially
in the Midwestern breadbasket, while the development of canals and later railroads and
steamships reduced the costs of bringing agricultural output to port cities and shipping it to
markets in Europe and the West Indies. From the beginning to the end of the century, America's
domestic exports (which exclude re-exports) grew from 3.2 percent of world exports to 15
percent. The balance of trade shifted from imports to exports around 1880. Agricultural products
averaged 70 percent as a share of the exports over the course of the century. Manufactured goods
grew from 4.7 percent of the nation's exports in the first decade to 16.2 percent in the last.

In 1900, America exported $1.4 billion in goods and imported only $850 million. Chief among
our exports were iron and steel, accounting for 9 percent of the value, petroleum products (5
percent), copper manufactures (4 percent), leather (2 percent), and cotton manufactures (2
percent).

America's agricultural exports peaked early, remained low for most of the first half-century, and
then rose dramatically starting in 1960. Cotton dominated at the beginning of the century but was
a minor player at century's end. Wheat and flour also declined, although not as severely as
cotton. By 2000, oilseeds and their products were the dominant agricultural exports, followed by
grains other than wheat. Another change, happening in the last decade, was from bulk
commodities (grains and oilseeds) to processed and value-added agricultural goods. Among
agricultural imports, the century saw a shift from rubber, coffee, and sugar to fruits and
vegetables.

Petroleum exports rose steadily from 1900, but shortly before the First World War, America's
imports of crude began to outweigh exports. The balance tipped back in America's favor from
1933 through the eve of the Second World War, but we have been a net importer since that war
ended.
 The U.S. became a consistent net exporter of manufactured goods for many decades following
1910, thanks to a surge in exports of iron and steel beginning two decades earlier. As a
percentage of exports, manufactured goods fluctuated between 30 and 40 percent of total exports
for most of the 20th century, dipping to a low point in the early 1950s but climbing again
beginning with the 1960s. Manufactured goods now make up 57 percent of our total exports, but
the balance of trade in these goods has shifted and now amounts to a deficit of more than one-
half trillion dollars each year. Even in the sector of advanced technology products, where we had
a positive balance as recently as 2002, we are now running a trade deficit.

In services, the balance of trade has favored the United States since 1971. In 2012, we exported
almost $650 billion in services and ran a surplus of about $200 billion. These numbers increased
in 2013, to $682 billion for export services, with a surplus of $232 billion.

In 1960, just 8 percent of American purchases were imports; today, nearly 60 percent are
imports. In recent decades, agricultural and service exports have helped our overall balance of
trade, but not enough to overcome our heavy negative balances in petroleum and manufactured
goods. We have not seen an overall balance of trade in America's favor over the last three
decades.

Export Sector of Indian Economy has improved immensely over the years and has earned
US $ 125 billion in the current fiscal year. The goods exported from India mainly include wide
variety of agricultural products, chemicals, jewelery, garments, leather goods and so on. 

India has developed business relations with a number of foreign countries like the member
countries of SAARC, some Eastern European countries as well as African countries, Members of
EU. The impressive list of countries includes:
 Russia
 UAE
 USA
 Hong Kong
 UK
 Japan
 Germany
 Singapore
 Belgium
 Malaysia
 Netherlands
 Bangladesh
 Italy
 Thailand
 France
 Australia
 Belgium
The export sector of Indian economy has always delineated impressive growth in all the areas of
export, like the chemical industry in the financial year 2005-06 recorded US $ 12677.21million
 from expots, whereas the export earning from gems and jewelery was US $ 13705.44million in
the same fiscal. The engineering industry has been performing consistently over the years in the
arena of exports as it secured the second position in terms of the earnings from exports in 2004-
05, amounting to US $ 10516.45million, which increased to US $ 14587.37million in the next
fiscal. The performance of textile industry has fluctuated a little as the earning of the textile
industry from exports in the financial year 2004-05 was US $ 12204.71million which came down
to US $ 12017.46million in 2005-06. 

USA has turned out to be the most significant export partner of India and the export sector of
Indian economy earned approximately US $ 13265.60 million in 2006-07. UAE has stood
second only to USA as UAE contributed 9.7 out of the total Indian earnings from exports in
2006-07. UK and China has exchanged their positions in the current year as China's share among
the exports figure in India in 2006-07 has improved by 6.3 % in comparison to 2005-06. In 2004-
05 Belgium and Italy contributed substantially to the earnings from exports, with a contribution
of US $ 2442.09 million and US $ 2160.83 million respectively. 

The major export products of India hail from the following divisions within the export sector of
Indian economy like:
 Engineering Goods
 Agricultural Products
 Chemicals
 Marine Products
 Petroleum products
 Leather Goods
 Textiles
 Plantations
Among the agricultural exports of India include Indian rice, raw cotton, cashew, sugar, tobacco,
spices, coffee, wheat and tea have become very popular in the international market on account of
their variety and excellent quality. The engineering industry serves to export electronic goods ,
transport equipments, iron and steel, and various machineries and the textile industry is engaged
in the export of ready made garments, jute, cotton yarn, carpets, woolen yarn, coir, artificial
fabrics and so on. Other significant export products include paints, rubber, iron ore, plastic,
pharmaceuticals etc. 

The export barriers in India have been hampering Indian exports to a great extent and most of
such barriers have been announced by the European Union regarding certification requirements,
application of pesticides, dumping of waste products. But the most significant export barrier
faced by the Indian exporters is red tapism which is mostly accompanied by corruption.
However, the government of India has considered plans to liberate the Indian exporters from the
cumbersome paper works and simplify the required procedures. 

2.2 COMPETITORS
2.3.MARKET SHARE

The export sector of Indian economy has always delineated impressive growth in all the areas of
export, like the chemical industry in the financial year 2005-06 recorded US $ 12677.21million
from expots, whereas the export earning from gems and jewelery was US $ 13705.44million in
the same fiscal. The engineering industry has been performing consistently over the years in the
arena of exports as it secured the second position in terms of the earnings from exports in 2004-
05, amounting to US $ 10516.45million, which increased to US $ 14587.37million in the next
fiscal. The performance of textile industry has fluctuated a little as the earning of the textile
industry from exports in the financial year 2004-05 was US $ 12204.71million which came down
to US $ 12017.46million in 2005-06. 

USA has turned out to be the most significant export partner of India and the export sector of
Indian economy earned approximately US $ 13265.60 million in 2006-07. UAE has stood
second only to USA as UAE contributed 9.7 out of the total Indian earnings from exports in
2006-07. UK and China has exchanged their positions in the current year as China's share among
the exports figure in India in 2006-07 has improved by 6.3 % in comparison to 2005-06. In 2004-
05 Belgium and Italy contributed substantially to the earnings from exports, with a contribution
of US $ 2442.09 million and US $ 2160.83 million respectively. 

India’s strategy is to increase exports through geography-specific and product-specific matrix to

increase the market share, he said. “We are doing this for Africa, Latin America and the Middle
East. While we benefit, we want to make sure that the global community (also) benefits,” While
India is collaborating with West Asia for food products, diamonds are the focus area of
partnership with Russia,
India has set a target for its services sector to have a 4.2% share in global services exports by
2022, from 3.3% in 2015. The share of services in gross value added, which was about 53% in
India for 2015-16, is pegged higher for 2022 at 60%. Including construction services, it is
estimated at 67%, compared with 61% in 2015-16. 
2.4 GLOBAL SCENERIO

The global economy has been on a subdued growth path since the advent of ‘Financial Crisis’ of
2008, and has now started to show signs of global recovery. In October 2017, the IMF projected
world GDP growth to pick up from 3.2% in 2016 to 3.6% in 2017, and further to 3.7% in 2018.
Economic activity has also picked up in developed market economies such as the US, UK, and
Europe. There is a rise in global demand, which is expected to remain buoyant. The developing
and emerging market economies have seen mixed economic performance. The pickup in
momentum of global demand has been led by investment demand. More specifically, production
of both consumer durables and capital goods have rebounded since the second half of 2016.
Some factors that have contributed to these developments include global recovery in
investments, led by infrastructure and real estate investment in China; firming global commodity
prices; and end of an inventory cycle in US.

On the back of this global recovery, the world is witnessing a pickup in global trade. The Asian
Development Bank, in its recent update1, noted that most of the emerging economies (excluding
China) are witnessing a rebound in manufacturing exports, “particularly in electronics, where
foreign direct investment has been strengthening”. The economies of south-east Asia are also
gaining from increased activity along cross-border manufacturing supply chains. The World
Trade Organisation (WTO), has recently in its September 2017 press release upgraded the
growth forecast for global trade in the year 2017, from 2.4% to 3.6%. Particularly, in the first
half of 2017, world trade rose by a robust 4.2% (year on year), driven by exports of developing
economies which grew by 5.9 percent as compared to a growth of 3.1 percent witnessed in
exports of developed economies. Imports by developed and developing economies also increased
by 2.1% and 6.9%, respectively. Moreover, the ratio of trade growth to world GDP growth is
also set to recover and reach around 1.3, which will be at a highest level in last 5 years.

India’s growth story, especially since the start of the 21st century has been remarkable. The
Indian economy has come a long way since its economic liberalisation, and is amongst the fastest
growing major economies of the world today. While India witnessed a relatively moderate
growth during the period 2011-12 to 2013-14, on account of the global economic slowdown, the
economy recorded a robust growth averaging 7.5 percent during the period 2014-15 to 2016-17,
much above the growth rate of other emerging and developing economies. In the last one year, it
has seen major economic policy developments with the introduction of Goods and Services Tax
(GST) and demonetisation of higher currency notes.

Accordingly, there have been significant structural shifts not only in the product basket, but also
in the geographical composition of India’s foreign trade. The opening up of Indian economy led
to a massive increase in the foreign trade, which aided in sustained GDP growth over last two
decades. During the last 25 years Indian exports have increased by 17 times and imports by 19
times. India’s share in global merchandise exports has risen from 0.6 percent in early 1990s to
1.7 percent in 2016, and similarly the share of imports has risen from 0.6 percent to 2.4 percent
during the same period. India’s trade to GDP ratio, a measure of an economy’s openness and
integration into the global economy, has witnessed a phenomenal increase over the last few
decades. Foreign trade which constituted around 13-15 percent of India’s GDP in the early
nineties, peaked at 55 percent in 2012- 13 and today accounts for around 40 percent in 2016-17.
India also, ranked as the 20th largest exporter and 14th largest importer in the world in 2016.
Concomitantly, India’s engagement with Global Value Chains (GVCs), which have become
dominant feature of world trade, has increased significantly since 1990s. In manufacturing
sector, especially for electrical and optical equipment, India is more integrated with the south
east Asian region, while for services the integration in GVCs is with western countries like the
US and UK. According to an OECD estimate, developing economies with fastest growing GVC
participation have experienced a GDP per capita growth rate percent above average.
India has set an ambitious target of achieving exports worth US $ 900 billion by 2020, while
accounting for a share of 3.5 percent of global exports4. In the current global macroeconomic
scenario, while it seems like a challenging task, concerted efforts would need to be made for
India to be able to achieve its trade target and realign its foreign trade policy with the new global
trading system.

\Most manufactured products, often high technology manufactured products, that are part of
GVCs are infrastructure critical products whose parts are manufactured in several countries. A
robust transport and connectivity network supported by fast entry/exit through port/customs is a
precondition to making such products as delay may disrupt the entire value chain. There is a
need for India to focus on expanding production capacity along with value addition, and moving
up the value chain,while creating an enabling environment to account for a sizeable share in
major leading global exports. This gain seven more significance given that India’s labour force is
projected to swell by about 110 mn by 2020. The biggest challenge is to employ the surplus
labour coming out of agriculture into industry and services.

Aligning India’s Export Capability in-Line with Global Import Demand

With regard to India’s exports, while merchandise exports have more than doubled over the
period 2006-07 to 2016-17 from US$ 126 billion to more than US$276 billion, there remains
huge potential for exports of select products to select countries in line with India’s export
capability and import demand. There is need for identifying and aligning India’s export
capability vis-à-vis global import demand. Such in-depth analysis has been the focus of research
studies in Exim Bank. Comparative analyses of global trends in trade, undertaken in such studies
have yielded interesting results.
2.5 FUTURE OF THE INDUSTRY

The Economic Survey of 2017-18 identified exports as the biggest source of upside potential for
growth in FY18. The optimism seems appropriate with exports growing for the fifth consecutive
month in January. But do the recent macroeconomic developments pose a threat or an
opportunity for Indian exports?
The US Federal Reserve hiked the benchmark funds rate from 1.5% to 1.75% in March amid
mounting concerns over the impact of Trumponomics —fiscal loosening and trade protectionism
—on inflation in the US. An interesting development is the expectation of a more aggressive
monetary tightening in the future, with successive hikes over the next couple of years. Such a
hawkish stance has tremendous implications for the rest of the world, especially the emerging
market economies. A significant capital outflow, stock market downswing, depreciating currency
and growth slump are what usually follows. However, there is a silver lining and it is exports.

The ghosts of the May 2013 taper tantrum still haunt Indian policymakers. In anticipation of
higher yields in the US, foreign institutional investors pulled out a huge chunk of their capital
from India (around $13 billion) sending the rupee into a free fall—from 54.39 to 62.68—in the
next three months. The upside: exports grew at 12.98% on a year-on-year basis in Q2 2013-14,
the highest in a quarter for the five-year period between 2012-13 and 2016-17.

The current situation provides a favourable opportunity for an exports rebound in the coming
quarters. There are at least four factors that augur well.
First is the spillover effects from dollar appreciation. A Nomura report forecasts the 10-year US
treasury yields to rise to 3.25% in Q3 2018 from 2.95% currently. It identifies Q3 2018 as a
quarter holding significant potential for dollar appreciation. This has implications not only for
Indo-US trade but also for India’s trade with other countries, as over 88% of Indian exports are
invoiced in dollars. Consider an Indian trader shipping goods to Japan and invoicing in dollars.
Since most exporters set prices in rupee and invoice in dollars, the Japanese importer will have to
pay less when the rupee weakens against the dollar, further stimulating Indian exports. This
wouldn’t have been the case if the invoicing was done in the Indian rupee or Japanese yen.

Second, the inevitable trade war between the US and China offers another opportunity. US
President Donald Trump imposed tariffs on $50 billion worth of imports from China, to which
China retaliated immediately and equally. US importers from China cannot just shift this entire
demand to US manufacturers as the local economy is already operating at close to full
employment. Moreover, “reshoring" of labour-intensive assembling in the high-wage US will be
too expensive. India can take advantage of the situation and further strengthen its trade ties with
the US. With factory wages in China escalating to the highest in emerging Asia, India can enjoy
an export boom in sectors otherwise dominated by China like electronics and apparel.

Third is a revival of demand from the European Union (EU). Financial crisis and PIIGS (Poland,
Italy, Ireland, Greece, Spain) debt crisis broke the back of EU’s economic growth. This led to a
decline in demand from EU for Indian exports. Arguably, 2017 marked the onset of growth
revival in EU when it grew at 2.5%, the fastest since 2007. The projections for 2018 remain
good, according to a European Commission report. With the EU regaining the share in India’s
total exports it lost between 2008-09 and 2014-15 (from 21% to 16%), the resurgence in demand
from the West will act as a boon for Indian exporters.

Fourth is the diversification of China’s manufacturing sector. The growth in the manufacturing
sector in February was at its lowest in the past 18 months due to a crackdown over pollution in
major industrial provinces. Understanding the long-term limitations, China has started
diversifying its trading pattern by focusing more on technology-driven sophisticated goods and
developing a comparative advantage in this segment. It has already become a major exporter of
green tech. This is creating a vacuum in the manufactured goods export segment. Chinese micro,
small and medium enterprises, riding on the back of low wages, cost of capital and an
undervalued currency, have been eating India’s lunch when it comes to low-end, labour-intensive
manufacturing. India should now capitalize on the opportunity.
However, it’s easier said than done. The real challenge for India lies not in the volume of its
exports but the structure. One look at the top exports is enough to spot the conundrum. The
biggest labour-intensive export industry—gems and precious metals—provides one-time value
addition with negligible power to boost real economic transformation. Even in the context of
seizing the opportunity in labour-intensive sectors such as apparels and electronics, India
struggles for comparative advantage against low-end manufacturers, such as Bangladesh and
Vietnam. This weakening competitiveness needs to be addressed to sustain employment-
generating export growth. Although India may not be able to cater to the world market like
China did for two decades, it should not lose out to rivals like Bangladesh and Vietnam.
India hasn’t missed the bus yet. The key lies in improving infrastructure, easing land acquisition
and boosting human capital.
Anmol Agarwal and Suchika Chopra are, respectively, research associate at CAFRAL, RBI, and
staff writer at Mint.
 ABOUT THE COMPANY

3.1 Vision and Mission

3.2 Overview of the company
3.3 Products
3.4 Documents used in the company
 ABOUT THE COMPANY

3.1 VISION AND MISION

OUR VISION
To be the premier provider of highly engineered, process driven logistics solution to clients
through a performance driven culture built on the relentless pursuit of perfection, operational
excellence, continuous improvement and an uncompromising commitment to quality customer
satisfaction and employee satisfaction.

OUR MISSION

 To deliver superior value to our customers.

 To create growth and development.
 Opportunities and a safe world.
 Environment for our employees.

3.2 OVERVIEW OF THE COMPANY

Transaeromarine Imex Solution is the part of Transaeromarine group of companies having deep
roots spanning over 10 years in the logistics industry. We have grown from strength to strength
to where it is today. We intend to be a World class leader in logistics.
We are spear heading forward by seeking each opportunity which would pave the way for
spreading our wings further and undertake handling cargo in Indian sub-continent and entire
Africa.
Transaeromarine Imex solutions specializes is total logistics requirements and services related to
your business, As a customer you know that competing in the global market takes more than just
the right product. This is where we can help you by ensuring timely delivery of your products to
the right place at the right time and at the right price…. Which makes all the difference.

Transaeromarine Imex Solutions Private Limited is a Private incorporated on 28 November

2016. It is classified as Non-govt company and is registered at Registrar of Companies, Chennai.
Its authorized share capital is Rs. 900,000 and its paid up capital is Rs. 120,000. It is inolved in
Supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies

Transaeromarine Imex Solutions Private Limited's Annual General Meeting (AGM) was last
held on 27 September 2018 and as per records from Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), its
balance sheet was last filed on 31 March 2018.

Directors of Transaeromarine Imex Solutions Private Limited are Vishwanathan Pillai

Balakrishna Pillai and Vinoth.

Transaeromarine Imex Solutions Private Limited's Corporate Identification Number is (CIN)

U63030TN2016PTC113522 and its registration number is 113522.Its Email address is
vpillai665@gmail.com and its registered address is 140/2 (2ND FLOOR), METRO NAGAR
3RD MAIN SALAI, METRO NAGAR, MADURAVOYAL, CHENNAI Chennai TN 600095 IN
,-,.

Current status of Transaeromarine Imex Solutions Private Limited is – Active

Company Details

CIN U63030TN2016PTC113522

Company Name TRANSAEROMARINE IMEX SOLUTIONS

PRIVATE LIMITED

Company Status Active

RoC RoC-Chennai

Registration 113522
Number

Company Company limited by Shares

Category

Company Sub Non-govt company

Category

Class of Company Private

Date of 28 November 2016

Incorporation

Age of Company 2 years, 7 month, 13 days

Activity Supporting and auxiliary transport activities;

 CIN U63030TN2016PTC113522

activities of travel agencies

OUR VALUES

 Human Development- invest, promote, shape

 Innovation- aspire,view,create and implement innovative services and solutions.
 Integrity- define, control,replicate and guarantee the result of operations.
 Safety- Plan, invest, guarantee safe environments and services.
 Passion- for working, living and representing our organization.
 Quality of services.

OUR SERVICES

Transaeromarine group is an integrated end to end logistics and air cargo solutions provider
based in Chennai,India.
Since its inception we provide supply chain solutions to our customers from the source to the
final destination. We are based in Chennai, Tuticorin, Daressalam in Tanzania, Dakar in Senegal
and Banjul in Gambia.
Our logistics services comprise customs clearance, freight forwarding, warehousing
transportation (road, rail, air), freight forwarding and distribution.
SEA FREIGHT

We deliver highly flexible services through our partnerships with leading shipping lines.
cultivation of long-term, secure partnerships with major shipping lines brings tangible benefits to
our customers.

AIR FREIGHT

TRANSAEROMARINE offers to our clients ,a cost effective, secure, timely and efficient
solution for all air freight shipments, to and from any point in the world. 
INLAND TRANSPORT

With our expertise in road and rail logistics operations, we can offer optimum, reasonable,
coordinated and competent transport solutions.

WAREHOUSING

We offer secure storing and warehousing facilities at strategic locations near CFS facilities and at
inland depots .Our warehouses are clean, temperature controlled and have flexible work hours
PERSONNEL BAGGAGES

We ensureFAST AND SMOOTHdelivery of your personal effects cargo.

CUSTOMS CLEARANCE

Transaeromarine offers specialist customs cases individually prepared to the exact size and
specification required, providing the appropriate level of protection. 

3.3 PRODUCTS

Metals, Alloys & Minerals, Apparel & Garments, Food &

Beverages, Handicrafts & Decoratives, Chemicals, Dyes & Solvents, Textiles,
Yarn & Fabrics, Industrial Supplies, Mechanical Parts & Spares, Computer & IT
Solutions, Electronics & Electrical, Marble, Granite & Stones, Agriculture &
Farming, Kitchen Utensils & Appliances, Leather Products, Lab Instruments &
Supplies, Automobile, Parts & Spares, Hand & Machine Tools, Bicycle,
Rickshaw & Spares, Telecom Equipment & Goods, Medical &
Healthcare, Industrial Plants & Machinery, Paper & Paper Products, Home
Textile & Furnishing, Packaging Machines & Goods, Housewares &
Supplies, Herbal & Ayurvedic Product, Cosmetics & Personal Care, Books &
Stationery, Gems, Jewelry & Astrology, Furniture & Supplies, Fashion
Accessories & Gear, Sports Goods, Toys & Games, Security, Safety System &
Service, Bags, Belts & Wallets, Building & Construction,

3.4 DOCUMENTS USED IN THE COMPANY

 Export Documents
 Import Documents

EXPORT DOCUMENTS:.

 EGM- Export General Mainfest

 Shipping Bill
 LEO Copy- Let Export Order
 Certificate Of Orgin
 Bill Of Lading
 Export Application

Supporting Documents:
 Invoice & Packing list

IMPORT DOCUMENTS:

 IMG- Import General mainfesr

 Bill Of Entry
 Import Application

Export General Mainfest (EGM)

 Export General Mainfest is a legal documents mandatory to be filed by carrier of goods
with customs department. This documents is used by government authorities as proof of “
Export”.

Shipping Bill:

Port code along with the date on which the BILL is issued. Shipping Bill number ( a
unique number assigned to every Shipping Bill by the Indian Customs Electronic Data
Interchange System.)

Let Export Order- LED copy:

Let Export Order is the final export legal procedure to move goods out of India under
export shipment. This procedure is to be completed with Indian Customs Department by
assessing the value of goods and inspection of goods to be exported.

Certificate Of Orgin:

A Certificate Of Orgin ( co) is a document declaring in which country a commodity or

good was manufactured. The certificate of orgin contains information regarding the product, its
destination, and the country of export.

Bill of Lading:

Bill of lading ( BOL ) is one of the most important documents in the shipping process. It
is a legal document between a shipper and a carrier that details the type, quantity and destination
of the goods bring carried.
Invoice:

An Invoice is a fundamental document of prime importance. It contains the name of the

exporter, importer, and the consignee, and the description of goods. It is requisite for the invoice
to be signed by an exporter or his agent.

Packing list:

The Packing list is a consolidated statement in a prescribed format, detailing how the
goods have been packed. It is informative and itemizes the material in each individual package,
such as a drum, box or carton. The packing list will have many details common those in an
invoice.

Bill of Entry:

The Bill of Entry is a requisite for seeking the permission of customs to export goods by
sea/air. It contains a description of export goods, the number kind of packages, shipping marks
and numbers, value of goods, the name of the vessel, the country of destination.

Export Procedures

1. Exporter gets a request from the potential buyer asking for data with respect to cost,
standard and different terms & conditions for transportation of merchandise. The exporter
answers with a citation known as a proforma invoice.

2. In the event that the purchaser approves of the parts of terms and conditions, he puts in the
request or ‘indent’ for the merchandise.

3. In the wake of getting the request or indent, the exporter attempts an inquiry with respect
to the financial soundness of the importer to evaluate the danger of non-payment by the
importer.
4. As indicated by customs laws, the exporter or the export firm should have a fare permit
before continuing with export. The following steps are taken after for acquiring the export
license.

o opening record in any approved bank

o To acquire import export code (IEC) number from Directorate General Foreign
Trade (DGFT) or Regional Import Export Licensing Authority (RIELA).

o Register with suitable export promoting committee.

o To get enrolled with Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation (ECGC).

5. After getting the export license the exporter meets with his banker to get pre-dispatch
fianance for carrying out production.

6. Exporter, after getting the pre-shipment fund from the bank, looks at to prepare the
merchandise according to the importer.

7. The law of India ensures that very selective and incredible quality products are exported
out of India. The exporter needs to introduce pre-shipment examination report along with
various papers at the time of dispatch.

Furthermore,
8. As demonstrated by the Central Excise Tariff Act, excise duty on the material used as a part of
creating the merchandise is to be paid. For a similar cause, exporter applies to the concerned Excise
Commissioner in the area with a receipt.

9. Remembering the ultimate objective to get Tariff concessions or diverse exclusions the importer
may ask for the exporter to send an authentication of origin.

10. The exporter applies to the logistics organization for the plan of transportation space. He needs
to give full information as for the merchandise to be dispatched, conceivable date of shipment and
port of destination. The logistics organization issues a transportation course of action. Which is a
guideline to the captain of the ship, after accepting an application for dispatching.
 11. The merchandise is stuffed and set apart with crucial data like name and address of the
importing person, gross and net weight, port of shipment and destination etc. After this, the exporter
makes the strategy for the transportation of merchandise to the port.

12. To protect the merchandise amid the ocean travel, the exporter gets great guaranteed with the
insurance agency.

13. Before stacking the merchandise on the ship they must be cleared by the client. For this reason,
the exporter makes the bill and submits 5 duplicates of the bill along with:

i. Certificate of origin

ii. Commercial Invoice

iii. Export Order

iv. Letter of credit

v. Certificate of Inspection, where essential.

vi. Marine Insurance Policy.

On presenting the mentioned documents, the director of the concerned port trust approaches to
obtain to be sent order which is the guideline to the staff at the entryway of the port to allow the
cargo within the dock.

Also,
14. After the merchandise have been stacked on the ship, the captain issues mate’s receipt to the
port administrator which contains data with respect to the vessel, bill, information about the
merchandise, date of shipment denotes, the state of the merchandise.

15. The clearing and forwarding specialist (C&F operator) hands over the mate’s receipt to the
transportation organization for analyzing the cargo. On accepting the cargo the transportation
organization issues a bill of lading.

16. The exporter readies a receipt for the outgoing merchandises. The receipt contains data with
respect to the quantity of merchandise sent and the sum to be paid by the importer. It is properly
confirmed by the customs.

17. After dispatching the merchandise, the importer is given details by the exporter. Different
reports like an attested duplicate of the receipt, bill of lading packing list, Insurance arrangement,
certificate of origin, and letter of credit are sent by the exporter through his bank. These records are
required by the importing merchant for getting the products cleared from customs.
Documents Used in Export Transactions

A. Documents Related to Goods

 Seller Bill:- It is a seller’s bill data about products like amount, a number of packages,
blemishes on packing, the name of the ship, port of destination, terms of delivery and
payment and so on.

 Certificate of Inspection:- For guaranteeing quality, the government has made an

inspection of specific products necessary by some approved organization like trade
Inspection board of India (EICI) and so forth. In the wake of reviewing the merchandise, the
organization issues a certificate of inspection that the merchandise has been reviewed as
required under the export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act, 1963.

 Packing List:- This document is with respect to the number of cases or packs and the
details of products contained in these packs. It gives finish insights with respect to the
products sent out and the condition in which they are being sent.

 Testament of Origin:- This authentication indicates the nation in which the merchandise
is being produced. This authentication empowers the importer to claim levy concessions or
different exemption. This declaration is likewise required in the event that when there is a
prohibition on imports of a few products in specific nations.
B. Documents Related to Shipment

 Transportation Bill: It is the basic document based on which consent is allowed for the
export of merchandise by the customs office. It contains details of as to whom the
merchandise being sent, the name of the vessel, exporter’s name and address, a nation of
definite goal and so on.

 Mate’s Receipt:- This receipt is issued by the captain or mate of the ship to the exporter
after the merchandise are stacked on board the ship. It contains the name of the vessel,
quantity, marks, condition of the freight at the time of receipt on board the ship and so on.

 Bill of lading – It is a record issued by the shipping organization. It goes about as a proof
with respect to the acknowledgment of the delivery organization to convey the merchandise
to the port of destination. It is additionally referred to as the title to the merchandise and is
openly transferable by underwriting and delivery.

 Airway Bill: Similar to a shipping bill, it is a record issued by the airline organization on
getting the products on board.

 Cart Ticket:- Also known as cart chit or gate pass, it is established by the exporter. It
contains insights with respect to sending out payload like a number of items, shipping charge
number, port of destination and so forth.

 Marine Insurance Policy: It is a document containing contract between the exporter and
the Insurance Company to reimbursement the safeguarded against the misfortune brought in
 regard to products presented to the risks of the ocean travel in light of an installment called
premium
C. Document Related to Payment

 Letter of credit:- It is an assurance letter issued by the importer’s bank expressing that it
will respect the export bills to the bank of the exporter up to a specific sum.

 Bill of Exchange: In export and import exchange, exporter draws the bill on the importer
requesting that he pay a predefined money to someone in particular or the owner of the
instrument. The records required by the importer for guaranteeing the title of exported
merchandise are passed on to him just when the importer acknowledges this bill.

 Bank Certificate of Payment:- It is a declaration that the required documents identifying

with the specific export deal have been arranged and payment has been gotten related with
the exchange control regulation.
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
4.1 Review of Literature
4.2 Research Gap
4.3 Proposed Research Model
 REVIEW OF LITREATURE

4.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A literature review or narrative review is a type of review articles. A literature review

is a scholarly paper, which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as
well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews
are secondary sources, and do not report new or original experimental work. Most often
associated with academic-oriented literature, such reviews are found in academic journals, and
are not to be confused with book reviews that may also appear in the same publication. Literature
reviews are a basis for research in nearly every academic field. A narrow-scope literature review
may be included as part of a peer-reviewedjournal article presenting new research, serving to
situate the current study within the body of the relevant literature and to provide context for the
reader. In such a case, the review usually precedes the methodology and results sections of the
work.

Producing a literature review may also be part of graduate and post-graduate student
work, including in the preparation of a thesis, dissertation, or a journal article. Literature reviews
are also common in a research proposal or prospectus (the document that is approved before a
student formally begins a dissertation or thesis)

A literature review has four main objectives:

 It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study

 It synthesises the information in that literature into a summary
 It critically analyses the information gathered by identifying gaps in current
knowledge; by showing limitations of theories and points of view; and by
formulating areas for further research and reviewing areas of controversy
 It presents the literature in an organised way
 A literature review shows your readers that you have an in-depth grasp of your subject;
and that you understand where your own research fits into and adds to an existing body of agreed
knowledge.

Here’s another way of describing those four main tasks. A literature review:

 Demonstrates a familiarity with a body of knowledge and establishes the

credibility of your work;
 Summaries prior research and says how your project is linked to it;
 Integrates and summaries what is known about a subject;
 Demonstrates that you have learnt from others and that your research is a
starting point for new ideas.

Purpose of the Literature Review

 It gives readers easy access to research on a particular topic by selecting high

quality articles or studies that are relevant, meaningful, important and valid
and summarizing them into one complete report
 It provides an excellent starting point for researchers beginning to do research
in a new area by forcing them to summarize, evaluate, and compare original
research in that specific area
 It ensures that researchers do not duplicate work that has already been done
 It can provide clues as to where future research is heading or recommend
areas on which to focus
 It highlights key finding
 It identifies inconsistencies, gaps and contradictions in the literature
 It provides a constructive analysis of the methodologies and approaches of
other researchers
Robert G. Cooper (1985) Export sales are an important route to growth for the small-to-
medium sized firm. This article reports the results of an extensive empirical study of the export
strategies of a large sample of high technology electronics firms, and the performance results
of adopting alternate export strategies. Six strategy scenarios were identified. The results show
that the types of foreign markets selected, segmentation strategies and product strategies all
have a pronounced impact on export sales and export growth. The best performers—a group of
firms called the “world marketers” and representing 13.5% of the sample—achieved a dramatic
188% annual growth in exports and exported 52.5% of their output. The profiles of firms that
elected each strategy scenario were determined also.

Sanley F. Slater(1989) During the last decade a substantial number of empirical research studies
on export performance have been conducted. This article reviews 55 of these studies,
summarises the findings according to a “strategic export model”, synthesises current knowledge,
and suggests directions for future export research activities.

Arora (1977) examines the Indo-Ghanaian trade, by identifying problems and suggesting
export prospects for selected Indian products. India’s exports to Ghana are valued at Rs. 1.81
crore (1975-76), which contributed 0.4% of total imports into Ghana. Study gives an idea
about the commodities under which India can push up substantially its exports to Ghana due
to likely upsurge of industrial activity in country. The study period is 1971-72 to 1974-75.
Major Indian products exported to Ghana comprise engineering goods, textiles, chemicals
and jute manufactures. In

1975-76, these four products groups accounted for 86.1% of India’s total exports to Ghana.
India’s main item of imports from Ghana is pearls, precious and semi-precious stones, which
accounted for 86.2% of total during 1975-76. Besides this, India also imported cocoa and
industrial diamonds from Ghana in 1975-76. The study discusses that items of auto and auto
parts, agricultural machinery and implements, bicycle and parts, diesel engines and parts,
electric power and switchgears, medicinal and pharmaceutical products, pigments, paints and
varnishes and Rubber tires and tubes have greater export prospects for India to Ghana.
Because all these items, are exported to Ghana in larger amounts by other countries than
India.

Dinopoulos and Kreinin (1989) adopt a general equilibrium two goods and three country
approach to compare tariffs, quotas and VERs (Voluntary Export Restrains). The three
countries are US, Japan and Europe. The paper assumes that once a VER is negotiated
between two countries, the exporting country and third country suppliers do not retaliate. The
paper uses the ‘offer curve – trade indifference curves’ analysis to examine the welfare
effects of quotas and VERs. The results differ from those obtained either in partial
equilibrium or in two country framework. Results show that welfare comparison between
quota and VER is decomposed into ‘revenue’ and ‘trade substitution’ effects, when the
importin g country’s objective is a fixed quantity of imports. The comparison of US import
quota with a US VER, limits only Japanese exports and exempts Europe from any restraint.
The US welfare is higher under a quota than under an equivalent VER (two country
analyses). However, in contrast to two country case the relative effects of two instruments on
Japan welfare are indeterminate because of substitution from third country analysis. For
Europe (third country) a US VER is preferable to quota.

Bhattacharya (1989) studies import intensity of exports of Indian economy for the period
1973-74 to 1979-80. India adopted a policy of export linked import liberalization since mid
seventies The paper estimates the Index of import intensity of exports of the economy. The
value of this index can assess the efficiency .

Neil A. Morgan (2000) Export performance is one of the most widely researched but least
understood and most contentious areas of international marketing. To some extent, this problem
can be ascribed to difficulties in conceptualizing, operationalizing, and measuring the export
performance construct, often leading to inconsistent and conflicting results. This study reviews
and evaluates more than 100 articles of pertinent empirical studies to assess and critique export
performance measurements. Based on gaps identified in this evaluation, guidelines for export
performance measure development are advanced, suggesting, however, a contingency approach
in their application. Several conclusions and implications for export strategy and future research
are derived from this analysis.

4.2 RESEARCH GAP

Research gap is a research question or problem which has not been answered
appropriately or at all in a given field of study. Research gap is actually what makes your
research publishable, Because it shows you are not just duplicating existing research; it shows
you have a deep understanding of the status of the body of knowledge in your chosen field; and
finally it shows that you have conducted a research if fulfills that gap in the literature.
For starters, considering the gap finding issue, three classes of researchers can be distinguished:

 The first class is mainly the class of researchers who act according to their
personal enthusiasm. These researchers have complete proficiency in their
chosen field which is the result of years of experience or a rich body of
knowledge acquired after covering all the important papers in their field of
study.

 The second class is encouraged by peripheral factors. For instance, a

researcher may choose a particular college and a certain professor. That
professor might have a specific project in hand and he may suggest this
project to you. The, you would investigate and if the project is close to your
expectations for a masters or PhD degree, you will select it.

 It is really the same story with the third group. Again a peripheral factor, this
time not the professor, forces the researcher to select a topic. For instance, the
environment the researcher has grown up in, and the needs of that
environment, i.e. society, will force him to focus mostly, for example, on
agricultural sector.

These papers conducted the study on various Customs House Agents, but there are no
such any research on the others port. So I conducted study on imex solutions which is a
functioning in 24/7
4.3 PROPOSED RESEARCH MODEL:

 A Study on Process of Export Application and Import Application

 A Study on Statistical Analysis Documentation
 A Study on Ullage Report Documentation by liquid Cargo
 CHAPTER 5

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

5.1 Research hypothesis

5.2 Research Methodology
5.3 Research Design
5.4 Research Type
5.5 Sample Size
5.6 Data Collection
5.6.1 Primary data
5.6.2 Secondary data
5.7 Statistical Tools
5.8 Limitations of the study
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

5.1 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction. It describes in concrete terms what you

expect will happen in a certain circumstance. A hypothesis is used in an experiment to define the
relationship between two variables. The purpose of a hypothesis is to find the answer to a
question. A formalized hypothesis will force us to think about what results we should look for in
an experiment.

A hypothesis should always:

 Explain what you expect to happen

 Be clear and understandable
 Be testable
 Be measurable
 And contain an independent and dependent variable

HYPOTHESIS:

Ho-There is no relationship between most important document in Export and Import at Imex
solutions.

H1-There is no relationship between opinion about the Export and Import Documentation
and Fully systemized Documentation.

5.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Research methodology is a systematic way to solve a problem. It is a science of studying

how research is to be carried out. Essentially, the procedures by which researchers go about their
work of describing, explaining and predicting phenomena are called research methodology. It is
also defined as the study of methods by which knowledge is gained.

Its aim is to give the work plan of research. It is necessary for a researcher to design a
methodology for the problem chosen. One should note that even if the method considered in two
problems are same the methodology may be different. It is important for the researcher to know
not only the research methods necessary for the research under taken but also the methodology.

TIME PERIOD OF THE STUDY: 02.05.2019 TO 25.06.2019

5.3 RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design could be defined as the blur print specifying every stage of action in the
course of research. Such a design would indicate whether the course of action planned will
minimize the use of resources and minimize the outcome. Research design is the arrangement of
conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the
research purpose. Descriptive research is simply to collect information to the research the
descriptive approach for this study.

5.3.1 Descriptive research:

Is a study designed to depict the participants in an accurate way. More simply put,
descriptive research is all about describing people who take part in the study. Descriptive studies
are closely associated with observational studies, but they are not limited with observation data
collection method. Case studies and surveys can also be specified as popular data collection
methods used with descriptive studies.

There are three ways a researcher can go about doing a descriptive research project, and they are:

 Observational, defined as a method of viewing and recording the participants

 Case study, defined as an in-depth study of an individual or group of
individuals
 Survey, defined as a brief interview or discussion with an individual about a
specific topic
5.4 RESEARCH TYPE:

The data for the study includes primary data and secondary data. Primary data is known
as the data collected for the first time through field survey. Such data are collected with specific
set of objectives to assess the current status of any variable studied. Primary data always reveal
the cross section picture of any thing studied . This is needed in research to study the effect or
impact of any policy. As the primary data is the information collected for the first time, there are
several methods in which the data is complied. Some of these methods are very popular while
are rarely used depending upon the need. Secondary data means data that already available that is
the data which have already been collect and analyzed.

5.5 SAMPLE SIZE:

One of the most important issues to be settled while using sampling method is to
determine the size of sample. More often than not, researchers commit mistakes in deciding their
sample size. Depending upon the size of population, the size of sample has to be decided. If the
population is very small, then the sample size could also be small. But it should be remembered
that large the size of population, larger should be the sample size to achieve representatives and
accuracy.

 The sample size taken for the current study is 55 respondents from 63
population.
  The Sample Size derived from “RASOFT” software

5.6 DATA COLLECTION:

Data refer to information or facts. Researchers understand by data only numerical figure.
It also includes descriptive facts, non – numerical information, qualitative and quantitative
information. The data collected by the primary data. Primary data is also known as the data
collected for the first time through field survey. There are several methods in which the data is
complied. Such data are collected with specific set of objectives to asses the current status of any
thing studied. Collection of data is an important stage in research. This data collected from most
popular and widely adopted method is use of a questionnaire. A questionnaire is a sheet or
sheets of paper containing questions relating to certain specific aspect regarding which the
researcher collects the data.

5.6.1 Primary Data:

The data collected by the primary data. Primary data is also known as the data collected
for the first time through field survey. There are several methods in which the data is complied.
Such data are collected with specific set of objectives to asses the current status of any thing
studied. Collection of data is an important stage in research. This data collected from most
popular and widely adopted method is use of a questionnaire. A questionnaire is a sheet or
sheets of paper containing questions relating to certain specific aspect regarding which the
researcher collects the data.
5.6.2 Secondary Data:

Secondary data refer to the information or facts already collected. Such data are collected
with the objectives of understanding the past status of any variable. The data collected and
reported by some source is accessed and used for the objective of the study. The scholars collect
published data, analysis them, to explain the relationship between variables which may not have
been studied or the relationship might be explained in the new way

5.7 STATISTICAL TOOLS :

 Percentage Analysis
 ANOVA
 Correlation

5.7.1 Percentage Analysis:

Percentage refers to a special kind of ratio in making comparison between two or more
data and to describe relationships. Percentage can also be used to compare the relation terms the
distribution of two or more sources of data.

Number of Respondents
Percentage of Respondents = ------------------------------- X 100
Total Respondents

5.7.2 Correlation:

Correlation coefficients provide a numerical summary of the direction and strength of the
linear relationship between two variables. The two main correlation coefficients are:
Pearson product-moment correlation: for continuous variable, or one continuous variable and
one dichotomous variable

 Spearman rho: for ordinal level or ranked data

The sign of the correlation coefficient indicates the direction of the correlation: a positive
correlation indicates that as one variable increases, so does the other; a negative correlation
indicates that as one variable increases, the other decreases. The strength of the relationship is
given by the numeric value: 1 indicates a perfect relationship; 0 indicates no relationship
between the variables.

5.7.3 Analysis of variance: (ANOVA)

The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there are any
statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent
(unrelated)groups. This guide will provide a brief introduction to the one-way ANOVA,
including the assumptions of the test and when you should use this test. he one-way ANOVA
compares theme between the groups you are interested in and determines whether any of those
means significantly different from each other.

5.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

 The Study Conducted by considering the prevailing condition, which are subjected
to change in future.
 Qualitative results may not always provide a generalizable result.
 Time was major Constraint and detailed information was not collected from the
employees.