Science 8- 2nd Semester Exam Study Guide

Hollar/Williams
(To help you answer the questions and define the concepts: use your notes in Science 8 folder on Drive,
use the purple book, use notes in your binder, use notes from Stemscopes, use your DSQ)

Scientific Inquiry and Graphing

- What are the steps in Scientific Inquiry (There are 6 main steps) ​Ask Questions, Hypothesize and Predict,
Test Hypothesis, Analyze Results, Draw Conclusions, Communicate Results
- What does SULTAN stand for (be able to explain what each term means on a graph) ​Scale, Units, Labels,
Title, Accuracy, Neatness
- Write and know the King Henry Scale (include prefixes micro and Mega and all symbols) ​Mega-M:
1,000,000, Kilo-k: 1,000, Hecto-h: 100, Deka-da: 10, Base: 1, Deci-d: 1/10, Centi-c: 1/100, Milli-m:
1/1,000, Micro-u: 1/1,000,000
- What are the SI standard units of measure for distance (length), time, height, mass, volume,
Length-meter(m), Volume-liter(l), Mass-kilogram(kg), Time-second(s), Temperature-kelvin(k)
- What typically goes on the x-axis of a graph? ​Independent variable
- Define independent variable, dependent variable, control/constant ​IV-the thing you change, DV-what is
measured, C-what stays the same
- What are characteristics of strong data that supports evidence? (​hint...measurable, repeatable…​)
measurable, repeatable, concrete, reliable, consistent units

8.8 NEWTON’s 1st Law

Use Newton’s first law to demonstrate and explain that an object is either at rest or moves at a constant velocity
unless acted upon by an external force (e.g., model car on a table remaining motionless until pushed).
- Define Inertia, gravity, friction, net force, balanced forces, unbalanced forces ​Inertia - a tendency to do
stay in motion or at rest, Gravity - A force that attracts an object towards the center of the earth (9.8 m/s),
Friction - a force that causes an object to slow down (applies resistance), Net Force - the average of the
forces, Balanced Forces - the forces acting on an object cancel each other out (equal), Unbalanced Forces -
when the total forces acting on an object are equal
- Calculating Net Force (draw a diagram to help you calculate each scenario)
- What is the net force of a force that pushes 50N from the left and 25 newtons from the right on an
object in between them? ​25 N from the left, unbalanced
- What is the net force of a force that pushes 35 N from the left and pulls 15 N to the right on an object
in between them? ​50 N to the right, unbalanced
- What is the net force of a force that is pushing down 15 N and up 10 N, pulling from the left 20 N and
pulling from the right 5 N? ​5 N down, 15 N from the left, unbalanced
- What is the net force that is pushing down 10 N and pushing up 10 N? ​0 N, balanced
- Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
- For the Net Force calculations above, tell if the force is balanced or unbalanced

8.9 NEWTON’s 2nd Law

Use Newton’s second law to demonstrate and explain how changes in an object’s motion depend on the sum of the
forces on the object and the mass of the object (e.g., billiard balls moving when hit with a cue stick)
- Force equals Mass Times Acceleration- F=ma
- What is the formula for simple acceleration, given mass and force (unit is kg*m/s​2​)? ​ a=F/m
- What is the formula for mass, given force and acceleration? ​m=F/a
- Calculate Acceleration
- What is the acceleration of a ball that is 0.5kg thrown with a force of 10N? ​20 m/s
- What is the acceleration of a rock that is 8kg begin acted upon by a 24N force? ​3 m/s
- Calculate Force
- What is the force acting on an object that is 2.0kg accelerating 2.0 m/s​2​? ​4 N
- What is the force of an object that is accelerating 8.0 m/s​2​ that weighs 5.0 kg? ​40 N
- Calculate Mass
- What is the mass of an object that accelerates 12.0 m/s​2​ when a 6.0 N force is applied to it? ​0.5 kg
 - What is the mass of an object that accelerates 16.3 m/s​2​ when a force of 4.6 N is applied to it?
About 0.28 kg

8.10 NEWTON’s 3rd Law

Use Newton’s third law to design a model to demonstrate and explain the resulting motion of two colliding objects
(e.g., two cars bumping into each other, a hammer hitting a nail).*
- action/reaction forces (provide examples) ​bouncing a tennis ball, running into something
- Collision (what happens to total momentum in a collision) ​When there is a collision, the total momentum
remains constant, but the object with the greater mass, will exert the greater force.

8.11 and 8.12 Electric and Magnetic Forces

Plan and carry out investigations to evaluate how various factors (e.g., electric force produced between two charged
objects at different distances; magnetic force produced by an electromagnet with varying number of wire turns,, and
varying size of iron core) affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces. Construct an argument from evidence
explaining that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other (e.g., interactions of magnets) even when
the objects are not in contact.
- Charged particles - ​protons are positive, electrons are negative, neutrons are neutral
- Electrical currents - ​a net flow of charged particles passing through an area
- Electrical Force Fields
- What happens when charged objects move closer to each other? ​Stronger charge
- What happens when charged objects are moved farther apart? ​Weaker charge
- Magnetic Forces and Force Fields - ​like poles repel, opposite poles attract
- Electromagnets
- How to construct an electromagnet ​wrap copper wire around an iron core multiple times; attach the
ends of the wire to the ends of the battery
- How to increase or decrease strength of electromagnet ​Increasing the number of coils will increase
the strength of the electromagnet and vice versa
- Magnetic poles- attraction and repulsion ​Opposite sides attract, same sides repel

8.13 and 8.14 Kinetic and Potential Energy

Create and analyze graphical displays of data to illustrate the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass and speed
of an object. Use models to construct an explanation of how a system of objects may contain varying types and
amounts of potential energy (e.g., observing the movement of a roller coaster cart at various inclines, changing the
tension in a rubber band, varying the number of batteries in a series, observing a balloon with static electrical charge
being brought closer to a classmate’s hair).
- Calculate Speed- s=d/t meters per second
- What is the speed of a toy car that travels 30 cm in 8 seconds? ​0.0375 m/s
- What is the speed of a runner that runs 100m in 1 minute? (answer in the unit of m/s) ​about 1.67 m/s
- PE vs. KE ​Ke is moving, Pe is stored
- Unit for mass, Unit for velocity, Unit for KE and PE) ​mass-kg, velocity-m/s, KE AND PE-Joules (J)
- Calculate KE 1/2mv​2
- What is the KE of an object that weighs 5 kg and is traveling at 10m/s? ​250 J
- What is the KE of an object that weigh 10.2 g and is traveling at 22 m/s? ​2468.4 J
- Calculate Gravitational PE m*g*h- gravity is 9.8m/s
- What is the PE of an object that is 15 kg and 10 feet off the ground? ​10 ft=3.05, 448.35 J
- What is the PE of a tree limb that is 1000g and 11 feet in the air? ​332.83 J
- An object with a mass of 0.02kg is launched with KE of 4.0 J. At what velocity is it launched? ​20 m/s
- An object with potential energy of 200J falls from a tree that is 13.2 feet high. What is the object’s mass?
5.08 kg
- Formula for Momentum is P=m*v
- What is the momentum of a ball that is 2.9 kg traveling at 10 m/s? (express answer in unit of kg*m/s) ​29
kg m/s

8.15 and 8.16 Energy Transfer and the Law of Conservation of Energy
Analyze and interpret data from experiments to determine how various factors affect energy transfer as measured
by temperature (e.g., comparing final water temperatures after different masses of ice melt in the same volume of
water with the same initial temperature, observing the temperature change of samples of different materials with the
same mass and the same material with different masses when adding a specific amount of energy). Apply the law
of conservation of energy to develop arguments supporting the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object
changes, energy is transferred to or from the object (e.g., bowling ball hitting pins, brakes being applied to a car).
- Law of Conservation of Energy - ​energy can’t be created/destroyed, only transferred
- 5 Types of Kinetic Energy - ​radiant, mechanical, sound, thermal, electrical
- 5 Types of Potential Energy - ​elastic, gravitational, electrical, nuclear, chemical
- Energy Transfer - ​energy can go from potential to kinetic and vice versa
- Total energy in a system - ​moves back and forth from Pe to Ke

8.17, 8.18, and 8.19 Waves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Create and manipulate a model of a simple wave to predict and describe the relationships between wave properties
(e.g., frequency, amplitude, wavelength) and energy. Use models to demonstrate how light and sound waves differ
in how they are absorbed, reflected, and transmitted through different types of media.
Integrate qualitative information to explain that common communication devices (e.g., cellular telephones, radios,
remote controls, Wi-Fi components, global positioning systems [GPS], wireless technology components) use
electromagnetic waves to encode and transmit information.

Define the following:

● Wave- ​disturbance that transfers energy without transferring matter
● Mechanical wave- ​a wave that can only travel through a medium
● Transverse wave-​a mechanical wave that’s particles move perpendicular to the direction of the wave
(​ocean​)
● Medium- ​the thing that mechanical waves travel through
● Crest- ​highest point of a transverse wave
● Trough- ​lowest point of a transverse wave
● Longitudinal wave- ​mechanical wave that moves parallel to the direction of the wave
● Compression- ​the part of a longitudinal wave where the particles are close together
● Rarefaction- ​the part of a longitudinal wave where the particles are spread apart
● Electromagnetic Radiation- ​when EM waves spread out from a source; creates radiant energy (Sun
transfers energy to us)
● Radiant Energy- ​the energy carried by EM waves
● Encode- ​to prepare information to be transferred via waves (digitize)
● Transmit- ​to send energy via waves
● Wavelength- ​distance from one point of a wave to the next point just like it
● Reflection- ​bouncing the light
● Refraction- ​bending the light
● Absorption- ​energy is transferred to the object it penetrates
● GPS- ​uses a series of satellites and microwaves to pinpoint a location (global Positioning System)
● Modulate- ​varying the properties of a wave

Complete the chart

Mechanical Waves Both Types of Waves Electromagnetic Waves

Examples Sound, seismic, water none Radio, microwave,

infrared, UV, Xray,
gamma, visible light

What do they travel medium medium Medium and open

Through? space/vacuum

How far can they go As far as the medium Short and long distance Long distance

Properties transverse/longitudinal Amplitude, frequency, Energy related to

energy related to wavelength frequency, part of the
amplitude electromagnetic spectrum
-List and order the 7 main types of Electromagnetic waves from highest energy to lowest energy?
Gamma, xray, uv, visible light, infrared, microwave, radio
-Which types has the longest wavelength? ​radio
- Rank the colors of visible light from lowest to highest energy? ​ROYGBIV
- List the types of EM waves and what each is used for?
Radio - broadcasting radio/TV
microwave - cellular communication, GPS, cooking
Infrared - remotes, night vision goggles
Visible light - sun, lighting in homes, computer screens
UV - security coding, sunburn, sanitation
X Ray - medical imaging and security
Gamma - PET scans, and CT scan, Radiation Treatments for Cancer
- Calculate the wavelength of a wave moving through space at a frequency of 15,000 Hz ​20 km
- Calculate the wave speed of a wave that is 1.5 km and has a frequency of 4200 Hz ​6300 km/s
- Fiber Optics- how does energy move? ​glass/plastic to transmit data using pulses of light; more reliable and faster
than using copper wire